question

Which of the following factors is not thought to contribute to the drug experience? A.) pharmacological factors B.) gender C.) setting of drug use D.) all of these affect the drug experience

answer

all of these affect the drug experience

question

Survey studies are seriously flawed because they do not attempt to select people who are representative of the United States population as a whole.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following does not contribute to alcohol and drug abuse costs as measured in cost of illness studies? A.) motor vehicle crashes B.) individuals born with fetal alcohol syndrome C.) medical expenses D.) crime-related costs E.) All of these contribute to these figures.

answer

All of these contribute to these figures.

question

Individuals in long-term hospitals were not included in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

answer

TRUE

question

According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, cigarettes (nicotine) are the most commonly used drugs in the United States.

answer

FALSE

question

Placebos are a common type of stimulant.

answer

FALSE

question

The consensus definition of drug abuse arrived at by Rinaldi et al. centers on ___________.

answer

harmful consequences of drug use behavior

question

The term "drug abuse" refers to any use of drugs that are illegal in a particular society.

answer

FALE

question

Which of the following are pharmacological factors that help us to understand the drug experience?

answer

The route of drug administration

question

Prevalence refers to the number of first-time occurrences of some event during some time period.

answer

FALSE

question

In medicine, a number of symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific illness or disease is known as a ___________.

answer

Syndrome

question

Calling amphetamines "speed" is an example of drug classification by therapeutic use.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following is true about the diagnosis of substance use disorder in DSM-V?

answer

There is no longer a distinction made between dependence and abuse of a given substance.

question

The ________ hypothesis is that one result of repeated use of a drug in interaction with environmental factors is changes in the brain neural pathways that may heighten the reward value of the drug.

answer

sensitization

question

Respondents in the U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health are ___________.

answer

American Psychiatric Association

question

Respondents in the U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health are ___________.

answer

12 years of age or older

question

Which of the following is true about drug use and crime?

answer

Most crimes associated with alcohol are assaultive

question

The costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States can be measured in the ___________ of dollars.

answer

Billions

question

The effects of a drug may vary between users because of the users' expectations.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following racial/ethnic differences were found in the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health? A.) Blacks showed the highest prevalence of illicit drug use in the last month. B.) Whites reported more prevalent alcohol use than Hispanics. C.) Blacks reported less prevalent alcohol use than whites. D.) all of these e. none of these

answer

all of these e. none of these

question

__________ is an injectable anesthetic that has been approved for both human and animal use in medical settings.

answer

ketamine

question

Heroin use was a significant concern in which war?

answer

The Vietnam War

question

Which of the following did European explorers bring to the Americas?

answer

Alcohol

question

What did physicians in the mid-1800s refer to as "God's own medicine"?

answer

Opium

question

__________ was used in Asia Minor around 5000 B.C. and was known as a "joy plant."

answer

The opium poppy

question

The 1950s was the era of ______________________________.

answer

tranquilizers and inhalants

question

Oriental drugs were introduced to Europe because of the Crusades and the expeditions of __________.

answer

Marco Polo

question

The trees producing the coffee bean were native to __________.

answer

Ethiopa

question

The designer drug Rohypnol is commonly known as ___________.

answer

roofies

question

____________ was named after the Greek god of sleep and dreams.

answer

morphine

question

Archaeological evidence suggests that __________ was used as early as 6400 B.C.

answer

beer

question

As a result of the first opium war, the British received rights to the port of _____________.

answer

Hong Kong

question

What was the probable cause for the increase in popularity of marijuana in the 1920s?

answer

Prohibition

question

_____________ is a combustive process in which yeasts interact with the sugars in plants to produce an enzyme that converts the sugar into alcohol.

answer

fermentation

question

In the 1800s, the opiates were used __________. A.) to calm crying babies? B.) as an anesthetic? C.) to treat colds ? D.) all of these

answer

All of these

question

Approximately ___________ of first-time heroin users are under the age of 18.

answer

25%

question

Which country had the highest national use of opium in the mid-1800s?

answer

China

question

The purity of heroin sold on the street today is __________ it was in the 1980s.

answer

Higher than

question

Ecstasy is also known as ______________.

answer

MDMA

question

__________ were used in the 1930s to treat depression.

answer

Amphetamines

question

Which of the following is not one of the major divisions of the human brain?

answer

backbrain

question

A compound that occupies a receptor, but does not activate the neuron is known as a(n) __________.

answer

antagonist

question

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated during emotional arousal is the __________.

answer

sympathetic branch

question

Some designer drugs produce what dangerous side effects?

answer

Parkinson's symptoms and paralysis

question

LSD acts as an agonist for which of the following neurotransmitters?

answer

serotonin

question

The brain structure that controls primary drives like hunger and thirst is the __________.

answer

hypothalamus

question

The neurotransmitter thought to be critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease is __________.

answer

acetylcholine

question

The space between neurons is the __________.

answer

synapse

question

Axons are frequently covered with a sheath known as __________.

answer

myelin

question

If a neurotransmitter is viewed as a key, what structure would be viewed as the lock?

answer

the receptor

question

Heroin and other opiate drugs are thought to be functionally similar to:

answer

endorphins

question

Progressive deterioration of motor control is a key symptom of:

answer

Parkinson's disease

question

Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter? A.) dopamine B.) norepinephrine C.) serotonin D.) acetylcholine E.) all of these are neurotransmitters

answer

all of these are neurotransmitters

question

Receptors that are coupled to ion channels that regulate the number of charged particles inside the neuron are called:

answer

ionotropic

question

The neurotransmitter that is active at the neuromuscular junction is __________.

answer

acetylcholine

question

Magnetic resonance imagery is a method used to __________.

answer

create a three-dimensional image of the brain

question

What neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in Parkinson's disease?

answer

dopamine

question

Monoamine oxidase is __________.

answer

the enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine and dopamine

question

Progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions are key symptoms of:

answer

Alzheimer's disease

question

Recent research on adult neurogenesis has focused on the ____________.

answer

hippocampus

question

Which of the following is a method used to administer barbiturates? A.) oral B.) rectal C.) subcutaneous D.) intramuscular E.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

A drug is ___________ when it changes from solid to liquid after being mixed with a liquid.

answer

dissolved

question

A drug that is taken sublingually is __________.

answer

placed under the tongue

question

The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste is known as ____________.

answer

metabolism

question

Enzymes in the __________ are important in the metabolization of drugs. A.) kidneys B.) liver C.) gastrointestinal tract D.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

When, in a series of events, what happens in a later event alters those preceding it, it is known as a _____________ relationship.

answer

feedback

question

Drinking large quantities of water would be an example of an attempt to alter the results of a drug test by _________.

answer

dilution

question

Which of the following is not an advantage of the oral route of drug administration? a.) it is safe b.) it has the quickest rate of absorption c.) it is convenient d.) it is economical

answer

it has the quickest rate of absorption

question

The "first-pass effect" refers to drug metabolism in the liver.

answer

False

question

____________ means that the rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood.

answer

Zero-order kinetics

question

Which of the following drugs can be detected in the system for up to one month following chronic use?

answer

marijuana

question

In research, _________ means to be able to account for variables that may affect the results of a study.

answer

control

question

Which of the following is not an advantage of injecting drugs intravenously?

answer

absorption rate can be controlled by using different solutions

question

Two occasions for not taking a drug __________ are when the drug irritates body tissue, or if large volumes of solution must be used.

answer

subcutaneously

question

Confirmatory testing of positive drug screens is important because the screening methods that are used are wrong _____ of the time.

answer

25 - 35 %

question

__________ is the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs.

answer

pharmacokinetics

question

The transdermal route of drug administration is an effective one for most drugs.

answer

FALSE

question

The sublingual route of drug administration is slower and less efficient than oral administration.

answer

FALSE

question

Drugs administered intranasally should be water-soluble rather than fat-soluble because of the high water content in the nasal cavity.

answer

FALSE

question

One advantage of inhaling a drug is that large amounts of the drug can be absorbed in one administration.

answer

FALSE

question

A drug's __________ name indicates the drug's structural formula.

answer

chemical

question

Sometimes the body counteracts a drug's disruption to the body's homeostasis by producing an effect opposite to the drug effect. This is referred to as __________.

answer

a compensatory reaction

question

Which of the following are examples of conditioned stimuli associated with substance use? A.) a syringe B.) a bar C.) a drinking buddy D.) all of thesee. none of these

answer

all of thesee. none of these

question

Which of the following is a way in which new drugs are discovered? A.) accidental observation of an unexpected drug effect B.) the synthesis of known or novel compounds C.) the rediscovery of folk usages of naturally occurring products D.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

How long does the post-marketing testing of a new drug take?

answer

1 to 2 years

question

"Downregulation" refers to a process where repeated exposure to a drug increases the number of receptor sites on neurons that the drug activates.

answer

FALSE

question

Expectancy effects are most prominent with behaviors or emotions that society proscribes from free expression.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following is a type of functional tolerance?

answer

protracted tolerance

question

Subjects in Phase 1 of clinical trials on humans during new drug development typically include __________.

answer

up to 50 normal volunteers

question

Setting factors are particularly important in the effects of __________. A.) alcohol B.) marijuana C.) hallucinogens D.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

Research has shown that about _________ of the traffic fatalities in the U.S. are associated with alcohol.

answer

50%

question

Which of the following is true regarding a drug's generic name?

answer

It is a shortened version of a drug's chemical name.

question

A __________ is a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that it will occur in the future.

answer

reinforcer

question

Acute tolerance to alcohol is more likely to produce impairment in the speed in which we perform cognitive tasks than in the accuracy of performance.

answer

TRUE

question

If an individual needs to drink 6 beers in order to achieve the same effect that he/she used to experience with 3 beers, this is an example of ___________.

answer

protracted tolerance

question

Over repeated occasions of pairing drug taking and drug taking cues, just presenting the drug taking cues alone will elicit a drug compensatory reaction. This is an example of __________.

answer

classical conditioning

question

Cell adaptation theory assumes that a drug's action occurs on specific cells in the central nervous system.

answer

TRUE

question

According to cell adaptation theory, the cells of the ____________ become adapted to the presence of a drug with repeated exposure to it.

answer

central nervous system

question

If an individual learns to compensate for his or her drunkenness by walking more slowly, this would be an example of _________ tolerance.

answer

behavioral

question

Tachyphylaxis is another name for ___________.

answer

acute tolerance

question

Amphetamines have been put to many medical uses. Which of the following is not one of them?

answer

treatment of anxiety

question

Both cocaine and the amphetamines __________.

answer

block reuptake of dopamine

question

The high produced by cocaine is known as the formication syndrome.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following is not one of the stages of cocaine abstinence?

answer

rebound

question

The use of ____________ in cold medications is now strictly regulated as a result of the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act.

answer

pseudoephedrine

question

What is "paradoxical" about the effectiveness of the treatment of ADHD with drugs such as methylphenidate (Ritalin)?

answer

That stimulant drugs calm the ADHD child

question

Mephedrone, one of the stimulant drugs known as "bath salts" has been used as a means of insect control.

answer

TRUE

question

When methamphetamine reappeared in the early 1990s, where was it most prevalent?

answer

Hawaii and the West coast

question

Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are often treated with what drugs?

answer

methylphenidate (Ritalin)

question

Smoking crack produces a more intense effect than other routes of cocaine administration.

answer

TRUE

question

One controversial element of the 1986 and 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Acts is that dealers of powder cocaine are punished to a much greater extent than are crack dealers.

answer

FALSE

question

____________________ is a disorder that usually develops in childhood and is characterized by poor school performance, inattention, fidgeting and restlessness.

answer

Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder

question

What is a physiological effect of cocaine? A.) increase in heart rate B.) pupil dilation C.) increase in blood pressure D.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

The effects of synthetic cathinones are similar to those of cocaine, dissipating within 20 to 80 minutes after administration.

answer

FALSE

question

The formication syndrome is associated with __________.

answer

amphetamine and cocaine only

question

In what ways does smoking cocaine differ from taking it orally or intra-nasally (snorting)?

answer

smoking produces more rapid and more intense effects e. all of these are true

question

Crack is another name for freebase cocaine.

answer

FALSE

question

The ingredients in the original Coca-Cola included __________.

answer

cocaine

question

Smoking crack produces __________.

answer

an intensely pleasurable experience: "the rush"

question

What criminal organization first controlled the smuggling of cocaine into the US?

answer

Medellin cartel

question

Nicotine has __________-like effects.

answer

acetylcholine

question

Six of every seven pounds of tobacco grown in the U.S. are used for cigarettes.

answer

TRUE

question

Where has the prevalence of smoking increased in recent years?

answer

the developing countries of Asia

question

Nicotine is most readily absorbed from the __________.

answer

lungs

question

When was the peak of smoking among Americans?

answer

1963

question

The distribution half-life of nicotine is __________.

answer

10-20 minutes

question

How is snuff most commonly taken in Europe?

answer

sniffing

question

Nicotiana tabacum is indigenous to __________.

answer

South America

question

___________ is a disease in which the lung's air spaces are abnormally diluted and the lungs walls are distended.

answer

emphysema

question

High levels of nicotine are maintained longer when tobacco is taken in the form of __________.

answer

snuff or chewing tobacco

question

Research has demonstrated that the decreased tar and nicotine contained in today's cigarette brands has resulted in decreased tar and nicotine consumption by smokers.

answer

FALSE

question

__________ of all lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking.

answer

80-90%

question

In __________, the U.S. Surgeon General officially determined that physical dependence develops to nicotine.

answer

1988

question

What accounts for the calming effects of nicotine use? A.) it relaxes skeletal muscles B.) its biphasic action-at higher doses, its effects are more C.) depressant D.) the individual's beliefs about nicotine's effects E.) all of these

answer

All of these

question

About __________ American smokers suffer premature deaths every year.

answer

440,000

question

_______% of people who die from smoking-related causes in the U.S. began smoking as adolescents.

answer

90

question

Water pipe smoking results in greater exposure to carbon monoxide than cigarette smoking.

answer

TRUE

question

__________ facilitates many disease processes associated with smoking because of its advantage over oxygen in binding to hemoglobin.

answer

Carbon monoxide

question

The rate of cure during a given time period without formal treatment is known as __________.

answer

spontaneous remission

question

A pack-a-day smoker averages 150 nicotine reinforcements a day.

answer

TRUE

question

Europeans first began using caffeine in __________.

answer

the late 15th and early 16th centuries

question

Caffeine is one of three naturally occurring compounds known as the __________.

answer

methylxanthines

question

What were the results of Lowe's 1988 study on the effects of the combination of alcohol and caffeine on state- dependent learning?

answer

Caffeine was mostly responsible for the state-dependence effect.

question

Research has associated chronic caffeine use with __________.

answer

elevated serum cholesterol level

question

Caffeine is chemically related to __________.

answer

theophylline and theobromine only

question

Milk chocolate contains more __________ than caffeine.

answer

theobromine

question

Caffeine has been used in a variety of medications to produce __________.

answer

cerebral stimulation and diuresis only

question

Which drug(s) is/are notable for being "cradle to grave" drugs?

answer

caffeine

question

Smokers smoke _________ cigarettes after drinking coffee

answer

fewer

question

Physical dependence to caffeine can develop __________.

answer

after 3 consecutive days of regular use

question

Research has indicated that little tolerance to caffeine's __________ develops.

answer

stimulant effects

question

How does caffeine affect eye-hand coordination?

answer

decreases

question

The __________ does most of the metabolizing of caffeine.

answer

liver

question

The United States' consumption of caffeine is __________ the world average.

answer

twice

question

The half-life of caffeine in the blood ranges from ____________.

answer

3-7 hours

question

How does caffeine affect the rapidity and accuracy of motor skills?

answer

depends on the dosage

question

A medication for asthma is most likely to include ____________.

answer

theophylline

question

The most commonly reported symptom of withdrawal from caffeine is __________.

answer

headaches

question

Caffeine's primary action is __________.

answer

stimulation of CNS activity

question

Caffeine metabolism and clearance is slower in people who have used caffeine over a longer period of time.

answer

FALSE

question

What type of alcohol is used in the production of alcoholic beverages?

answer

ethanol

question

When considering data on per capita consumption from a public health point of view, "heavy" drinking is defined as _____________.

answer

experiencing negative consequences of drinking

question

Over 90% of the alcohol that is absorbed is metabolized by the body, mainly in the __________.

answer

liver

question

Which neurotransmitter receptors does alcohol affect? a.) GABA-benzodiazepine b.) serotonin c.) dopamine d.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

Controlled laboratory studies have provided strong support for the disinhibition theory of alcohol and aggression.

answer

FALSE

question

Because dispositional tolerance far outpaces protracted functional tolerance, the person becomes more susceptible to serious health and other consequences of heavy alcohol consumption.

answer

FALSE

question

An important acute effect of alcohol is a dramatic increase in REM, or dream, sleep.

answer

FALSE

question

Molasses are used in the distillation of _________.

answer

rum

question

Light beer has less sugar than regular beer, but the same amount of alcohol.

answer

FALSE

question

The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase breaks alcohol down into __________.

answer

acetaldehyde

question

__________ supported the Temperance Movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. a.) John D. Rockefeller b.) Andrew Carnegie c.) Henry Ford d.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

When calculating per capita alcohol consumption, the U.S. Census considers all individuals over the age of _________.

answer

14

question

The idea that alcoholism is a disease originated in a treatise by __________.

answer

Benjamin Rush

question

The legal level of intoxication in all 50 U.S. states is a BAC of __________.

answer

.08

question

What is whiskey distilled from?

answer

beer

question

Because of __________ tolerance, an individual must drink greater amounts of alcohol to achieve a mood change that was once achieved with less alcohol.

answer

protacted

question

With blackouts, the individual __________.

answer

cannot recall events that occurred during a drinking occasion

question

Alcohol's effects on thinking and perception are most strongly influenced by ________.

answer

BAC

question

Why has heavy drinking among college students been a serious concern in the U.S.?

answer

college students who drink heavily experience serious consequences

question

At a BAC over .05%, drinkers tend to underestimate the passage of time.

answer

FALSE

question

Which drug is associated with "pinpoint" pupils?

answer

heroin

question

Combinations of heroin and what other drugs would result in synergy?

answer

alcohol

question

"Chasing the dragon" refers to ____________ heroin.

answer

snorting

question

Opium was first used by:

answer

the Sumerians and Assyrians

question

The major medical use for opiate drugs is treatment of __________.

answer

severe pain

question

Naloxone blocks the effects of heroin and other opiates.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following is true of heroin addiction?

answer

heroin addicts are generally uninterested in sex

question

An opiate "designer drug" that has been shown to produce Parkinson's-like symptoms in users is __________.

answer

MPTP

question

Recent high school senior surveys show that males are more likely to abuse prescription opiates than are females.

answer

FALSE

question

The effects of opiate drugs are produced by triggering the brain's endorphin systems.

answer

TRUE

question

Tolerance does not develop to opiate drugs.

answer

FALSE

question

The plant from which opium is made is __________.

answer

Papaver somniferum

question

Which of the following is NOT a major opium producing region?

answer

New Guinea

question

The brain's "opiate receptors" respond to __________.

answer

endorphins

question

_____ is a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone.

answer

Suboxone

question

Which of the following is not an opiate?

answer

MDA

question

Traces of heroin remain in urine for more than a month after a single injection.

answer

FALSE

question

Most heroin entering the U.S. today comes from Latin American countries.

answer

TRUE

question

Opium comes from the coca leaf.

answer

FALSE

question

_____ is a drug that was designed for treatment of severe pain and involves a time-release of high doses of painkiller.

answer

Opana

question

__________, in the 1840s, described his experiences at the Hashish Club.

answer

Theophile Gautier

question

The most commonly reported physiological effect of marijuana is __________.

answer

blood-shot eyes

question

Major birth malformations may occur as a result of maternal marijuana use.

answer

FALSE

question

Widespread marijuana use for its psychoactive properties in Europe began in the __________.

answer

1960s

question

___________ is a chemical that binds to the same receptors on brain cells as do cannabinoids that researchers are using to study how the cannabinoid receptors affect various functions.

answer

Anandamide

question

The earliest known use of marijuana for its pharmacological properties occurred in 2800 B.C. in __________.

answer

China

question

THC metabolites can be detected in the bloodstream at least 30 days following ingestion of a single dose.

answer

TRUE

question

The __________, published in 1944 and created at the request of the mayor of New York, concluded that marijuana use was not particularly harmful to the user or to society at large.

answer

LaGuardia Commission Report

question

Approximately how much of the THC available in a marijuana cigarette is present in the smoke?

answer

50%

question

Evidence that marijuana was used ________ in ancient times has been found in the examination of a 1600 year old body discovered by Israeli scientists.

answer

To speed the birth process

question

__________ is a concentrated liquid marijuana extract derived from the cannabis plant using solvents.

answer

hash oil

question

The amount of time that marijuana smoke is held in the lungs does not significantly affect absorption.

answer

FALSE

question

The principal psychoactive agent in cannabis was isolated in _________.

answer

1964

question

Which of the following has marijuana not been used to treat?

answer

mania

question

Marijuana is the most frequently used recreational drug today.

answer

FALSE

question

In New York City, during Prohibition, __________ opened to give marijuana users a place to smoke.

answer

tea-pads

question

__________, the head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in 1932, led the fight for the criminalization of marijuana use and trafficking, which resulted in the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937.

answer

Harry J. Anslinger

question

Physical dependence to marijuana has been reliably and consistently demonstrated in laboratory studies.

answer

FALSE

question

A report issued by the __________ concluded that there was a scientific foundation for studying marijuana as a treatment vehicle.

answer

United States National Academy of Sciences

question

The short-term memory impairment associated with marijuana use can occur with fairly low doses.

answer

TRUE

question

Who discovered the hallucinogenic properties of LSD?

answer

Albert Hoffman

question

The ceremonial use of peyote is practiced by __________.

answer

Native Americans

question

Which of the following drugs comes from a mushroom?

answer

psilocybin

question

Which of the following is a synthetic hallucinogen?

answer

LSD

question

Sensing a sound as if it were a visual experience would be an example of __________.

answer

synesthesia

question

LSD is thought to act in the brain by influencing __________.

answer

Serotonin

question

Which of the following drugs has been claimed by some to be effective adjuncts to psychotherapy?

answer

both LSD and MDMA

question

A sudden reoccurrence of a hallucinogenic experience is a(n) __________.

answer

flashback

question

Which of the following is an anticholinergic hallucinogen?

answer

scopolamine

question

A difference between LSD and ecstasy is that __________.

answer

ecstasy does not produce visual hallucinations

question

LSD was discovered by __________.

answer

Albert Hoffman

question

Which of the following drugs has been associated with long term deficits in serotonin activity?

answer

MDMA (ecstasy)

question

Mescaline is a sympathomimetic drug.

answer

TRUE

question

The structure of LSD is similar to acetylcholine.

answer

FALSE

question

The hallucinogenic properties of LSD were discovered:

answer

by accident

question

Which of the following is true of the serotonergic hallucinogens?

answer

they produce visual hallucinations and are sympathomimetic

question

Which of the following is NOT a methylated amphetamine?

answer

LSD

question

Which of the following is found in plants such as Jimson weed, deadly nightshade, and mandrake?

answer

atropine

question

The active chemical in hallucinogenic mushrooms is __________.

answer

psilocybin

question

Children whose parents have taken LSD are more likely to suffer from birth defects.

answer

FALSE

question

The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are all reversible upon cessation of the medication.

answer

FALSE

question

Benzodiazepines produce __________ in animals.

answer

antipunishment effects

question

The roots of psychopharmacology began in the __________ century.

answer

19th

question

Research has demonstrated a link between depression and atrophy and cell loss in the ___________.

answer

hippocampus

question

__________ was an early treatment for severe depression and is still used today.

answer

Electroshock therapy

question

Benzodiazepines are not associated with tolerance.

answer

FALSE

question

Researchers in the 1950s used __________ to create a "model psychosis" to study possible etiological factors contributing to mental illness.

answer

LSD

question

Reduction of pain by rendering the patient unconscious is called __________.

answer

general anesthesia

question

The most promising aspect of the new antipsychotic, Clozaril, is the absence of reported side effects.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following is a barbiturate?

answer

Nebutal

question

The majority of individuals diagnosed with mental disorders first experience the symptoms in early middle age.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following are effects of barbiturates? a.) respiratory depression b.) loss of motor coordination c.) sleep d.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following is/are depressants?

answer

barbiturates

question

Although overdosing on cyclics is a very real concern, overdosing on MAOIs is not common.

answer

TRUE

question

Distortions of reality, profoundly blunted mood, and hallucinations are all symptoms of __________.

answer

Schizophrenia

question

National surveys suggest that approximately __________ of patients receiving medication report symptomatic relief with psychotherapeutic drugs.

answer

75%

question

Users of __________ must avoid most cheeses and some alcoholic beverages in their diets.

answer

MAOIs

question

Over 90% of the patients receiving antipsychotic medication experience extrapyramidal side effects.

answer

FALSE

question

Among the side effects encountered with MAOI use are impaired sexual functioning and dizziness.

answer

TRUE

question

According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, what percentage of U.S. adults with one mental disorder also met criteria for at least one other disorder?

answer

45%

question

What hormone is available as an OTC compound to treat insomnia?

answer

Melatonin

question

_____ is a plant from the South Pacific that has been used for its sedating and relaxing effects.

answer

Kava

question

Which of the following is a hormone that has been touted for its "antiaging" effects?

answer

DHEA

question

Birth control pills are associated with increased risk of heart attack and stroke.

answer

TRUE

question

Before meeting FDA approval, over-the-counter drugs must be __________.

answer

generally recognized as safe and effective

question

Which of the following are possible side effects of aspirin use?

answer

stomach irritation and bleeding and Reye's syndrome only

question

Which of the following are common side effects associated with anabolic steroid use in men?

answer

acne

question

Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with the combination birth control pill?

answer

increased risk of blood clots

question

Anabolic steroids are synthetic forms of endorphin.

answer

FALSE

question

A dietary supplement that has been touted to improve memory and cognitive function is ______________.

answer

Gingko biloba

question

The combination birth control pill contains synthetic __________.

answer

both estrogen and progesterone

question

Women taking anabolic steroids sometimes show clitoral enlargement.

answer

TRUE

question

There are no side effects associated with aspirin.

answer

FALSE

question

Brain damage is a common side effect of anabolic steroids.

answer

FALSE

question

Acetylsalicylic acid is better known as __________.

answer

aspirin

question

Which of the following produces anti-inflammatory effects?

answer

aspirin

question

The progestin pill contains synthetic __________.

answer

progesterone

question

Psychological effects of anabolic steroids include __________. a.) euphoria b.) increased energy levels c.) increased aggressiveness d.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following are common side effects associated with anabolic steroid use in women? a.) facial hair b.) baldness c.) deepening of the voice d.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

Ibuprofen is the active medication in a widely used over-the-counter sleeping pill.

answer

FALSE

question

Temposil is an alcohol-sensitizing drug that is not available in the U.S.

answer

TRUE

question

__________ is an opiate antagonist that may help in recovery from alcohol dependence.

answer

naltrexone

question

Halfway houses are usually designed as milieu treatment.

answer

TRUE

question

In __________ there is considerable attention given to the medical aspects of alcohol problems.

answer

inpatient hospital treatment

question

Which of the following self-help movements stopped holding meetings in 1999 and now condemns the self-help movement?

answer

Rational Recovery

question

Why is methadone used in the treatment of heroin abuse?

answer

because it blocks the addict's craving for heroin

question

According to the __________ model, treatment includes arranging a person's environment so that nonabuse of psychoactive substances is reinforced.

answer

social learning

question

__________ refers to the resolution of a problem without the use of formal treatment.

answer

spontaneous remission

question

__________ is a self-help group for alcohol abusers that was founded by Dr. Bob and Bill W.

answer

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

question

Why is it difficult to assess the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)?

answer

the members are anonymous

question

In a recent study in Canada, heroin addicts who failed in methadone treatment were successful when prescribed _________.

answer

heroin

question

One drawback of Internetbased treatment interventions is that they do not offer the "support network" available in more traditional treatment.

answer

FALSE

question

The __________ model is the foundation for Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).

answer

American disease

question

The treatment most clearly implied from the __________ model is to advise at risk people of their risk for developing a substance use disorder and perhaps to counsel them to avoid alcohol or drugs.

answer

biological

question

Which of the following drugs has FDA approval for treatment of alcohol-use disorders?

answer

Antabuse

question

__________ is an educational movement that is based on cognitive-behavioral principles and the Addictive Voice Recognition Technique.

answer

Rational Recovery

question

The focus of _________ is on four key areas: motives for use, beliefs, emotions, and behavior.

answer

SMART

question

__________ is the greatest barrier to changing a substance abuse problem.

answer

Denial

question

The Sobriety Priority Program is the philosophy that underlies __________.

answer

Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS)

question

Which of the following is an alcohol-sensitizing drug?

answer

disulfiram

question

The advertising efforts of the Partnership for a Drug-Free America are examples of the ___________ model of prevention.

answer

sociocultural

question

The main strength of the proscriptive model is its simplicity.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following describes workplace strategies?

answer

their effectiveness is rarely measured

question

In workplace programs, __________ prevention often involves identifying substance abusers and arranging for treatment.

answer

secondary

question

The pioneering work in the development of the distribution of consumption model was done by __________.

answer

Sully Ledermann

question

Evaluations of programs that focus on developing alternatives to drug use have not revealed any particular benefits in terms of substance use behavior.

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following is not an advantage of workplace prevention programs?

answer

confidentiality

question

A TV spot emphasizing the need not to let friends drive drunk would be an example of ____________ prevention.

answer

primary

question

NIDA's Principles of Drug Abuse Prevention suggests different targets for prevention efforts for different stages of schooling from preschool through high school.

answer

TRUE

question

Wilkinson proposes that society should allow the serving of alcohol only __________.

answer

when food is available

question

Which of the following is not one of the propositions of the distribution of consumption model?

answer

the proportion of heavy alcohol users in a given population is positively correlated to the proportion of drug abusers

question

Which of the following are criticisms of the distribution of consumption model? a.) it does not recognize that normal drinkers and heavy b.) drinkers may react differently to reductions in alcohol availability c.) it provides no insights as to why people drink d.) it may increase bootlegging e.) all of these

answer

all of these

question

State laws regarding high school alcohol and drug education have not been translated in any systematic way into comprehensive instructional programs.

answer

TRUE

question

One problem with alcohol education programs is that they focus on children when they are too young to form attitudes about alcohol.

answer

FALSE

question

Empirical research evaluating the DARE program has demonstrated strong support for the program's effectiveness.

answer

FALSE

question

Central to __________ prevention is the early identification of drug problems.

answer

secondary

question

Raising the minimum drinking age is an example of a distribution of consumption model strategy.

answer

TRUE

question

School alcohol education classes are an example of __________ prevention.

answer

primary

question

__________ are the most frequently used vehicles for mass media prevention efforts.

answer

TV and radio

question

The Principles of Drug Abuse Prevention published by NIDA in 2003 do not address __________.

answer

the workplace

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