Psychology People – Flashcards
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Albert Bandura observational learning
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he tested how children would imitate behavior and even use the very words and acts they had seen. He said that we learn by reinforcements and punishments in situations that are observed.
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Diane Baumrind developmental psychology
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Developed three parenting styles the first authoritarian that applies to parents who impose rules and expect obedience. The second permissive that applies to parents who are submissive to their child's desires. The third authoritative wish applies to parents who are both demanding and responsive and encourage open discussion with other children.
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Irving Biederman neuroscientists
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He said that we are infavors and want to acquire information and satisfy our biological needs. When we feel board we look for a way to increase arousal and when we are over stimulated we experience stress and look for a way to decrease arousal.
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Alfred Binet French psychologists
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He is known for developing the first intelligence test. He used the idea of mental age to develop the theory of mental aptitude but were not concerned with why.
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John Bowlby developmental psychologists
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Studied what happened when infants both humans and monkeys are separated from their families. He observed that they became very upset and withdrawn.
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Paul Broca French physician
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stated that damage to specific area of the left frontal lobe now known as Broca's area would prevent a person to speak word. However the person is still able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech.
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Walter Cannon physiologist
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he believed the body;s responses could not spark different emotions. He developed the Cannon- Bard theory that stated physiological responses and experienced emotions are separate.
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Raymond Cattell developmental psychology
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Developed the idea that out crystallized intelligence increases up to old age. He said that our fluid intelligence decreases slowly up to age 75 and more rapidly after age 85.
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Noam Chomsky linguist studied developing language
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he said that given proper nurture language will develop naturally. He also said there is underlying universal grammar this is the same in all human languages.
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Herman Ebbinghaus German philosopher studied memory
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he said that the amount of time spent learning reflects the amount remembered. He also said we could boost our memory through repetition.
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Albert Ellis psychotherapy
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He advocated for aggressive rational-emotive therapy. Illustrated how therapist differ and how that can affect their view on a healthy person. He developed the idea that clients adopt the beliefs of their therapists.
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Erik Erickson theorist in developmental psychology
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He stated that with each stage of life their is a new psychosocial task that must be overcome. He also said that once you have a sense of who you are you can form emotional close relationships.
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Hans Eysenck personality psychology
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He developed the idea of extraversion- introversion and emotional stability- instability that he believed were genetically influenced.These simple trait factors are not able to tell the whole story without being combined with an expanded set of factors.
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Sigmund Freud personality psychology
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Developed the psychoanalytic theory of personality. His goal was to develop an explanation for how the unconscious drives and actions of the brain affect our behavior.
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Howard Gardner developmental psychology
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He developed the theory of eight intelligences. These include linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalists.
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Michael Gazzaniga cognitive neuroscience
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Tested split brain patients and tried to better understand how their brains work.He has also studied which bodily functions are controlled on which side of the body.
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Elenaor J Gibson developmental psychology
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He specifically studies reading development and perceptual learning in toddlers and infants. Developed the Gibsonian ecological theory of development that emphasized how important perception is on adapting to our environment.
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Carol Gilligan developmental psychology
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Stated that the struggle to create separate identity is more prominent in Western individualist males more than relationship-oriented females. She believed that females were less concerned with viewing themselves as separate individuals and are more concerned with making connections.
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G. Stanley Hall developmental psychology
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Described adolescence as a tension between biological maturity and social dependence that creates a storm. He was one of the first psychologist to describe adolescence.
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Harry Harlow developmental psychology
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He studied maternal separation by testing monkeys. Proved that babies become attached to mothers who are soft caring and warm.
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Ernest Hilgard behavioral psychologist
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He believed that hypnosis involves social influence and a state of dissociation. He viewed hypnotic dissociation as a form of everyday multitasking.
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Hobson psychiatry/ dream research
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Believed that dreams erupt from neural activity spreading upward from the brainstem. He is known for his research on rapid eye movement sleep.
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Holmes/ McCann Personality and social psychology
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They studied how exercise affects a person's mood. They proved that exercise reduces depression and anxiety and can be used as an antidepressant.
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Karen Horney personality psychology
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She said that childhood anxiety is caused by the child's sense of helplessness and triggers a desire for love and security. She agreed with Freud that childhood is an important part of life.
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William James functionalist
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He stated that specific areas do specific things because of our adaptive behavior. Wrote the book Principles of Psychology.
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Carl Jung personality psychologist
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He believed that unconscious exerts a powerful influence on us. He believed our unconscious contains more than just repressed emotions and thoughts but also contained collective unconscious.
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Jerome Kagan developmental psych
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He showed that an infant's temperament is stable over time. He also said that certain behavior traits in infants can predict behavior patterns in adolescence.
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Lawrence Kohlberg developmental psych
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wished to describe the development of moral reasoning. He developed the theory that as we develop intellectually and pass three basic levels of moral thinking.
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E. Kubler-Ross psychiatry
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She developed the five stages of grief. These include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
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Elizabeth Loftus cognitive psych
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Did a lot of work with the study of memories. Studied vivid memories triggered by brain stimulation and concluded that they seemed to be developed not relived.
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Konrad Lorenz developmental psych
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Studied a rigid attachment process called imprinting. Developed the idea that familiarity is a safety in young children.
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Abraham Maslow humanism
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Developed the hierarchy of needs. It stated at needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence.
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Rollo May humanistic psych
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Developed stages of development however he did not say they occur at a certain time. They included innocence, rebellion, ordinary, creative.
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David McClelland intelligence
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He developed a way to measure Murray's theory (TAT). Developed a scoring system for TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation, not the TAT.
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Stanley Milgram social psychology
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he wanted to see how obedience affected German soldiers in WWII. He wanted to see just how far people could be pushed in his Shock study.
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Henry Murray
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Developed the thematic apperception test. This test allowed people to express their inner feelings and interests through stories the make up about a picture.
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Ivan Pavlov learning
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Developed the principle of classical conditioning. This idea said that we learn to associate two stimuli and thus anticipate an event to go along with one stimuli.
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Jean Piaget developmental psych
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His studies led him to believe that a child's mind develops in stages. The four stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
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Carl Rogers personality psych
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He believed that people are good and endowed with self- actualizing tendencies. He believed that a growth growing environment requires genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
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Hermann Rorschach personality psychology
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developed the Rorschach inkblot test in which people described what they see in a series of inkblots. This test was developed to reveal people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
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David Rosenhan abnormal psychology
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Conducted an experiment in which him and seven others went to a hospital and complained of ringing in their ears. This experiment that labels can affect a person's response to a person.
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J. B. Rotter personality psych
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Compared people's view on control. Developed the two views external locus of control and internal locus of control.
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Stanley Schachter social psych
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developed the two factor theory of emotion. He stated that emotions stem from physiological arousal and a cognitive label.
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Martin Seligman learning psych
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Most well known for the idea of learned helplessness. This idea stated that when facing hopelessness and passive resignation a human learns when they feel punishment is unavoidable.
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Hans Selye emotional psych
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Studied animal reactions to various levels of stress. He developed the general adaptation syndrome theory.
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B F Skinner behaviorism
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developed the skinner box that was developed to study behavior. This box allowed him to study how an animal responds to its environment.
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Charles Spearman intelligence psych
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Believed that people have one general intelligence. Developed factor analysis is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items.
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George Sperling memory
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He revealed that we have a fleeting photographic memory known as iconic memory. He also said we have a echoic memory a memory for auditory stimuli.
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Roger Sperry neuropsychologist
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Studied split brains and how they affected a person. His studies provided a key understanding of the two hemispheres complementary functions.
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Robert Sternberg developmental psych
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Developed the triarchic theory of intelligence. Believed there is more to success than traditional intelligence.
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Lewis Terman educational psych
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Known for the revision of the Stanford- Binet IQ test. This test is used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies in young children.
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Edward Thorndike comparative psych
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Developed the law of effect. This said that rewarded behavior was more likely to recur.
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Louis Thurstone psychophysics
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Said our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors. These are word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory.
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Edward Titchener structuralism
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He developed structuralism a school of psychology that uses introspection to explore the human mind. He studied under Wilhelm Wundt.
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John B Watson behaviorism
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He established the school of behaviorism. He conducted the Little Albert experiment.
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David Wechsler intelligence
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Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. This test is the most widely used a contains both verbal and nonverbal subtests.
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Carl Wernicke neuroscientist
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discovered that damage to an area of the left temporal lobe could affect understanding and speech patterns. This is known as Wernicke's area.
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Ben Whorf linguist
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Believed that language determines the way we think. Developed the linguistic determinism hypothesis to support this idea.
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Wilhelm Wundt German physician
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Viewed as the father of experimental psych. Founded the first formal laboratory.
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Young and Helmholtz physicist
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They said that the eye must have three types of color receptors. Developed the trichromatic theory to support this idea.
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Philip Zimbardo social psych
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Developed the controversial Stanford prison experiment. This study showed how fast people acted like they were actually imprisoned.
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