question

A life-span theorist believes that:

answer

the developmental changes occur in the child and adolescent years of life.

question

Life expectancy increased during the 20th century because of improvements in:

answer

all of the above. (sanitation, nutrition, medicine).

question

Life expectancy refers to:

answer

the average number of years a person can expect to live.

question

The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:

answer

lifelong.

question

Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Temper-Harmon believes that development is:

answer

multidimensional.

question

Many older adults become wiser by being able to call on experience, yet their performance on tests of cognitive speed declines. This can be explained by which of the following life-span characteristics?

answer

multidirectionality.

question

Tzu-Chiang is 55 years old, is currently going back to college, and is enrolled in a college algebra course. Tzu-Chiang is surprised that he is performing well in the course despite not having a formal math class for over 30 years. Researchers would not be surprised by his performance because it has been shown that development is:

answer

plastic.

question

By age 50, many people need reading glasses or bifocals to improve their vision. This physiological change is a good example of a:

answer

normative age-graded influence on development.

question

Tyler is 5 year old and has just entered kindergarten. This an example of:

answer

a normative age-graded influence on development.

question

When she was a teenager, two members of Anna's family were killed by a tornado. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified by storms. This is an example of how a(n) __________ event can influence a person's development.

answer

nonnormative life

question

Aimee is now 83 years old. Much of her future development will focus on __________ and _________.

answer

maintenance; regulation of loss.

question

Constance is 75 years old and still very active. She gardens, hikes, plays chess, and is learning to play the piano. She exercises daily to stay fit. She loves reading, listening to music, and playing with her grandchildren. Her hearing and eyesight are not what they used to be, and she is not as steady on her feet as when she was younger. She wears a hearing aid, eyeglasses, and sensible shoes to minimize these losses. Researchers would say that Constance is a good example of how development includes:

answer

growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.

question

Culture is based on the:

answer

behaviors, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people.

question

Dr. Widaman is researching the cultural differences in school performance between Japanese and American children. He is comparing math scores between two groups of fifth graders. One of his groups is from Japan and the other group is from the United States. Dr. Widaman is conducting a __________ study.

answer

cross-cultural

question

European Americans:

answer

are an ethnic group like any other ethnic group in the United States or the world.

question

Hannah and George disagree. Hannah argues that people within an ethnic group all share the same culture. George, by contrast, argues that people of the same ethnic group may or may not share the same culture. Who is right?

answer

George, because diversity exists among people within an ethnic group.

question

Ethnicity refers to:

answer

a range of characteristics based on heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language.

question

The psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male refer to an individual's:

answer

gender.

question

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of uneducated women?

answer

Africa

question

Which of the following is an example of social policy?

answer

a government lowering federal taxes

question

Kyesha is 80 years old and is typical of a growing number of older adults. Kyesha MOST LIKELY lives:

answer

alone.

question

All of the following trends in older adulthood can be seen in recent decades, except:

answer

older adults are more likely to be married.

question

The key developmental processes in life-span development include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

physical/sensory processes.

question

Dante is 2 years old. His mother took him to the doctor and discovered that he had gained 5 pounds and had grown 2 inches since his last physical exam. This is an example of the role of __________ processes in development.

answer

biological

question

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship among biological development, cognitive development, and social development?

answer

The three are intertwined processes throughout the life span.

question

Our relationships with others, changes in emotions, and changes in personality are all examples of __________ processes.

answer

socioemotional

question

Johnathan is almost completely dependent on his parents. He is just learning to langue and recognize his own symbolic thoughts. Johnathan is in the period of development called:

answer

infancy.

question

Joshua spends all of his free time doing homework and studying so that he will get good grades and his parents will be proud of his achievements. Joshua is most likely in the period of development called:

answer

middle childhood.

question

The developmental period that runs from approximately 40 years of age to about 60 years of age is:

answer

middle adulthood.

question

Which of the following life-span phases lasts the longest?

answer

late adulthood

question

Development in the young-old is characterized by considerable _________, but development in the oldest-old is characterized by __________

answer

adaptability; frailty.

question

The onset of puberty and the onset of menopause are examples of __________ age.

answer

biological

question

Biology is to __________ as environment is to _________.

answer

nature; nurture.

question

Tingfeng We was a victim of child abuse as a young boy, but he did not grow up to become an abuser. Instead, he leads a fulfilling family life. This is an example of which characteristic of development?

answer

change

question

Winona was found to have childhood depression; she goes on to have depression for the rest of her adult life. This is an example of which characteristic of development?

answer

stability

question

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

answer

quantitative change.

question

An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps us to explain phenomena and make predictions is known as a(n):

answer

theory.

question

Martin believes that the length of a person's foot is directly correlated with his or her intelligence level. To test his _________, he should follow the steps of the scientific method.

answer

hypothesis

question

A __________ is an integrated set of ideas that helps to explain, and a __________ is an assertion or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy.

answer

theory; hypothesis

question

Roberta is 45 years old and has always had a hard time speaking her opinion. A psychoanalytic psychologist might suggest that she has developed this way because:

answer

her parents would not listen to or value her opinion when she was a child.

question

The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the __________ theory of development.

answer

psychosocial

question

One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

answer

Erik Erikson saw that development occurred throughout the life span.

question

As defined by Erik Erikson, a __________ is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and potential.

answer

crisis

question

The first stage in Erikson's theory is:

answer

trust versus mistrust.

question

Marie-Ann is 6 months old. When her mother hears her cries of hunger, she comes and feeds her; and when Marie-Ann is uncomfortable, her mother comes and moves her around until she is comfortable. Through these actions, Marie-Ann is learning that the world is a good place. Marie-Ann is currently in which stage of psychosocial development?

answer

trust versus mistrust

question

The second stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory is:

answer

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

question

Julia is currently 2 years old. She is learning how to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's stage of:

answer

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

question

Which of the following of Erik Erikson's stages would most accurately describe the developmental phase of a preschooler?

answer

initiative versus guilt

question

The stage of industry versus inferiority in Erik Erikson's developmental theory occurs approximately during which period?

answer

elementary school

question

"Students at this age are full of surprises," comments the high school teacher. "They come in looking and acting like punk rockers one day, then like nuns and monks the next!" Erik Erikson would say these students are:

answer

actively exploring different roles.

question

George thinks he has a good life. He just graduated from college, has many close friends, and is engaged to be married. According to Erik Erikson's theory, George would be developing a sense of:

answer

intimacy.

question

The main concern of Erik Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation is to:

answer

help the next generation develop and lead useful lives.

question

Ahkilia is bitter and resentful. She looks back on her life and realizes that she has made many mistakes and was too fearful to reach for her goals. At 82 years old, she knows it is too late to make any significant changes. Ahkilia is living in:

answer

despair.

question

All of the following are contributions of the psychoanalytic perspective, EXCEPT:

answer

this perspective includes child, adolescent, and adult developmental stages.

question

Dr. Wong is a cognitive theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of __________ for understanding development.

answer

conscious thoughts

question

Ling-Chi is trying to make sense of her world. According to Piaget's theory, the two processes she uses to do this are __________ and _________.

answer

organization; adaptation

question

According to Jean Piaget, each developmental stage is:

answer

qualitatively different from the previous stage.

question

In which stage of Piagetian development do infants learn about their environment by coordinating their sensory experiences with their motor activity?

answer

sensorimotor

question

Children in the preoperational stage of development lack the ability to:

answer

perform operations (internalized mental actions).

question

Hidalgo is very good at simple addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the abstract algebraic problems that his sister, who is in high school, does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?

answer

concrete operational

question

According to Jean Piaget, this developmental stage is marked by the development of logical, organized reasoning skills.

answer

concrete operational

question

Gustav spends a lot of time thinking about the world as it is now and as it could be if everyone took more personal responsibility for environmental and social conditions. Jean Piaget would say that Gustav is probably in the __________ stage of development.

answer

formal operational

question

Whereas Jean Piaget emphasized the biological processes of cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky emphasized the effects of __________ on development.

answer

social interaction and culture

question

The structure of Miss Darby's elementary classroom in New York City is based on the sociocultural cognitive theory of Lev Vygotsky. Her classroom would likely be characterized by all but which of the following?

answer

She assigns much individual independent seatwork.

question

The information-processing approach to development is concerned mainly with:

answer

the manipulation, monitoring, and strategizing of information.

question

Which of the following is one of the contributions of the cognitive theories noted by your author?

answer

They emphasize the individual's active construction of understanding.

question

Which of the following statements reflects a criticism of cognitive theories?

answer

Piaget's stages may have been too "pure" in their conception.

question

When studying development, behavioral theorists believe that only behavior must be observed because it:

answer

is the only direct and measurable indication we have of development.

question

According to behaviorists, what is the only correct entity that should be included in scientific research?

answer

observable actions

question

Jasmine sees a student in her class raise his hand to ask a question. The teacher sharply criticizes him for asking such a "ridiculous" question. According to Albert Bandura, Jasmine will most likely respond to this event by:

answer

not asking questions even if she wants to.

question

Michelle yells at Sally. Sally hits Michelle. Michelle thinks about how big Sally is and says, "Let's not fight anymore." Sally says, "Okay," and they go off to ride their bikes in the park. This sequence is an example of:

answer

reciprocal influences of behavior, cognition, and environment.

question

Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral theory?

answer

It places too little emphasis on cognitive factors

question

A recent television news report concluded that, from birth, boys are more aggressive than girls. You agree with this because you believe aggression is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations, because males needed to be more aggressive to aid the survival of the species. Your view reflects the __________ perspective of development.

answer

ethological

question

John Bowlby's work in attachment showed that an infant's attachment to a caregiver has important influence over the life span. Bowlby further suggested that attachment should take place:

answer

over the first year.

question

"Development is best thought of as being strongly influenced by the environment, especially the various social and cultural contexts with which one interacts. To understand development, psychologists must analyze an individual's interactions within and between these different contexts." This statement would most likely come from:

answer

Urie Bronfenbrenner.

question

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, this aspect of the environment refers to the setting in which an individual lives.

answer

microsystem

question

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, this contextual environment consists of the influences exerted by the culture in which an individual lives.

answer

macrosystem

question

A criticism of ecological theory is that it underemphasizes __________ and _________.

answer

biology; cognitive influences

question

An eclectic theory of development assumes that:

answer

no single theory can account for all of human development.

question

Which of the following is the quickest way to gain information from a large amount of people?

answer

survey

question

Which of the following is a weakness of the survey method of research?

answer

People are more likely to give socially acceptable or desirable answers.

question

Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests mentioned by your author?

answer

They assume that behaviors are consistent and stable across time.

question

Which of the following research methods looks at one person in depth and generally over a long period of time?

answer

case study

question

Studies show that there is a positive correlation between the number of cute names (e.g., "Snookums" and "Pookie") couples have for each other and their self-reported feelings of love. This research tells me that:

answer

if my sweetheart has a lot of cute names for me, my sweetheart also tells researchers that he/she loves me a lot.

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Correlation does not equal causation.

question

Which of the following methods is the best method to determine cause and effect?

answer

experimental method

question

In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the __________ variable and measures its effects on the __________ variable.

answer

independent; dependent

question

The difference between a control group and an experimental group is that the:

answer

control group does not receive the independent variable.

question

A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for 8 weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is:

answer

number of minutes spent comfortably on the treadmill.

question

Travis has designed a study to compare the muscle coordination of 60-year-olds, 70-year-olds, and 80-year-olds. What research design did he use?

answer

cross-sectional study

question

The longitudinal method of research consists of:

answer

studying the same individuals over a long period of time.

question

Which of the following is NOT a drawback to longitudinal research?

answer

stability over time

question

To chart the development of intelligence over the life span, researchers spent 1 year testing the intelligence of individuals ranging in age period from childhood to old age. Which approach to the time span of inquiry would they be taking?

answer

cross-sectional

question

A(n) __________ is a group of people who are born at a similar time in history and share similar experiences.

answer

cohort

question

It is important to be aware of the concept of cohort effects because they can:

answer

be mistaken for age effects.

question

Informed consent in research contains all of the following, EXCEPT:

answer

detailed hypothesis.

question

The American Psychological Association (APA) has developed a code of ethics governing research procedures. The guidelines address all of the following issues, EXCEPT:

answer

manipulation.

question

In an experimental design, the dependent variable:

answer

can change only in response to a change in the independent variable.

question

Dr. Burial is currently conducting research on sexual orientation. When he gets the participants to sign up, he informs them that they will be looking at a series of pictures to gather information on the appeal of differing clothing combinations. The fact that Dr. Burial is not telling the participants the true purpose of the study indicates that he is using:

answer

deception.

question

Professor Clifton has designed an experiment to study the effects of caffeine on memory. However, she has informed her participants that she is investigating the taste preferences of caffeine drinks. Professor Clifton has:

answer

used deception, but this is ethically acceptable if it does not harm the participants.

question

Jean Piaget believed that children:

answer

actively construct their own cognitive as different cognitive abilities develop.

question

According to the concept of perceptual motor coupling, which of the following statements should be TRUE regarding the motor development of a baby who is born blind?

answer

This baby will be more in-tune with his or her surroundings because she will have to rely on her other sensory systems, and thus her motor skills will develop at a faster rate.

question

Adjusting to new environmental demands is called:

answer

adaptation.

question

Schemes are:

answer

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

question

Classifying flowers into groups according to their color is an example of a:

answer

mental scheme.

question

Adjusting already existing schemes to fit new information and experiences is called:

answer

assimilation.

question

Two-year-old Anita has learned the word "dog" to identify the family pet Rover. Now Anita says the word "dog" when she sees any animal. Anita has __________ these animals into her existing scheme.

answer

assimilated

question

Baby Melissa has developed a sucking scheme. She learned that to get food, she must suck on her mother's breast. Now her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon. Melissa immediately sucks on the spoon. This is an example of:

answer

accommodation.

question

Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called:

answer

organization.

question

For cognitive change to occur, these two processes must work in concert as the child experiences considerable movement between the states of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.

answer

assimilation and accommodation

question

When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called:

answer

equilibration.

question

Jean Piaget believed that children's thinking in one stage is __________ that in another stage.

answer

qualitatively different from

question

What makes one stage more advanced than another in Jean Piaget's theory?

answer

the child's new way of understanding the world

question

Heather crawls from her room into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves. According to Jean Piaget, this shows that she is capable of:

answer

object permanence.

question

Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues have found that infants display object permanence as early as age __________ month(s).

answer

3-4

question

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called:

answer

attention.

question

Mandy watches as another little girl in the grocery store throws a screaming tantrum to get a toy. The next week at the mall, Mandy begins screaming and crying to get some candy. Mandy is showing:

answer

deferred imitation.

question

According to the work of Meltzoff, how much time can pass between when an infant observes an action and imitates it?

answer

as long as a few days

question

Implicit memory is to _________, as explicit memory is to _________.

answer

unconscious; conscious

question

People remember very little about what happened in their lives before about age:

answer

2 years to 3 years old.

question

People remember very little about what happened in the early years of their lives. This is called:

answer

infantile amnesia.

question

Cases such as the "Wild Boy of Aveyron" and "Genie" cause us to wonder whether language is:

answer

infinitely generative.

question

A form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called:

answer

language.

question

Someone with a vocabulary of only 200 words can still recombine the words in different ways to say thousands of different things. This aspect of language is referred to as:

answer

infinite generativity.

question

Language is made up of:

answer

all of these.

question

Infants begin to communicate at:

answer

birth.

question

What is the correct sequence of language development?

answer

crying, cooing, babbling, gestures

question

At birth, infants communicate through:

answer

crying.

question

Two-month-old Antonio is listening as his mother sings him a lullaby. He is making a gurgling sound and seems very happy. Antonio is:

answer

cooing.

question

Kevin loves to say, "Da, da, da, da" over and over again. This is an example of what type of communication?

answer

babbling

question

Every time Margarita's mother leaves to go to work, Margarita waves to her. Margarita has begun to:

answer

communicate through gestures.

question

Research about the ability of infants to distinguish human speech sounds indicates that:

answer

infants gradually come to distinguish best the speech sounds of the language spoken around them.

question

Research on the ability of infants to recognize language sounds indicates that until the age of:

answer

6 months, infants can recognize sounds in all languages.

question

Infants begin to say their first words between the ages of __________ and __________ months.

answer

10; 15

question

Which of the following is MOST likely to be a child's first word?

answer

"eat"

question

Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. Kyoko's __________ vocabulary is more developed than her __________ vocabulary.

answer

receptive; spoken

question

Infants can __________ language before they can __________ language.

answer

understand; speak

question

Which of the following is TRUE about a child's receptive vocabulary during the first 2 years of life?

answer

It equals the child's spoken vocabulary.

question

Jeff has just turned 2 years old. About how many words can he use?

answer

200

question

Kara is 18 months old. Kyle is 24 months old. Kara is probably able to use about __________ words; Kyle is probably able to speak about __________ words.

answer

50; 200

question

The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called:

answer

the vocabulary spurt.

question

Shalena is 15 months old and just learning to talk. One of her first words was "car." Anytime Shalena sees any type of vehicle, she says "car." This is an example of:

answer

overextension.

question

Whenever Dakota sees a baseball cap, he says, "hat," but he does not say it when he sees a stocking cap. This is an example of:

answer

underextension.

question

"Want ice cream," "fall down," and "Mommy give drink" are all examples of:

answer

telegraphic speech.

question

It is believed that humans acquired language about __________ years ago.

answer

100,000

question

__________ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in speech production.

answer

Broca's area

question

Mariah has brain damage in the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has damage to:

answer

Broca's area.

question

__________ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved with the comprehension of speech.

answer

Wernike's area

question

A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain injury is called:

answer

aphasia.

question

Noam Chomsky believed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language and are born with an endowment that enables them to detect the rules of language. This endowment is called the:

answer

language acquisition device.

question

Behaviorists believe that language is:

answer

a series of responses acquired through reinforcement.

question

A child's expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with his or her parents':

answer

verbal interactions with the child.

question

Children living in poverty tend to __________ children living in wealthier homes.

answer

speak less than

question

Child-directed speech is the:

answer

language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences.

question

Little Nisha points to a ball and says, "Dat ball." Her father responds with, "What color is the ball?" This is an example of:

answer

recasting.

question

Damon asks his son to look at a picture book and name the objects he sees. Damon is using __________ to help his son learn language.

answer

labeling

question

Germain says, "Ball fall." His father replies, "Yes, the ball fell down the stairs." This is an example of:

answer

expanding.

question

What function does emotional expression, such as crying and smiling, serve in the relationship between a parent and a young infant?

answer

regulation of survival instincts

question

Which type of smiling occurs as a response to an external stimulus?

answer

social smiling

question

Fernando is a young child who has just recently begun to smile whenever he hears his mother's voice. Approximately how old is Fernando?

answer

1 to 2 months

question

At what age do children first show fear when a new person enters their environment?

answer

by 6 months of age

question

Stranger anxiety is negatively correlated with:

answer

proximity to mother.

question

A child is most likely to use social referencing in _______ situations.

answer

ambiguous

question

Children develop the ability to regulate their emotions:

answer

in early infancy.

question

If an infant is raised in a neglectful environment and is not comforted or soothed during distress, the infant will most likely be delayed in:

answer

expressing positive but not negative emotions.

question

Caregivers' attempts to help infants soothe their emotions influence:

answer

children's ability to use their caregivers as a social reference later in life.

question

An infant's ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity of his or her emotions is called:

answer

emotional regulation.

question

Petria is trying to help her young infant regulate his emotions. She can best do this by:

answer

modeling appropriate emotional regulation.

question

Infants' ability to regulate their emotions is positively correlated with:

answer

their mothers' intensity of emotion.

question

Little Katie runs up to her mother and says, "Me scared." Katie is at least:

answer

18 months old

question

Children with low activity levels and somewhat negative attitudes are classified as:

answer

difficult children.

question

Kyoko and Jason are going to have a child. Statistically speaking, their child will most likely have a(n) _______ temperament.

answer

easy

question

With regard to the physiological basis of temperament, Jerome Kagan argues that children inherit a physiology that predisposes them to develop a particular type of temperament. He also believes that:

answer

through experience children learn to modify their temperament.

question

Which of the following statements about temperament is TRUE?

answer

Temperament tends to be unchangeable during infancy and childhood, but it is more fluid in adulthood when individuals are allowed to choose their own environments.

question

A goodness of fit occurs when a child's temperament matches:

answer

environmental demands.

question

What is the main problem with labeling children as difficult?

answer

It can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.

question

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?

answer

Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

question

Miranda developed a basic sense of mistrust during infancy. Her parents bickered a lot and separated, and Miranda was often lost in the shuffle. According to Erik Erikson, Miranda:

answer

will maintain a basic sense of mistrust for the rest of her life.

question

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of:

answer

sense of self.

question

Nine-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely:

answer

touch the spot on the mirror, because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.

question

Janine impatiently grabs the door handle from her toddler daughter, quickly opens the door, and hurries the little girl through. Erik Erikson would say that Janine's daughter:

answer

will develop a sense of shame and doubt if this type of interaction occurs consistently.

question

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is TRUE concerning children and autonomy?

answer

Children develop autonomy first and learn to experience shame and doubt later in life.

question

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

answer

overprotectiveness and criticism

question

Marcos is 16 and eager to graduate from high school and go on to college. He has a clear sense of what he wants for a career and has well-defined values. Which of the following best accounts for Marcos' sense of identity?

answer

He developed autonomy during childhood.

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of locomotive activity?

answer

a close bond between an infant and a caregiver.

question

The Harry Harlow (1958) study concluded that contact comfort is more important for attachment than feeding. What evidence was used to support this conclusion?

answer

Baby monkeys spent more time with cloth surrogate mothers than with wire surrogate mothers.

question

Attachment theorists would agree on which of the following?

answer

Secure attachment to a single primary caregiver is essential for healthy social development.

question

According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

answer

24 months

question

According to some research, what might be more important than attachment style in predicting later social functioning?

answer

level of autonomy

question

Jerome Kagan's views on attachment stress:

answer

the quality of parenting.

question

A criticism of attachment theory is that:

answer

there are different types of attachment, not just one type.

question

Beth, who is 6 months old, has a 17-year-old mother who is not sure about how to interact with her. Beth's mother is inconsistent, sometimes responding to Beth's needs and sometimes not responding to her needs. Beth most likely will be a(n) _______ infant.

answer

insecure resistant

question

A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of:

answer

scaffolding.

question

Mary often plays the game peek-a-boo with her baby. Initially, Mary covers her baby and then removes the cover, registering "surprise" at the baby's reappearance. After a time, her baby does the covering and uncovering. This is an example of:

answer

object permanence.

question

The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers:

answer

interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.

question

Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

answer

Mothers smile more at their children.

question

Which of the following is generally TRUE about child-care settings across the United States, according to your text?

answer

They are generally good in quality.

question

How do child-care programs for children in low-income families compare with child care available to children in families of higher economic status?

answer

Poor children in child-care programs enjoy better interactions with their teachers but encounter higher teacher-child ratios.

question

The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development concluded that:

answer

the home environment is twice as important a predicator of whether children will become attached to their caregivers.

question

The results of the large National Longitudinal Study of Child Care indicate that:

answer

there is not enough evidence to indicate whether extensive use of day care affects the relationship between parents and children.

Psychology Homework 1 – Flashcards

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