Question 1

when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it

Accepted Answer

spreading of activation theory

Question 2

recalling objects that were not presented but are from the same category as the training objects

Accepted Answer

according to the spreading of activation theory, which type of memory error is most likely when participants have to recall training objects they have seen?

Question 3

concrete operations stage  7-12

Accepted Answer

according to Piaget\'s theory of cognitive development, conservation tasks are mastered during which stage? and what age?

Question 4

behaviorist

Accepted Answer

focusing on the role of classical conditioning is most closely related to which approach to psychological disorders?

Question 5

conditioned stimuli

Accepted Answer

mild changes in bodily sensations become cues that are associated with excessive panic. thus, those mild changes in bodily sensations act as?  A. unconditioned stimuli  B. conditioned stimuli  C. unconditioned response  D. conditioned responses

Question 6

positive punishers    the patient describes the panic attacks as highly aversive and mentions that he no longer goes to meetings for fear of a panic attack. thus, the frequency of the patient\'s attendance at meetings has decreased as the result of the panic attacks.

Accepted Answer

Patient 2: I am terrified of having a panic attack at a meeting. I dread the thought of others noticing how nervous I am. I\'m worried that others will think I am weird. I don\'t go to meetings anymore.    For patient 2, panic attacks act as:  A. discriminatory stimuli  B. signaling stimuli  C. positive punishers  D. negative punishers

Question 7

autonomic nervous system    interoceptive awareness is described as increased sensitivity to internal bodily sensations, such as heartbeat and blood pressure, which are regulated by the autonomic nervous system

Accepted Answer

Interoceptive awareness involves sensitivity to increases in the activity of the:  A. reticular activation system  B. autonomic nervous system  C. limbic system  D. somatic nervous system

Question 8

experimental studies

Accepted Answer

limitations in the ability to systematically manipulate participants\' physiological states and their sensitivity to changes in those states is a characteristic of what type of research

Question 9

cornea    the cornea is in direct contact with the eyelid and is thus most susceptible to damage from flaking skin

Accepted Answer

Harlequin ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder, causes the skin to become thick and scaly. Flaking skin behind the eyelids of individuals with this condition is most likely to damage which structure of the eye?  A. choroid  B. cornea  C. lens  D. retina

Question 10

mechanically    hair cells of the cochlea are specialized mechanoreceptors

Accepted Answer

sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way?  A. chemically  B. mechanically  C. electrically  D. synaptically

Question 11

actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors (not feeling well) whereas observers attribute actors\' behavior to dispositional factors (social awkwardness)

Accepted Answer

actor-observer bias

Question 12

habituation and dishabituation    the study involves reduced responding to a repeating stimulus, which is best described as habituation. the researcher then changes the stimulus, which will likely lead to dishabituation

Accepted Answer

in a study, each trial involves administering a drop of lemon juice to the participant\'s tongue and measuring the participants level of salivation. as more trials are conducted, the researcher finds that the magnitude of salivation declines. after a certain point, the researcher switches to administering lime juice. this researcher is most likely studying which process?  A. sensory perception  B. habituation and dishabituation  C. stimulus generalization in classical conditioning  D. conditioned responses in classical conditioning

Question 13

optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance

Accepted Answer

optimal arousal theory

Question 14

a measure of electrical conductivity of the skin    increased electrical conductivity of the skin is a physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal, which is associated with anxiety

Accepted Answer

which measure would be most useful if the researchers were interested in studying the degree of sympathetic arousal experienced in different conditions?  A. a measure of electrical conductivity of the skin  B. a CT scan of the hindbrain  C. a PET scan of the parietal cortex  D. a measure of melatonin levels

Question 15

people\'s response to various stressor is SIMILAR

Accepted Answer

Selye\'s general adaptation syndrome

Question 16

cerebellum    involved in the execution of a coordinated motor task

Accepted Answer

damage to which nervous system structure is most likely to cause problems in the participants\' ability to perform synchronous behaviors?  A. hippocampus  B. hypothalamus  C. cochlea  D. cerebellum

Question 17

experimental methods    it would be unethical and impractical to randomly assign participants to groups in which segregation is manipulated as an independent variable

Accepted Answer

which type of design is LEAST appropriate for research on residential segregation?  A. ethnographic methods  B. experimental methods  C. quantitative methods  D. survey methods

Question 18

social network analysis    social network analysis involves the mapping of social relationships among individuals

Accepted Answer

often utilized when studying communicable diseases, which type of analysis maps the series of relationships among a set of individuals?  A. social support analysis  B. social network analysis  C. social stratification analysis  D. social reproduction analysis

Question 19

development of affordable housing

Accepted Answer

which effect is LEAST likely to occur with the process of gentrification?  A. development of affordable housing  B. increased neighborhood stratification  C. displacement of lower-income residents  D. expanded tax base for local government

Question 20

the reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups    with the arrival of more affluent residents, housing demand increases and generally results in a decrease of affordable housing for lower income residents

Accepted Answer

gentrification

Question 21

people\'s attitudes toward some attitude object become more extreme after interacting with like-minded individuals

Accepted Answer

group polarization

Question 22

the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior

Accepted Answer

behaviorist theory focuses on

Question 23

a measure that actually measures what it is intended to measure

Accepted Answer

validity

Question 24

mid-adulthood

Accepted Answer

according to erkison\'s theory of psychosocial development, the generativity versus stagnation crisis occurs in

Question 25

assimilation is the influence that cultural changes have on an individuals health    this answer speculates about a possible consequence of assimilation

Accepted Answer

which statement does NOT identify an aspect of the concept of assimilation?  A. assimilation is the influence that cultural changes have on an individual\'s health  B. assimilation is the process of cultural adaptation that results from geographic mobility  C. assimilation occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant culture  D. assimilation occurs when individuals relinquish the cultural norms of their childhood

Question 26

the process of social integration and generally refers to when new members adopt the main elements of a culture    aspects of assimilation- cultural adaptation, adopting new norms, relinquishing old norms

Accepted Answer

assimilation

Question 27

linguistic relativity

Accepted Answer

a researcher suggests that the benefits of bilingualism are related to the idea that the structure of language affects the perceptions of its speakers. this researcher is referring to which concept?  A. weber\'s law  B. the nativist hypothesis  C. schacter-singer theory  D. linguistic relativity

Question 28

social activities that help individuals to avoid loneliness and boredom    activities rather than relationships in this option

Accepted Answer

sociologists describe the health benefits of social support as resulting from all of the following EXCEPT:  A. friends and family members that help patients adhere to medical treatment  B. friends and family members that help patients to reduce harmful behaviors  C. social relationships that help individuals to cope with stressful events  D. social activities that help individuals to avoid loneliness and boredom

Question 29

refers to social network ties (friends, family, and other relationships) that provide an individual with various types of assistance, which are associated with improving health or reducing harm

Accepted Answer

social support

Question 30

\"7 plus or minus 2\"    between 5 and 9 items

Accepted Answer

capacity of working memory in adults

Question 31

participants\' answer on the exit questionnaire    the only subjective measure taken because they provided their personal opinions and degree to which they liked the game providing an INDIRECT measure of motivation      objective measures are DIRECT

Accepted Answer

which assessment represents a subjective measure of motivation?  A. the number of grid sequences participants attempted to solve on the computer task  B. the participants\' decision to continue playing the game or stop to read a magazine  C. participants\' answers on the exit questionnaire  D. participants\' time spent not playing the game using the computer mouse

Question 32

reference group

Accepted Answer

an immigrant teen starts to reject the ethnic customs of his family and instead identifies himself as an American by dressing, speaking, and acting in ways that are associated with American culture. In this scenario, Americans become which type of group for the teenager?  A. assimilated group  B. reference group  C. majority group  D. peer group

Question 33

groups that individuals emulate the attitudes and behaviors of that they admire and would like to join    important for self-evaluation and identity formation

Accepted Answer

reference group

Question 34

procedural

Accepted Answer

after initially learning to ride a bike, riding a bike becomes easy for an individual. each time the individual rides a bike thereafter, what type of memory is being used?  A. semantic  B. episodic  C. explicit  D. procedural

Question 35

memory for the performance of particular types of action

Accepted Answer

procedural memory

Question 36

tension that results from competing demands within the context of a single role

Accepted Answer

role strain

Question 37

tension between different roles that a single individual holds

Accepted Answer

role conflict

Question 38

emphasizes the competition between groups over the allocation of societal resources. it assumes that power and authority are unequally distributed across a society, and that groups attempt to maintain their advantages

Accepted Answer

conflict theory

Question 39

the amount of time a student takes to assist another student in distress

Accepted Answer

a student is investigating the bystander effect and receives permission to conduct the study in the school cafeteria. what is a potential dependent variable that can be measured by the student?  A. the time of day that the experiment is carried out  B. the number of people present in the cafeteria  C. the amount of time a student takes to assist another student in distress  D. the temperature in the cafeteria

Question 40

helping response

Accepted Answer

dependent variable in studies of the bystander effect

Question 41

ethnographic methods

Accepted Answer

which research methodology involves the extended, systematic observation of a complete social environment?  A. comparative methods  B. enthographic methods  C. experimental methods  D. survey methods

Question 42

caste systems

Accepted Answer

which term refers to closed status positions that hinder social mobility?  A. class systems  B. caste systems  C. economic systems  D. financial system

Question 43

closed stratification systems that do not allow for social mobility

Accepted Answer

caste system

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