question

getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

answer

retrieval

question

handing in an essay test and then remembered several other things that you could have said

answer

example of retrieval

question

the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage system

answer

encoding

question

model of memory that assumes that information that is more "deeply processed" - or processed according to its meaning, rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word(s) - will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time

answer

levels-of-processing model of memory

question

the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems

answer

sensory memory

question

visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second

answer

iconic memory

question

seeing the possibly pants-less person, "double take"

answer

example of iconic memory

question

Sperling developed, showed grid of letters again but immediately sounded a high, medium, or low tone just after the grid was shown. subjects were told to report the top row of letters if they heard the high tone, the middle row for the medium tone, or the lowest row for the low tone. couldn't look at one row in advance found: subjects could accurately report any of the 3 rows, entire grid= iconic memory the capacity of iconic memory is everything that can be seen at one time

answer

partial report method

question

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input; only a stimulus that is "important" enough will be selected

answer

selective attention

question

when a person is thinking actively about information, that information is said to be conscious and is also in short term memory ex: even when deeply asleep, a mother will awake to her infant's cries while sleeping through louder, less important sounds such as a passing train

answer

example of selective attention

question

at a party with a lot of noise and several conversations going on in the background but you are still able to notice when someone says your name

answer

cocktail party effect

question

people tend to "talk" inside their heads; short term memory tends to be encoded primarily in auditory form

answer

visual sketchpad

question

a dancer planning out moves in her head will not only visualize the moves but also be very likely to verbally describe the moves in her head as she plans

answer

example of visual sketchpad

question

he wanted to know how much information humans can hold in short term memory at any one time, each series = longer and longer until they didn't know found out: 5-9 bits of information that could be held

answer

George Miller's magic number 7+ or -2

question

part of long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things; includes skills and habits -type of nondeclarative memory -memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness

answer

procedural memory

question

type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known; memory for facts knowing names of planets & what you had for breakfast

answer

declarative memory

question

people were told to look at an imaginary island with several landmarks like hut, lake, and grassy area. after memorizing it, they were asked to imagine a specific place (hut) and then "look" for another one (lake). when they mentally "reached" the 2nd place, they pushed a button that recorded reaction time. the greater the physical distance, the longer it took because they were scanning their mental image like a real, physical map

answer

Findings of Kosslyn's "imaginary island" study

question

ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities ex: dogs come in all shapes, sizes, and colors. yet most people have no trouble recognizing dogs as dogs, even though they may never before have seen that particular breed of dog.

answer

concepts

question

a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of that concept/most basic examples of concepts -develop according to the exposure a person has to objects in that category ex: when we think of fruit we think of an apple because we're so used to seeing those but people from tropical areas might say coconut because they're more common

answer

prototype

question

also known as trial and error. refers to trying one solution after another until finding one that works ex: someone forgot the PIN for their card, they can try one combination after another until they find the one that works, if they have only a few PIN numbers that they usually use.

answer

mechanical solution

question

very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems. will always result in a correct solution if one exists to be found and you have enough time to find it

answer

algorithmic method

question

mathematical formulas, librarians organizing books on shelves, Rubik's cube

answer

example of algorithmic method

question

educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. also known as "rule of thumb" - simple rule that is intended to apply to many situations ex: if a student is typing a paper in a word-processing program and wants to know how to format the page, he or she could try to read an entire manual on the word-processing program. that would take a long time, instead the student could use an internet search engine or type format into the help feature's search program. doing either action greatly reduces the amount of information the student will have to look at to get an answer.

answer

heuristics

question

assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category

answer

representative heuristics

question

classifying plants, error with humans: assuming dark skin=Africa, red hair=temper, blue-eyed blondes=Sweden

answer

example of representative heuristsics

question

estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples

answer

availability heuristics

question

read entire textbook and asked to estimate how many words in the book start with "k" and how many have "k" as the 3rd letter, which place is more frequent and the ratio based on how easy it is

answer

example of availability heuristics

question

the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that doesn't fit those beliefs

answer

confirmation bias

question

believers in ESP tend to remember the few studies that seem to support their beliefs and psychic predictions that worked out while at the same time "forgetting" the cases in which studies found no proof of psychics made predictions that failed to come true. they remember only that which confirms their bias toward a belief in the existence of ESP multitasker: driving and texting only remembers good driving times and not the near misses

answer

example of confirmation bias

question

a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects only in terms of their typical function -tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past

answer

functional fixedness

question

searching for only one item to get the job done (screwdriver) while not noticing other objects that could do the same job (butter knife, key, dime)

answer

example of functional fixedness

question

type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic

answer

convergent thinking

question

the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems

answer

intelligence

question

the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful, "street smarts"

answer

practical intelligence

question

the ability to break problems down in component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. "book smarts" -measured by intelligence tests, academic achievement tests

answer

analytical intelligence

question

the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is give to the same people

answer

reliable

question

distribution in which scores are the most frequent around the mean (average), and become less and less frequent the further from the mean they occur

answer

characteristics of bell/normal curve

question

culture bias= tendency of IQ tests to reflect, in language, dialect, and content, the culture of the test designer -person coming form same culture as test designer may have an unfair advantage -culturally fair tests= use questions that don't create a disadvantage for people or different cultures

answer

culture-fair tests

question

demonstrated that the gifted were socially well adjusted and often skilled leaders, earned more academic degrees and had more financial success -demonstrated not only that his gifted children were not more susceptible to mental illness than the original populations but was also able to show that they were actually more resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence

answer

findings of Terman and Oden (1947) study

question

environmental factors nature vs. nurture

answer

understand why differences occur in identical twins

question

looks at behavior and mental processes but also included the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in so many ways -scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings influence and are influenced by social groups

answer

focus on social psychology

question

changing one's own behavior to match that of other people

answer

conformity

question

7 participants in room, shown card with 1 red line and then the other had 3 lines with different lengths. task= determine which line on the 2nd card was most similar to the line on the 1st card -everyone but one=confederates that were told to say the wrong answer -participant conformed 1/3 of the time -number of confederates mattered too: 4

answer

Solomon Asch's studies

question

positive influence of others on performance -presence of others acts to increase arousal to improve performance

answer

social facilitation

question

65% of the teachers went all the way through the experiments final 450 volt shock level (between 61 and 66) -foot in the door technique: people were more likely to go on with each demanding step because they had already agreed to smaller increments of shock -raised ethical question: stress, psychological problems, and self esteem issues because people realized they were willing to administer shocks great enough to kill someone

answer

findings of Milgram's classic research

question

the way a person feels toward the object, person, or situation

answer

affective component of attitude

question

some people might feel that country music is fun and uplifting

answer

example of affective component of attitude

question

the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation

answer

persuasion

question

strong tendency to give more weight to people who are perceived as experts/trustworthy/attractive/similar

answer

source (persuasion most effective)

question

to present both sides of the argument to an audience who doesn't have an opinion yet and directed at producing fear and demonstrate how to avoid it

answer

message (persuasion most effective)

question

characteristics of the people, age: younger people are more susceptible to persuasion

answer

audience (persuasion most effective)

question

form through which a person receives a message watching politician speech vs. reading it online

answer

medium (persuasion most effective)

question

each male student had to sort wooden spools for 1 hour (boring). after the experimenters asked them to tell the females about it and say it was enjoyable -half paid $1= experienced dissonance, actually convinced themselves that the task was interesting and fun, change their attitude toward the task so that they wouldn't really be lying and could maintain their self image of honesty -half paid $20= no dissonance, knew exactly why they're lying-for lots of money, money=sufficient amount to explain their behavior to their satisfaction, harmless fib

answer

findings of Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) study

question

also known as actor observer bias. the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining the behavior while underestimating situational factors, people tend to explain the action of others based on what "kind" of person they are

answer

fundamental attribution error

question

negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group

answer

prejudice

question

ageism= prejudicial attitudes toward the elderly or teenagers sexism, racism, or prejudice toward those from different ethnic groups, different religions, economic levels, overweight example

answer

example of prejudice

question

treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong, behavior that can result from that attitude, can be controlled

answer

discrimination

question

22 white 11 and 12 year olds at camp divided into 2 groups (separate housing and kept apart for activities) 2nd week: competitive events against one another = hitting and fighting each other 3rd week: put together for noncompetitive activities = more hostility still several weeks: forced to work together to resolve and finally became friends results: equal status contact (all in the same situation with neither group holding power over another) reducing prejudice = cooperation, all groups are equal

answer

the Robbers Cave experiment findings

psychology test #3 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards