Radiation Protection Chapter 1 WorkBook – Flashcards
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Makes patients feel that they are active participants in their own health care -Ensuring the highest quality of service -Distance -Optimization for radiation protection -Appropriate and effective communication
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Appropriate and effective communication
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In the medical industry with reference to the radiation sciences, the possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation -Risk -Biologic Effects -Radiation-induced cancer -Radiation Phobia
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Risk
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A disease process that does not have a fixed threshold -Risk -Radiation-induced cancer -Biologic effects -BERT
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Radiation-induced cancer
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The benefit to the referring physician in having direct access to a patient's radiation dose history being the option of knowing whether or not the ordering of an additional radiologic procedure is advisable -Risk -Radiation safety officer -Standardized dose reporting -maximum allowable levels of radiation exposure
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standardized dose reporting
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Individual in a hospital setting expressly charged by the administration to be directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program. -radiation safety officer -radiation protection -maximum allowable levels of radiation exposure -radiologic technologist
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Radiation safety officer
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SI unit of measure for the radiation quantity, "equivalent dose" -mSv -RSO -Sv -ESE
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Sv
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Method of comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with a natural background radiation received over a specified period of time such as days, weeks, months, or years -ALARA -BERT -TRACE program -ESE
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BERT
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Produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter -Ionizing radiation -BERT -Production free radicals -Diagnostic efficacy
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ionizing radiation
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The upper boundary doses of ionizing radiation for which there is a negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic defect -biologic effects -radiation-induced cancer -maximum allowable levels of radiation exposure -ionizing radiation
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maximum allowable levels of radiation exposure
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Year in which x-ray was discovered
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1895
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Entrance skin exposure; surface of the skin where x-radiation enters the patient's body, resulting in an area of maximum exposure -Trace program -ESE -BERT -ionizing radiation
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ESE
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Acronym for as low as reasonably achievable
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ALARA
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Responsibility of facilities that provide imaging services -appropriate and effective communication -need to safeguard against significant and continuing radiation exposure -ensuring the highest quality of service -radiation protection
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ensuring the highest quality of service
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A consequence of ionization in human cells -biologic effects -radiation-induced cancer -production of free radicals -ESE
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production of free radicals
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Base on evidence of harmful biologic effects -Radiation phobia -need to safeguard against significant and continuing radiation exposure -ensuring the highest quality of service -ALARA
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need to safeguard against significant and continuing radiation exposure
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Fear of being exposed to radiation -biologic effects -ALARA -radiation phobia
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radiation phobia
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Have the responsibility to select technical exposure factors that significantly reduce radiation exposure to patients and themselves -RSO -radiologic technologist -TRACE program
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radiologic technologist
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Consists of two phases: (1) formulating new policies and procedures to promote radiation safety and the implementation of patient and community education and (2) technologic enhancements -BERT -ALARA -TRACE program -ESE
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TRACE program
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One of the 3 basic principles of radiation protection -risk -distance -clothing -ESE
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distance
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Term that is synonymous with the acronym ALARA -BERT -optimization for radiation protection -radiation protection -diagnotic efficacy
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Optimization for radiation protection
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Radiation exposure received by persons not employed in the medical imaging profession (patients, general public) -nonoccupational doses -radiation protection -ESE -radiation phobia
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nonoccupational doses
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Introduction and implementation of this program in a Medical Imaging Department can lead to greater radiation safety through patient and community education. -TRACE programs -BERT -ALARA -Risk
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TRACE program
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One of the three basic principles of radiation protection. -Radiation protection -Shielding -Ionizing radiation -Risk
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shielding
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Something that should be provided for patients to facilitate understanding regarding a needed x-ray procedure. -education -appropriate and effective communication -ensuring the highest quality of service -need to safeguard against significant and continuing radiation exposure
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education
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Positively and negatively charged particles -BERT -Ionizing radiation -ions -ESE
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ions
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SI unit of measure for the radiation quantity, " Equivalent Dose" -Gray -Rem -Sievert
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Sievert
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Type of communication that the radiographer should have the patients -Appropriate -Productive -Effective
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effective
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Radiation exposure received by a radiographer, during the fulfillment of duties -occupational -nonoccupational -standardized -optimized
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occupational
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Radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical needs or any radiation exposure that does not enhance the quality of the study. -unnecessary -radiation-induced cancer -biologic effects -Risk
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unnecessary
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Something that is a vital part of radiation protection in the healing arts -distance -shielding -efficacy -production of free radicals
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efficacy
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Type of tissue that x-rays can injure -epithelial -connective -biologic -muscle
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biologic
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energy that only humans can control -kinetic -radiant -potential
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radiant
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Most effective tool for early detection for breast cancer -sonogram -CT -mammography -MRI
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mammography
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Systems of something that has been constructed to uniquely quantify concepts of length, force, energy, and time -Ions -Units -Sv -mSv
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Units
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Form of ionizing radiation -microwaves -ultraviolet waves -infrared waves -x-rays
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x-rays
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What "benefit" versus -distance -risk -shielding -exposure control
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risk
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Method that compares the amount of radiation received, during an examination, with natural background radiation over a specified period of time -TRACE -ALARA -BERT
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BERT
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Something patients can become, when they are included in decisions concerning their own radiologic care -empowered -radiation safety officer -ESE -Ensuring the highest quality of service
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empowered
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When radiation is used for patient examinations, both employers of radiation workers and the workers themselves have a responsibility for this in the medical industry. -Risk -safety -radiation protection -distance
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safety
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ionizing radiation has a beneficial potential but it can also have another potential. -biologic effects -ionizing radiation -destruction -production of free radicals
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destruction
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Physician who carries the responsibility for determining the medical necessity for a radiation procedure for the patient -hospitalist -internist -referring -intersivist
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referring
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Type of dose reporting that can lead to the reduction in radiation dose for the patient -standardized -optimized -Sv -ESE
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standardized
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X-ray examinations that become necessary because of technical errors or carelessness
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repeats
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Diagnostic imaging personnel have this type of responsibility to ensure radiation safety, during all medical radiation procedures - ensuring the highest quality of service -ongoing -ALARA -need to safeguard against significant and continuing radiation exposure
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ongoing
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Radiation protection guidelines are rooted in this philosophy -Ongoing -ALARA -Standardized dose reporting -BERT
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ALARA
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Referring to radiation, what EqD is -Dose -quantity -quality
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quantity
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Which of the following increases radiation exposure for both the patient and the radiographer? A. Production of optimal quality images with the first exposure B. Use of appropriate radiation protection procedures C. Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness D. Limited radiographic examinations, as ordered by the radiologist
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C
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To implement an effective radiation safety program in a facility that provides imaging services, the employer must provide all of the following execpt: A. An appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program and the necessary resources to support the program B. X-ray equipment that can produce only very low kilovoltage and very high milliamperage C. A written policy that describes the ALARA program and identifies management's commitment to keeping all radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable D. Periodic exposure audits to determine ways to lower radiation exposure in the workplace
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B
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Radiation has been present on earth since: A. It's beginning B. The fourteenth century C. The eighteenth century D. The Twentieth century
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A
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Occupational and nonoccupational doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when: A. Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable B. referring physicians stop ordering imaging procedures C. orders for imaging procedures are determined only by medical insurance companies D. patients assume sole responsibility for ordering their imaging procedures
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A
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How can humans safely control the use of radiant energy? 1. By using knowledge of radiation-induced hazards that have been gained over many years 2. By employing effective methods to limit or eliminate radiation-induced hazards 3. By completely eliminating the use of radiation in the healing arts A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
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A
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In medicine, when radiation safety principles are correctly applied during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited. This results in: A. Completely eliminating the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects B. No change in the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects C. Increasing the potential for adverse effects D. Reducing the potential for adverse effects
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D
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To reduce radiation exposure to the patient: 1. Reduce the amount of the x-ray "beam on" time 2. Utilize as much distance as warranted between the x-ray tube and the patient for the examination 3. Shield the patient with appropriate gonadal and/or specific area shielding devices A. 1and2 only B. 1and3 only C. 2and3 only D. 1,2 and3
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D
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During a routine radiologic examination, when radiographers use their intelligence and knowledge to answer patient questions about the risk of radiation exposure honestly, they can do much to alleviate any patient: 1. Apprehension 2. Confidence 3. Fears A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
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B
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During phase one of the TRACE program, after new and more definitive radiation safety policies and procedures have been written, some ways of providing patients and community education are through the use of: 1. Informational posters placed strategically throughout the health care facility 2. Brochures that describe imaging procedures in simple terms 3. Basic information on a specific website designed for patient education A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
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D
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Certain individual radiologic procedures need to have patient dose dictated into every radiologic report. These procedures include: 1. Computed tomography 2. General fluoroscopy 3. Interventional procedures A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3
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D
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Effective radiation protection measures take into consideration: 1. Both human and environmental physical determinants 2. Technical elements 3. Procedural Factors A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2, and 3
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D
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When illness or injury occurs or when a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent, a patient may: A. Be forced by the referring physician to assume a large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain unnecessary diagnostic medical information B. Be forced by the referring physician to assume the relatively large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information C. Elect to assume the relatively large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information D. Elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information
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D
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Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management for medical needs or that does not enhance the quality of a radiologic examination is called: A. artificial radiation B. enhanced natural background radiation C. human-made radiation D. unnecessary radiation
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D
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The ALARA philosophy should: A. Be a main part of every health care facility's personnel radiation control program B. Be established and maintained because there are no established dose limits for the amount of radiation that patients may receive for individual imaging procedures C. Show that radiographers and radiologists in a facility have considered reasonable actions that will reduce patient and personnel dose below required limits D. all of the above
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D
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When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity, diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal-quality images, revealing the presence or absence of disease, are obtained with: A. maximal radiation exposure B. Minimal radiation exposure C. Scattered radiation exposure D. Secondary radiation exposure
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B
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For the welfare of patients and the workers, facilities providing imaging services must have: A. An effective radiation safety program B. An inspection of the imaging department every day by nationally recognized authorities C. An inspection of the imaging department every day by state recognized authorities D. A strong legal team to suppress potential lawsuits that result from poor radiologic practice
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A
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When radiation is safely and purdently used in the imaging of patients, the benefit of the exposure can be ____ while the potential risk of biologic damage is _____ A. minimized, maximized B. maximized, minimized C. minimized, minimized D. maximized, maximized
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B
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Which of the following basic principles of radiation protection can be applied to both the patient and the radiographer? 1.Time 2.Distance 3.Shielding A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3 only
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D
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Which of the following recommend the use of background Equivalent Radiation Time for improving patient understanding and reducing fear and anxiety associated with having an x-ray procedure? A. Environmental Protection Agency B. Occupational Safety and Health Administration C. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements D. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
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C
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BERT is a: A.Method of comparison B. Method of optimizing radiation protection C. Radiation quantity D. Radiation unit
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A
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The end of result of the TRACE program is: A. an increase in biologic effects B. a reduction in patient dose C. a decrease in diagnostic efficacy D. A reason to eliminate the basic principles of time, distance, and shielding
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B
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Typically, people are more likely to accept a risk if they perceive that: A They have no other option B. They have positive assurance that they will have a good outcome in terms of prognosis C. The potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk involved D. The radiologic procedure will absolutely not cause any pain or discomfort
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C
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The most effective tool(s) for diagnosing breast cancer continue(s) to be: A. PA and lateral chest x-ray examinations B. Clinical breast self-examination C. Clinical breast examination by a physician D. Mammography
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D
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The millisievert (mSv), a subunit of the sievert (Sv), is equal to: A. 1/10,000 of an Sv B. 1/1000 of an Sv C. 1/100 of an Sv D. 1/10 of an Sv
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B
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Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in: A. No significant change in total radiation exposure to the patient or the radiographer B. A slight decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer C. An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer D. A significant decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
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C
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