Psychopathology Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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Archaeology and early writing indicate that the first people to think that the brain was the site of mental functions were the a. ancient Egyptians. b. ancient Greeks. c. Chinese. d. Hebrews.
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a. ancient Egyptians
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Early writings show that the Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks often attributed abnormal behavior to a. poor parenting. b. physical disease. c. demonic possession. d. chemical imbalance in the brain.
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c. demonic possession
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In ancient societies, if a person's abnormal conduct consisted of speech that appeared to have a religious or mystical significance, then the person was a. assumed to have willingly entered into a pact with the devil. b. thought to be a witch. c. thought to be possessed by a good spirit or god. d. assumed to have something physically wrong with the heart.
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c. thought to be possessed by a good spirit or god
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Prayer, incantations, and noise-making were all techniques for a. altering a person's brain functioning. b. improving a person's dreams. c. helping a person become possessed by good spirits. d. exorcising demons.
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d. exorcising demons.
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According to Hippocrates, mental disorders were part of which three general categories? a. Schizophrenia, mania, and melancholia. b. Schizophrenia, mania, and phrenitis. c. Melancholia, mania, and phrenitis. d. Melancholia, mania, and anxiety.
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c. Melancholia, mania, and phrenitis.
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Each of the following is one of the "four humors" EXCEPT a. blood. b. phlegm. c. phrenitis. d. bile.
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c. phrenitis.
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A common treatment for mental illness during the Middle Ages in Europe was a. exorcism. b. fresh air and supportive surroundings. c. banishment. d. an early form of psychoanalytic dream interpretation
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a. exorcism.
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Recent historical reviews of the literature indicate that the typical accused witch in the Middle Ages in Europe was a. a person we would now consider to have a mental illness. b. a priest who was a rival of a more powerful priest. c. an ill-tempered, impoverished woman. d. a person we would now consider to have mental retardation.
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c. an ill-tempered, impoverished woman.
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People in the Middle Ages a. believed that mentally ill people were witches. b. believed that witches were mentally ill. c. believed that mentally ill witches should be treated differently than other types of witches. d. believed that most witches and mentally ill people were possessed by demons, but in different ways.
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d. believed that most witches and mentally ill people were possessed by demons, but in different ways.
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What was the purpose of the early asylums? a. To remove those who could not care for themselves from society b. To provide exorcisms c. To offer humanitarian treatment to those afflicted with mental illnesses d. To offer biological approaches to the treatment of mental disorders
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a. To remove those who could not care for themselves from society
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How did early treatment of mental patients in the United States compare to that offered in Europe? a. Treatment in the United States was more humanitarian. b. It was comparable to that offered in Europe. c. The techniques employed were more scientifically based than those used in Europe. d. The treatment approaches used in the United States were more effective than those used in Europe.
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b. It was comparable to that offered in Europe.
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If you visited an asylum in the 16th Century in Europe you would likely find a. a place which mixed together the mentally ill, the poor, criminals, and the physically ill. b. exorcisms being done by priests. c. a place where people were given good food, work, and rest so they could recover. d. mentally ill people living in conditions of filth and cruelty.
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d. mentally ill people living in conditions of filth and cruelty
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The early asylums a. were primarily warehouses for the mentally ill. b. were designed to be places of refuge for the mentally ill. c. were designed to treat the mentally ill with physiological treatments, such as bloodletting. d. were similar to the places the early Greeks used for people with mental illness.
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a. were primarily warehouses for the mentally ill.
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Shackling a patient to a wall with little food or heat would be most typical of a. the hospitals run by Philippe Pinel. b. the sanatoriums of Alexandria, Egypt. c. the early asylums in Europe. d. the treatment advocated by Hippocrates.
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: c. the early asylums in Europe.
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"Bedlam" in London was one of several hospitals for the mentally ill in different countries that a. treated the mentally ill with physiological treatments. b. exhibited their patients for profit. c. viewed themselves as religious houses for the demonically possessed. d. allowed patients a lot of freedom.
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b. exhibited their patients for profit.
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In the United States, an early treatment involved the belief that a. patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing correctly. b. patients were demonically possessed and needed to be made uncomfortable to get the demons to leave. c. patients were medically ill and needed physiological treatments. d. patients were basically animals and were treated as such.
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a. patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing correctly.
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Humanitarian treatment would be most typical of a. the hospitals run by Philippe Pinel. b. Bedlam. c. the early asylums in Europe. d. the early asylums in the United States.
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a. the hospitals run by Philippe Pinel.
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The moral management treatment a. focused on the physiological problems that mental patients supposedly had rather than their mental state. b. focused on the symptoms that mental patients had rather than on their moral character. c. focused on warehousing and punishing mental patients, so that they would choose to become well. d. focused on the moral and spiritual development of mental patients rather than their disorder.
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d. focused on the moral and spiritual development of mental patients rather than their disorder.
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. All of the following were likely to be part of moral treatment in the 1800s EXCEPT a. manual labor. b. spiritual discussions. c. character development. d. antipsychotic medication.
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d. antipsychotic medication.
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The level of success achieved with the use of moral management is surprising because a. most mental illnesses are not treatable. b. the drugs used were usually inappropriate. c. the majority of those hospitalized for mental illness were schizophrenic. d. many patients suffered from syphilis that was, at the time, incurable.
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d. many patients suffered from syphilis that was, at the time, incurable.
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Dorothea Dix a. urged that religious conversion was a primary means of treatment for the mentally disturbed. b. was a major impediment to the mental hygiene movement in this country. c. was a leading force in the emphasis on finding biological cures for mental disorders. d. is credited with establishing numerous humane mental hospitals in many countries.
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d. is credited with establishing numerous humane mental hospitals in many countries.
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Which one of the following increased the availability of treatment for the mentally ill in the United States? a. Dorothea Dix b. Benjamin Rush c. Emil Kraepelin d. Philippe Pinel
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a. Dorothea Dix
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The work of Dorothea Dix has been criticized for a. interfering with the provision of moral therapy. b. increasing the use of unproven treatment approaches. c. popularizing humanitarian approaches. d. preventing the development of biomedical approaches to mental illness.
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a. interfering with the provision of moral therapy.
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In the early nineteenth century, psychiatrists were referred to as a. alienists. b. lunatics. c. soothsayers. d. purgatists.
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a. alienists.
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. During the early twentieth century, a. more asylums and mental hospitals were established. b. most of the institutionalized mentally ill received moral therapy. c. hospital stays tended to be brief. d. housed very few people.
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a. more asylums and mental hospitals were established.
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During the first half of the twentieth century, mental hospital care would best be characterized as a. effective. b. humane. c. moral. d. punitive.
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d. punitive.
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The Hill-Burton Act a. ended the moral hygiene movement. b. contributed to the practice of warehousing the mentally ill. c. provided funding for mental health treatment in the community. d. legislated the creation of 50% more inpatient facilities for the mentally ill.
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: c. provided funding for mental health treatment in the community.
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Which of the following occurred in the late twentieth century? a. The establishment of large inpatient facilities for the mentally ill b. A movement of the mentally ill from institutions to the community c. Dramatic increases in the cost of caring for the mentally ill d. The inpatient mentally ill population doubled
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b. A movement of the mentally ill from institutions to the community
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Medications for psychological disorders a. were first used centuries ago. b. were first used only recently. c. still currently use some ancient ingredients, such as "mummy powder." d. made the search for the causes of disorders more difficult.
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a. were first used centuries ago.
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The rationale behind deinstitutionalization was a. a belief that physicians could better medicate and give physical treatment to patients in their own homes. b. a concern that prolonged hospitalization could keep patients from being able to adjust to and function in the outside world. c. a belief that most mental patients were faking and would cease to do so if they were not "rewarded" by allowing them to stay in the hospital. d. a concern that mental hospitals were such unpleasant places that for mental patients, living on their own could only be better
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: b. a concern that prolonged hospitalization could keep patients from being able to adjust to and function in the outside world.
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Which of the following was a reason for the growth of the deinstitutionalization movement? a. A desire to involve the family in the care of the mentally ill. b. It was thought to be more humane. c. New medications were not successful. d. It was less cost effective than institutionalization
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b. it was thought to be more humane.
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Which of the following was an effect of the deinstitutionalization movement? a. A large number of psychiatric hospitals remained open. b. Mental hospital populations were re-institutionalized in medical hospitals. c. Most of the services once offered on an inpatient basis were available at community health centers. d. Some of those released would have been better off remaining hospitalized.
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d. Some of those released would have been better off remaining hospitalized.
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Which of the following individuals is credited with emphasizing the link between brain pathology and mental illness? a. Dix. b. Skinner. c. Bandura. d. Kraepelin.
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d. Kraepelin.
