Question 1

John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether:

Accepted Answer

academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept.

Question 2

To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you:

Accepted Answer

specify your exercise goals and how you plan to achieve them.

Question 3

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction:

Accepted Answer

the CR is suppressed.

Question 4

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

variable-interval

Question 5

We are especially likely to vicariously experience the reinforcing outcomes of those we perceive as:

Accepted Answer

similar to ourselves.

Question 6

Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting:

Accepted Answer

prosocial behavior.

Question 7

Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises. Consequently, she no longer puts much effort into her job, even though she really wants a big raise. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.

Accepted Answer

cognitive processes

Question 8

Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning.

Question 9

Behaviorism was the view that psychology should scientifically study behavior without reference to:

Accepted Answer

cognitive processes.

Question 10

Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior.

Accepted Answer

aversive; pleasant

Question 11

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

associative learning.

Question 12

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of:

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning.

Question 13

The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others being rewarded for performing best illustrates the influence of:

Accepted Answer

vicarious reinforcement.

Question 14

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a:

Accepted Answer

CS

Question 15

Asking potential partners for a date is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

variable-ratio

Question 16

Helpful and constructive actions best illustrate:

Accepted Answer

prosocial behavior.

Question 17

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had suffered a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a:

Accepted Answer

CS

Question 18

A type of learning in which behavior is diminished if followed by a punisher is called:

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning.

Question 19

After a scary biking accident, Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a week. The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when he rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

spontaneous recovery.

Question 20

The pioneering researcher of observational learning was:

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura.

Question 21

Recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling sad illustrates an ability known as:

Accepted Answer

theory of mind.

Question 22

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

conditioned stimuli

Question 23

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to:

Accepted Answer

preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.

Question 24

Pavlov\'s research on classical conditioning was important because:

Accepted Answer

so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.

Question 25

so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.

Accepted Answer

overimitation.

Question 26

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:

Accepted Answer

Garcia and Koelling\'s findings on taste aversion in rats.

Question 27

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by:

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov

Question 28

Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be

Accepted Answer

much easier to recall if they are seldom rehearsed.

Question 29

Varsity basketball players can recall the positions of the players after a 4-second glance at a basketball play. This ability is best explained in terms of:

Accepted Answer

chunking

Question 30

Research on young children\'s false eyewitness recollections has indicated that

Accepted Answer

it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children\'s true memories from false memories.

Question 31

The inability to remember whose face appears on a five-dollar bill is mostly likely due to a failure in

Accepted Answer

encoding

Question 32

Recalling the stunning visual images of a Broadway musical and holding them in working memory would most clearly require activation of the:

Accepted Answer

right frontal lobe.

Question 33

Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may be told they are repressing the memory. This explanation for their lack of memories of abuse emphasizes

Accepted Answer

encoding failure

Question 34

Ebbinghaus\' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that:

Accepted Answer

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

Question 35

Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word\'s written appearance illustrates a distinction between:

Accepted Answer

deep and shallow processing.

Question 36

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?

Accepted Answer

recognition

Question 37

Following a brain injury from a brutal knife attack, Mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is. But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife. His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

implicit

Question 38

Dramatic experiences that can trigger flashbulb memories are most likely to remain bright and clear in our conscious memories because they:

Accepted Answer

are frequently rehearsed.

Question 39

The effortful processing of information:

Accepted Answer

can become automatic through practice.

Question 40

Research on the storage of memory indicates that:

Accepted Answer

our brain distributes the components of a memory across a network of locations.

Question 41

Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

context-dependent memory.

Question 42

A loss of an encoded memory as a result of a gradual fading of the physical memory trace best illustrates

Accepted Answer

storage decay

Question 43

Chickadees and other birds who store food in hundreds of places cannot remember the food storage locations months later if their ________ has been removed.

Accepted Answer

hippocampus

Question 44

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

long-term; working

Question 45

Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may be told they are repressing the memory. This explanation for their lack of memories of abuse emphasizes

Accepted Answer

retrieval failure.

Question 46

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve

Accepted Answer

interference

Question 47

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

short-term memory; long-term memory

Question 48

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?

Accepted Answer

recall

Question 49

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memory:

Accepted Answer

was not restricted to single, specific regions of the cortex.

Question 50

We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are continually bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to

Accepted Answer

Storage Decay

Question 51

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves

Accepted Answer

retrieval failure

Question 52

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent:

Accepted Answer

rehearsal

Question 53

Cortex areas surrounding the hippocampus and supporting the processing and storing of explicit memories are located in the:

Accepted Answer

temporal lobe

Question 54

Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be

Accepted Answer

distorted by our current expectations.

Question 55

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the:

Accepted Answer

release of certain neurotransmitters.

Question 56

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of:

Accepted Answer

acronym

Question 57

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants:

Accepted Answer

had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.

Question 58

The ability to retain more information after sleep and to be a creative problem solver has been found to be most closely associated with a large ________ memory capacity.

Accepted Answer

working

Question 59

When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if

Accepted Answer

involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview.

Question 60

Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the:

Accepted Answer

left frontal lobe

Question 61

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin\'s fear.

Accepted Answer

unconditioned stimulus

Question 62

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

generalization

Question 63

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of:

Accepted Answer

shaping

Question 64

The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of:

Accepted Answer

cognitive processes.

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