question

An unpleasant emotion, characterized by a general sense of danger

answer

Anxiety

question

An external reaction that indicates an internal conflict

answer

Signal Anxiety

question

Alerting signals

answer

Fear and anxiety are both _______ _______

question

Physiological

answer

Fear and anxiety have similar ________ features

question

A state of immediate alarm in response to a known, external, and serious threat to one's well being

answer

Fear

question

When the fight or flight response is protective

answer

When is a fear/anxiety response adaptive?

question

When it is triggered by inappropriate situations, or when it is too severe or too long-lasting

answer

When is a fear/anxiety response not adaptive?

question

An individual's tendency to respond to situations with more or less anxiety

answer

Trait anxiety

question

An individual's level of anxiety at a specific time

answer

State anxiety

question

18%

answer

In a given year, what percent of the adult population in the U.S. experiences an anxiety disorder?

question

30%

answer

In their lifetimes, what percent of the adult population in the U.S. develop an anxiety disorder?

question

20%

answer

What percent of adults in the U.S. that experience anxiety disorders seek treatment?

question

Most individuals with one anxiety disorder suffer from a second disorder, as well

answer

Co-morbidity

question

Depressive

answer

Most individuals who have anxiety also have a blend of _______ symptomatology

question

$42 billion

answer

Anxiety disorders cost ___________ each year in health care, lost wages, and lost productivity

question

An anxiety disorder characterized by general, non-extreme, feelings of dread and foreboding and heightened states of bodily arousal

answer

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

question

1. Chronic, pervasive, and debilitating nervousness 2. "Free floating anxiety" 3. High trait anxiety 4. Constant worrying

answer

What is the symptomatology of GAD?

question

1. Persistent feelings of anxiety that are not triggered by any specific object, situation, or activity 2. Emotional distress interferes significantly with the individual's' functioning in daily life

answer

What are the 2 major components of GAD?

question

1. Pervasive anxiety for at least six months 2. Difficulty controlling the anxiety 3. The anxiety includes 3 or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance 4. The anxiety causes significant distress or impairment in normal functioning, not due to medication

answer

Diagnostic criteria for GAD according to the DSM

question

No clear biological model of GAD, yet reasonable to suspect irregularities in neurotransmitter activity and variations in anxiety sensitivity

answer

Biological perspective of GAD

question

A threatened leakage of unacceptable impulses, affects, needs, wishes, and traumatic memories into conscious awareness

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Psychoanalytic perspective of GAD

question

Generalization of anxiety across many situations

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Learning perspective of GAD

question

Role of exaggerated or distorted thoughts and beliefs, especially that underlie worry

answer

Cognitive perspective of GAD

question

Discrete episode of acute terror, feeling trapped, sheer terror, a sense of imminent danger, and an urge to escape

answer

Panic attack

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Recurring panic attacks that cause ongoing distress or impairment

answer

Panic disorder

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1. Episodes of intense panic attacks 2. Persistent anxiety and concern about having additional panic attacks and a change in behavior because of the attacks

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Diagnostic criteria for panic disorder

question

2

answer

Panic disorder affects ____ women for every man

question

1. Misinterpreting slight changes in bodily functions 2. Feeling scared and anxious 3. Pounding heart, shortness of breath, etc. 4. "I'm having a panic attack!" 5. Panic attack 6. Fear of future panic attacks

answer

Panic attack cycle (6 steps)

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Fear of places and situations from which it might be difficult or embarrassing to escape in the event of a panic attack

answer

Agoraphobia

question

"Phobos," meaning "fear"

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"Phobia" derives from the Greek _______, meaning ________

question

An intense, persistent, and seemingly irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

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Phobia

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1. Persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation 2. Exposure to feared object/situation provokes an intense anxiety reaction 3. The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable 4. The phobic object/situation is avoided 5. The avoidance of the object/situation interferes significantly with everyday functioning

answer

Diagnostic criteria for phobias

question

Social phobia Agoraphobia Specific phobia

answer

Types of phobias

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Excessive fear of social interactions where one can be observed, judged, or shamed. Leads to distress, compromised functioning, and avoidance.

answer

Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia)

question

The fear of negative evaluations from others

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What is the underlying problem in Social Anxiety Disorder?

question

Yes, as long as the fear is not excessive

answer

Is it common to experience some degree of anxiety or fear in social situations?

question

Specific to a particular object or situation (any phobia that is not social phobia or agoraphobia)

answer

Specific phobia

question

1. Animals 2. Natural environment 3. Blood/injection/injury 4. Situational

answer

4 common types of specific phobias

question

Disorders characterized by a pattern of compulsive or repetitive behaviors that are associated with significant personal distress or impaired functioning

answer

Obsessive-Compulsive disorders

question

In the Anxiety Disorders category

answer

Where were Obsessive-Compulsive disorders listed in DSM 4?

question

They have their own category

answer

Where are Obsessive-Compulsive disorders listed in DSM 5?

question

Unwanted and upsetting thought, image, or impulse

answer

Obsession

question

Rituals that are compulsively repeated in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by obsessional thoughts

answer

Compulsion

question

1. Obsessions 2. Compulsions 3. At some point in the disorder, the person has recognized that the obsessions or compulsion are excessive or unreasonable 4. The obsessions/compulsions cause significant distress and interfere with the person's normal routine 5. The obsessions/compulsions are not a result of medication

answer

Diagnostic criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

question

Cleaning Checking Symmetry Touching Verbal Counting Hoarding

answer

Types of compulsions

question

Severe emotional distress related to sense of bodily distortion as well as compromised daily functioning

answer

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

question

Need to retain unnecessary and seemingly useless possessions, causing personal distress or making it difficult to maintain a habitable living space

answer

Hoarding Disorder

question

No, they do not have compulsions to reduce disturbing thoughts related to hoarding

answer

Do people with Hoarding Disorder experience compulsions to control hoarding, in the way that people with OCD do?

question

Ego-syntonic - experience pleasure, enjoyment, or diminished stress from collecting possessions

answer

Is Hoarding Disorder ego-syntonic or ego-dystonic?

question

Sense that a disorder is just a part of oneself and should not be changed, and thinking that others are crazy for telling them they need to change

answer

Ego-syntonic

question

Sense that a disorder is something that a person wants to get rid of or distance themselves from

answer

Ego-dystonic

question

Attachment

answer

People who have Hoarding Disorder really have issues with __________.

question

1. Sympathetic Pathway - fight or flight response, anxiety 2. Parasympathetic Pathway - rest and digest response, relaxation

answer

2 biological components of anxiety disorders: Autonomic Nervous System

question

Sympathetic

answer

A panic attack is an over-activation of the _______ nervous system in the absence of an externally identifiable threat

question

Processes sensory information associated with fear

answer

Amygdala (what does it do?)

question

Plays a role in the expression of conditioned emotional responses

answer

Hypothalamus (what does it do?)

question

Plays a role in memory of fears

answer

Hippocampus (what does it do?)

question

Amygdala

answer

Anxiety disorders are linked to an overly active ________.

question

GABA Norepinephrine Serotonin

answer

3 types of neurotransmitters

question

Inhibitor, often in deficit in individuals who suffer from high levels of anxiety

answer

GABA

question

Sympathetic activation, chronic/acute stress makes the person more sensitive to stress (Kindling Effect)

answer

Norepinephrine

question

The more stress that a person experiences, the more sensitive they will be to stress

answer

Kindling Effect

question

Anxiolytic effect (reduces anxiety) Low levels correlated with panic attacks, Serotonin abnormalities also correlated with OCD

answer

Serotonin

question

30-50%, we know that because of twin studies

answer

What percent of an individual's vulnerability to develop anxiety disorders is genetic? How do we know that?

question

Long-term tendency to be in a negative emotional state, therefore active (though unconscious) 'choice' of environments

answer

Neuroticism

question

Panic disorder

answer

Which anxiety disorder is the most genetically-linked of the anxiety diagnoses?

question

1. Panic disorder 2. OCD 3. Phobias 4. GAD

answer

List the 4 types of anxiety disorders from most to least genetically-linked

question

Anxiolytics (antianxiety) Antidepressants Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) NE Beta-Blockers

answer

Types of medications for anxiety disorders

question

Learning based on automatic mental association - temporality

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Learning based on reinforcement - consequences

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Learning based on observation of others

answer

Modeling

question

Genetic predisposition to acquire phobias even after a single exposure

answer

Modern revision: prepared conditioning

question

Exposure

answer

Behavioral interventions of phobias use the principle of _________.

question

Using relaxation training and the fear hierarchy to relieve someone of a phobia

answer

Systematic desensitization

question

Exposing a patient to a high level of their phobia so that they can 'unlearn' it

answer

Flooding

question

1. Oversensitivity to threatening cues 2. Over-prediction of danger 3. Self-defeating thoughts and irrational beliefs

answer

3 cognitive factors used to determine proneness to anxiety disorders

question

Mobilizing defense mechanisms

answer

Freud: Anxiety as the cause of _________ _________ _________

question

Obsessions are experienced not as one's own thoughts, but as intrusive ideas

answer

Isolation of affect

question

Compulsions serve as an act-in-reality to 'cancel' real unacceptable emotions or urges

answer

Undoing

question

In phobias, replacing the feared object with another, less threatening object

answer

Displacement

question

In phobias, attributing the internally-felt unacceptable feeling to an outside object/person

answer

Projection

question

Attachment, relational internalizations

answer

Anxiety disorders are often rooted in disrupted ________ and early-formed ________ _________

question

Deficits

answer

Contemporary psychoanalytic perspective: Anxiety as a manifestation of _______ in one's capacity to regulate negative emotions, needs, and wishes

question

1. Stressor 2. Stress response

answer

What are the two components of stress?

question

External or internal event that creates demands

answer

Stressor

question

Individual's reactions to the demands of a stressor

answer

Stress response

question

1. Alarm-reaction stage (fight or flight) 2. Resistance stage 3. Exhaustion stage (after prolonged exposure to stress)

answer

What are the 3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

question

Judge the event, react to it affectively

answer

Coping is influenced by how we ________ the event, as well as our capacity to ________ to it ________.

question

A coping mechanism that determines whether we tend to see difficult events as threats or as challenges

answer

Threat vs. Challenge

question

One's sense of having the capacity and resources to cope with stressful events

answer

Self-efficacy and sense of mastery

question

1. Normative transitions - normal, developmental shifts and life-changes 2. Traumatic experiences

answer

Stress can stem from 2 things... what are they?

question

They force us to adjust in order to maintain equilibrium

answer

Why are life changes a source of stress?

question

1. Distress - caused by negative events 2. Eustress - caused by positive events

answer

What are the 2 types of stress?

question

The death of a spouse

answer

According to the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale, what is the most stressful life event that a person can sustain?

question

Divorce

answer

According to the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale, what is the second most stressful life event that a person can sustain?

question

In the Anxiety Disorders category

answer

Where were ASD and PTSD listed in DSM 4?

question

In the "Trauma and Stress Related Disorders" category

answer

Where are ASD and PTSD listed in DSM 5?

question

1. Adjustment disorders 2. ASD and PTSD 3. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

answer

What are the 3 kinds of disorders listed in the "Trauma and Stress Related Disorders" category of DSM 5?

question

Maladaptive stress-response syndromes, the result of an exposure to a distressing stressor (short-term)

answer

Adjustment Disorder

question

"Too much reality," caused by an emotionally overwhelming experience in which there is real or perceived possibility of death or serious injury to oneself or a loved one

answer

Trauma

question

1. Physical 2. Emotional

answer

There are 2 kinds of trauma. What are they?

question

Discontinuity, often by dissociation

answer

Trauma can cause a ___________ of experience, often by ___________

question

Significant posttraumatic symptoms that occur between 2 days and 1 month of a traumatic experience

answer

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

question

Significant posttraumatic symptoms occurring more than one month after a traumatic experience

answer

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

question

80%

answer

What percentage of ASD cases develop into PTSD?

question

Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation

answer

Trigger to PTSD

question

1. Directly experiences the traumatic event 2. Witnesses the traumatic event in person 3. Learns that the traumatic event occurred to a close family member or friend 4. Experiences firsthand, repeated or extreme exposure to averse details of the traumatic event

answer

Exposure to PTSD must result from one or more of the following scenarios, in which the individual...

question

About 90%

answer

What percentage of the general population has experienced exposure to a potentially traumatic event?

question

50% of women, 60% of men

answer

About what percentage of women are exposed to potentially traumatic events, vs men?

question

25-50%

answer

Trauma exposure is common, yet only ________ percent experience persisting chronic symptoms?

question

40%

answer

What percent of PTSD leads to chronic symptoms a decade later?

question

7-9%

answer

What percent of the general population experiences a lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

question

30%

answer

What percent of Vietnam veterans experience a lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

question

15%

answer

What percent of adult outpatients experience a lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

question

60-80%

answer

What percent of inpatient psychiatric patients experience a lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

question

30-50% lifetime prevalence among survivors of rape, military combat, captivity, and ethnically/politically motivated imprisonment and genocide

answer

What demographic has the highest rates of PTSD?

question

Fear that the trauma will be repeated Grief or sadness Shame about feeling helpless and empty Guilt about surviving Intense anger toward the source of the trauma Guilt about angry or aggressive impulses Fear that one will become destructive

answer

Common subjective experiences following severe traumatic experiences...

question

Victim experiences a single traumatic event

answer

Simple PTSD

question

Re-experiencing Avoidance and numbering Alterations in mood and cognition Increased arousal

answer

Symptomatology of Simple PTSD

question

Severe, prolonged, often developmentally-early, and repeated trauma, almost always of an interpersonal nature

answer

Complex PTSD

question

Regulation of affect and impulses Attention and consciousness Somatization Self-perception Relationships with others Systems of meaning

answer

Complex PTSD can cause alterations in...

question

When two opposing processes ate at work: One to defend the individual by suppressing the trauma, and the other to work through the trauma by bringing it to mind. These processes cause the patient to swing between avoiding and having intruding thoughts about the trauma.

answer

Stress response theory

question

Loss of internal assumptions that help to sustain a sense of meaning and continuity in everyday life

answer

Theory of shattered assumptions

question

Fear acquisition through classical conditioning resulting in neutral stimuli present in the traumatic situation acquiring fear-eliciting properties

answer

Conditioning theory

question

A significant disruption in one's conscious experience, memory, or sense of identity without a physical cause

answer

Dissociation

question

Normal, non-traumatic dissociation, e.g. "highway hypnosis," daydreaming, etc.

answer

What is adaptive dissociation?

question

Dissociation caused by a traumatic experience

answer

What is defensive dissociation?

question

Frequent dissociation, e.g. Dissociative Identity Disorder

answer

What is psychopathological dissociation?

question

Removing the self physiologically while being unable to physically

answer

In its simplest form, what is the purpose of dissociation?

question

"Multiple personality disorder" or "split personality"

answer

For a long time, DID was mistakenly thought of as...

question

One, pockets

answer

A person only has _____ personality, therefore split-off encapsulated "_________" of experience

question

2-4

answer

Normally a person with DID experiences how many identities (without psychotherapy)?

question

10-15

answer

Over the course of psychotherapy, a person with DID can sometimes discover how many identities?

question

1-3%

answer

Prevalence of DID in the general population?

question

20%

answer

Prevalence of DID in outpatients/inpatients?

question

5:1

answer

Female-male ratio of DID?

question

Two or more personalities Alter personalities may represent different ages, genders, interests, etc. Two or more personalities may take full control of the individual's behavior Forgetfulness about ordinary life events that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness The main or dominant personality may not know about other personalities

answer

Key features of DID...

question

25-50%

answer

What percent of trauma victims experience psychological detachment, as opposed to partial or total amnesia?

question

Yes, strongly linked

answer

Is DID linked to severe experiences of early childhood abuse?

question

Highest

answer

DID has the ________ rates of early life trauma when compared to all other clinical groups

question

Hippocampus and Amygdala are smaller in DID patients, differences in brain metabolic activity, irregularity in brain functioning during sleep

answer

Biological Approach to DID

question

Antidepressants Anxiolytics (antianxiety) Antipsychotics

answer

Medicines for DID

question

Operant Conditioning - dissociation reduces anxiety Behavioral interventions - reduce self-harm and behaviors that interfere with therapy, improve ability to manage overwhelming feelings, emphasis on everyday skills and management of life-funcitoning

answer

Behavioral approach to DID

question

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has impressive results in treating some types of PTSD Schema-focused cognitive therapy, learning to undo cognitive distortions that cause the dissociation Repeated exposure to memory cues and emotions associated with the trauma Re-experiencing the anxiety in a safe setting, allowing gradual extinction

answer

Cognitive approach to DID

Psychology 330 UTK (Guy Edlis) – Flashcards

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