Psy 311~ Gustafson Final Exam - Flashcards

question

According to the definition of personality disorder, only individuals who show _____ patterns of maladaptive behavior should be diagnosed with a personality disorder:

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relatively permanent

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All of the following are necessary conditions for the diagnosis of a personality disorder EXCEPT:

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patient feelings of distress (includes chronic course of behavior, maladaptive functioning, pervasive pattern of behavior

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On which axis of DSM-IV are personality disorders coded?:

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II

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The reason that personality disorders are coded on Axis II of DSM-IV-TR is that:

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they relate to more ingrained and permanent features than other disorders

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When someone has a personality disorder:

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the person may believe there is nothing wrong with them

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Unlike schizophrenia or an eating disorder, personality disorders can be viewed as disorders of:

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degree rather than kind

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Clinicians who view personality disorders as extremes of normal personality rather than as _____ have criticized the way DSM-IV-TR classifies personality disorders.

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separate categories of disorders

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Both John and Fred meet the diagnostic criteria for paranoid personality disorder. John's friends are aware of his paranoia although he continues to live a meaningful life. Fred's paranoia is so extreme that he finds it hard to function in society. The DSM-IV-TR, Axis II diagnosis for these individuals would be:

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exactly the same

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The five factor model of personality includes all of the following as personality dimensions EXCEPT:

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expressiveness (includes extroversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability)

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Cross-cultural research on the five factor model of personality suggests that:

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the five dimensions are fairly universal

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A therapist who views personality disorders as a continuum sees Axis II Disorders in terms of:

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categories

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DSM-IV-TR divides personality disorders into _____ distinct clusters:

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3

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Which of the following would not be an advantage of a dimensional model of personality disorders?:

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avoiding arbitrary decisions about diagnosis

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Which set of adjective pairs correctly describes the clusters into which DSM-IV-TR personality disorders are grouped?:

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odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotional, and anxious/fearful

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In the U.S. the prevalence of personality disorders is estimated to be between:

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.5 and 2.5%

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The characteristic features of personality disorders tend to develop with:

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onset in childhood that is difficult to pinpoint

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According to your textbook, the main reason that we do not have sufficient research examining the development of personality disorders is that:

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many individuals do not seek treatment in the early phases of these disorders

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According to your text it is likely that future users of the DSM will:

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incorporate elements of a dimensional approach to personality disorders

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The cluster approach to categorizing personality disorders is based on:

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redundancy

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A study by Ford and Widiger (1989) suggests that the gender differences observed in the prevalence of many personality disorders (i.e., histrionic, dependent, antisocial) may be due to:

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gender bias on the part of the diagnosing clinician

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A woman demonstrating very stereotypical female traits probably would be diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder. Which of the following would probably occur if a man demonstrated very stereotypical masculine traits?

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He would not be diagnosed with a personality disorder

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The diagnosis of more than one personality disorder in an individual patient is:

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common

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Max is always sure that others are trying to harm him. His perception that the world is a threatening place impacts most of his life. Most likely Max would be diagnosed with the personality disorder called:

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paranoid

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An individual presents for treatment and keeps talking about how gangsters are "out to get him." Before diagnosing paranoid personality disorder, we must determine whether:

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his fears are justified

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The language barrier of refugees from other countries and people with hearing impairments may make these individuals particularly susceptible to:

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paranoid personality disorder

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You are waiting to board a plane when you hear that the flight has been delayed due to a passing thunderstorm. The man sitting next to you says, "Passing thunder storm, sure! That's Jim again; he's been doing everything to make me miss this meeting because he's trying to get me fired!" Of the following, this statement would be most consistent with _____ personality disorder:

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paranoid

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One of the greatest challenges for any therapist treating an individual with paranoid personality disorder is:

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getting the patient to trust the therapist

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The data regarding treatment outcome for individuals with paranoid personality disorder:

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indicate no evidence for treatment success

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Theo is quite a loner. He walks to class by himself, does not talk to anyone and appears indifferent to other people. It is clear that Theo neither desires nor enjoys closeness with others. He does not act in any obviously unusual ways nor does he appear to possess strange beliefs about the world. Of the following personality disorders, Theo appears to be:

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schizoid

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An individual who goes through life as a loner with no motivation to interact with others but with relatively normal behavior and beliefs is likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder:

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schizoid

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One prevalent outcome for individuals with schizoid personality disorder is:

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homelessness

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The cause of schizoid personality disorder is:

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unknown

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Patients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder are usually:

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not motivated to begin therapy and generally make little progress while in therapy

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Individuals who are socially isolated behave in ways that seem unusual, tend to be suspicious and have odd beliefs are generally diagnosed with _____ personality disorder:

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schizotypal

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Individuals who have "ideas of reference" but who sense that these beliefs are probably unrealistic are generally diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.

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schizotypal

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The personality disorder that shares many similar symptoms with schizophrenia is:

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schizotypal

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Schizoid personality and schizotypal personality disorder both appear to be related to abnormal:

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dopamine function

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According to the textbook the most likely cause of schizotypal personality disorder is:

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biological

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As many as 30% to 50% of the individuals with schizotypal personality disorder who request clinical help also meet the criteria for:

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major depressive disorder

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Alan has been diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder and has begun psychotherapy. Since he is willing to attend therapy sessions, his prognosis for success in treatment is:

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at best moderate since research shows only modest treatment gains for this diagnosis

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Research suggests that the combination of medications, therapy and social skills treatment in schizotypal personality disorders:

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reduce or delay later schizophrenia

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Cluster B personality disorders tend to be characterized by:

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dramatic behavior

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Which of the following is not a Cluster B Personality Disorder?:

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schizoid personality disorder (borderline, antisocial, and histrionic are)

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Steve steals money from his friends and family, lies to get what he wants and often hurts others with no sign of guilt or remorse. Steve should probably be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder:

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antisocial

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The most accurate statement regarding antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy is that they:

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overlap in some features but not all

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With which of the following personality disorders is the term psychopath closely associated?:

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antisocial

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One difference between a psychopath and a person with antisocial personality disorder is that _____ are used in diagnosing the psychopath but _____ are used to diagnose antisocial personality disorder:

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personality traits; observable behaviors

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An adult diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder is most likely to have met the criteria for _____ as a child:

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conduct disorder

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Rob is a 15-year-old boy who has been repeatedly arrested for theft and assault. In addition to shoplifting and other theft, he has been caught stealing money from his parent's wallets and his young sister's piggy bank. Rob shows no guilt or remorse for the many ways that he hurts others. Rob's current diagnosis is most likely:

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conduct disorder

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The research examining the cause of antisocial personality disorder suggests that:

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genetics and environment interact to cause the disorder

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Most of the research examining the causes of antisocial personality disorder has been conducted with:

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criminals

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The presence of low frequency theta waves in the brains of psychopaths led to the development of the:

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cortical-immaturity hypothesis

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Which of the following are the two major theories that have been proposed to explain antisocial personality disorder?:

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underarousal and fearlessness

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According to the under-arousal hypothesis, individuals with antisocial personality disorder may engage in their characteristic behaviors as a way to:

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provide a level of stimulation that most of us receive from more typical behaviors

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The concept of the fearlessness hypothesis of antisocial personality disorder is that individuals with this disorder:

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under react to the threat of punishment

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One prominent theory of antisocial personality disorder suggests that the behaviors are caused by an imbalance between the brain's:

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behavioral inhibition system and reward system

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Substance abuse is particularly common in people with:

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antisocial personality disorder

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If you had absolutely no concept or fear of the consequences of your actions (for yourself or others) and were overly motivated by pleasing yourself, you might behave like a person with _____ personality disorder:

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antisocial

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Some research with psychopaths suggests that these individuals are:

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more likely to keep trying even though failure is certain

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One of the contributing factors in the developmental history of individuals with antisocial personality disorder appears to be that their parents were more likely to have utilized:

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inconsistent discipline

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The antisocial behavior of those diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder tends to:

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decline significantly around age 40

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Criminal behavior by individuals with antisocial personality disorder tends to after the age of 40:

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decrease

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Regarding the likelihood of successful treatment outcome for individuals with antisocial personality disorder, most clinicians are:

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pessimistic

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Given what we know about the treatment of antisocial personality disorder, the best way to ensure that a person with this disorder and a history of violence is not a threat to society is:

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incarceration

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Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the treatment of antisocial personality disorder and related antisocial behaviors?

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there has been greater success in reducing antisocial behavior in children than adults

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Recent research (Flannery et al., 2003) suggests that one possible way to reduce the level of antisocial personality disorder in society may be:

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group therapy for individuals with antisocial personality disorder

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Lenny is 25 years old and has had multiple arrests for assaults, theft and drug use. He has hurt strangers, friends and family and has never shown any remorse or regret. Following his last arrest, Lenny met with a social worker who told him about antisocial personality disorder; he is now convinced that is "what's wrong" with him. Lenny recently went to a local community mental health center and asked to be treated by a psychotherapist. The problem with this story is that:

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individuals with antisocial personality disorder do not generally seek treatment

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Which of the following is not true about people with antisocial personality disorder?:

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Having a higher IQ is predictive of having run-in with the law

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Researchers conducting endophenotypic research on antisocial personality disorders are searching for:

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the genes that influence factors characteristic of the disorder such as aggression and impulsivity

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Which of the following findings in people with antisocial personality disorder supports the under-arousal theory?:

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low levels of cortical arousal

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A possible brain based explanation for antisocial personality disorder would be:

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reduced behavioral inhibition and increased reward system activation

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Which of the following is not thought to contribute to aggressive behavior in children?:

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withdrawal when child is coercive

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The personality disorder characterized by extreme instability in behavior and emotion, impulsivity, depression and self-injurious behaviors is _____ personality disorder

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borderline

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Therapeutic communities involving up to 80 hours of therapy per week in prison settings have been shown to result in the highest offender rates among psychopathic inmates because:

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they use the skills they learn to manipulate others when they are released

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Nicole has difficulty maintaining relationships because she goes back and forth from being a best friend to hating people in her life quite often. Her romantic relationships are always characterized by incredible loving passion alternating with episodes of horrible fighting, and sometimes she becomes violent. At times Nicole becomes so upset that she cuts herself and reports that this makes her feel better emotionally. Nicole suffers from _____ personality disorder:

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borderline

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All of the following are common disorders that tend to be comorbid with borderline personality disorder EXCEPT:

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obsessive-compulsive disorder (includes bulimia, depression, substance abuse)

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The approximate percentage of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder who also have a substance related disorder is:

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70%

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One of the influences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder is:

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history of child abuse or neglect

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When presented with words projected on a computer screen, individuals with borderline personality disorder are more likely than individuals without the disorder to remember the word:

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abandon

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Childhood trauma as a cause of borderline personality disorder may be too simplistic an explanation because:

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a significant percentage of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder do not have a history of childhood trauma

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Which of the following is the most likely model to explain the cause of borderline personality disorder?:

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biological predisposition interacting with life events such as childhood trauma and later life stressors

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Which of the following disorders has been called the female version of post-traumatic stress disorder?:

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borderline disorder

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Research regarding psychological treatment for borderline personality disorder suggests that appears to be helpful in improving mood and reducing suicidal and self-injurious behaviors:

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dialectical behavior therapy

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The psychological treatment that has been found to have significant effectiveness in helping patients with borderline personality disorder centers around:

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learning to cope with life stressors in a more effective manner

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Borderline disorder may be related to mutations of the _____ transporter gene

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serotonin

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Individuals who overreact to everything and are overly dramatic and vain are most likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.

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histrionic

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Amy quickly becomes the center of attention when she enters a room. She is a tall and attractive young woman who generally wears something striking. Amy is known as a flirt and acts in a seductive manner around men. When Amy speaks, she uses very exaggerated terms, even when describing relatively ordinary situations. Amy's diagnosis is most likely _____ personality disorder.

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histrionic

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There appears to be a relationship between _____ personality disorder and _____ personality disorder with some evidence that each may be gender-typed alternative ways of expressing the same underlying condition.

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antisocial; histrionic

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According to your text, the most accurate statement regarding the treatment of histrionic personality disorder is that:

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there are no scientific studies demonstrating success

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One of the likely problems a therapist may encounter while trying to help a patient with histrionic personality disorder is the patient's:

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manipulative use of crying, charm, or seductive behavior

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The cognitive style associated with histrionic personality disorder is:

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impressionistic

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Therapy for histrionic personality disorder tends to focus on:

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Processing interpersonal relationships

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Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by:

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thinking of oneself as deserving of special treatment

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Vince is extremely impressed with himself. Although he has only achieved a moderate amount of success, he thinks of himself as being uniquely special and deserving of the best of everything. Vince fantasizes frequently about great wealth and fame and does not really pay much attention to other people except to note how they react to him. Vince should be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.

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narcissistic

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One reason why individuals with narcissistic personality disorder tend to become depressed at times is that they:

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seldom live up to their unrealistic expectations of themselves

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The personality disorder that sociologists have associated with the increased attention to individualism, competitiveness, success and the short-term pleasure seeking of the "me generation" is _____ personality disorder.

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narcissistic

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The most accurate statement with regard to treatment research for narcissistic personality disorder (Groopman & Cooper, 2001) is that the research is:

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extremely limited in both number of studies and reports of successes

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All of the following are mentioned in your text as appropriate treatment strategies for narcissistic personality disorder EXCEPT:

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exploration of early life trauma that led to the disorder

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The reason that individuals with avoidant personality disorder avoid most relationships is that they:

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are extremely sensitive to the opinions of others and fear rejection

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Without understanding the thought process motivating the patient's behavior, it would probably be impossible to determine whether a patient had _____ personality disorder or _____ personality disorder:

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schizoid; avoidant

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Individuals who keep to themselves because they are anxious and fearful of rejection are likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.

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avoidant

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When asked about their childhood, individuals diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder tend to remember their parents as:

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rejecting

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Of the following, the most accurate statement with regard to the treatment of avoidant personality disorder is:

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behavioral intervention programs for anxiety and social skills have had some success

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In Jill's psychotherapy sessions the therapist has been using systematic desensitization to gradually make her more comfortable with social situations. Similar to the treatments used for individuals with social phobia, the therapist has given Jill homework assignments that require her to practice talking to strangers, join informal groups and speak in front of small groups. Most likely she is being treated for______ personality disorder.

answer

avoidant

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The personality disorder characterized by unreasonable fear of abandonment, fear of being rejected,avoidance of disagreement, inability to make decisions for oneself and clinging behavior is _____ personality disorder:

answer

dependent

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Mary has been married for 20 years and describes how her husband has been verbally abusive toward her for most of that time. She indicates that her husband has had multiple affairs with other women but she can't leave him because she "loves and needs him." When challenged by the interviewer regarding the wisdom of staying with such a man, Mary agrees with the interviewer although she later confides that she always agrees with everyone to avoid conflict and disapproval. Mary should be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder:

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dependent

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In terms of feelings of inadequacy, sensitivity to criticism and need for reassurance, individuals with _____ personality disorder and _____ personality disorder are quite similar:

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dependent; avoidant

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Avoidant personality disorder tends to run in families with a history of:

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schizophrenia

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A key to treating people with avoidant personality disorder is:

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increasing social contact

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Individuals who have excessive feelings of social inadequacy, sensitivity to criticism and a need for reassurance are likely to develop either _____ personality disorder or _____ personality disorder:

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avoidant; dependent

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According to your text, treatment of dependent personality disorder is:

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not well-researched

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When individuals with dependent personality disorder are in therapy, they are:

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seemingly "model" patients

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When working with a patient diagnosed with dependent personality disorder, the therapist must be particularly careful that the patient does not:

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become overly dependent on the therapist

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The personality disorder that is characterized by an insistence that things have to be done "the right way" is _____ personality disorder:

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obsessive-compulsive

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Henry is viewed by many as a workaholic and not very social. He is at his desk every morning at 7:30 and takes few breaks (although these breaks are always at the same time every day). Henry is known to be a perfectionist. The problem is that he does not seem to get much accomplished since he spends so much time making sure that everything is perfect before moving on to the next task. Henry appears to suffer from _____ personality disorder:

answer

obsessive-compulsive

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One of the major differences between individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is that patients with the personality disorder generally:

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do not have obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors

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One of the major differences between individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is that OCD is a disorder of:

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anxiety

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One unusual finding discussed in your text is that personality disorder may have played a role in the behavior of several serial killers:

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obsessive-compulsive

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Of the following, the most accurate statement regarding the cause of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is that obsessive compulsive personality disorder appears to be:

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influenced by genetics and early learning

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Of the following, the most accurate statement regarding the research for treatment of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is:

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there is little research regarding the successful treatment of this disorder though relaxation and distraction techniques seem to make sense

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Negativistic personality disorder:

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all of the above (is characterized by passive aggression, may be a subtype of narcissism, is not yet a DSM category)

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One of the likely problems a therapist may encounter while trying to help a patient with histrionic personality disorder is the patient's:

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manipulative use of crying, charm, or seductive behavior

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Depressive personality disorder is characterized by:

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accepting stance towards others

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During the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD discussion of borderline personality disorder, it was mentioned that it is tough for therapists to treat this disorder because the therapists often feel towards their patients:

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anger

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The individual with ASPD on the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD discussed the fact that he:

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didn't start fighting until he was over 21

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Which of the following characterize the disorder known as schizophrenia?:

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all of these (delusions and hallucinations, inappropriate emotions, disorganized speech and behavior)

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Which of the following is accurate in regard to the long-term outlook for schizophrenic patients?:

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Complete recovery from schizophrenia is rare

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Which of the following is the best description of schizophrenia?:

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Schizophrenia is characterized by behavior and symptoms that aren't necessarily common to everyone with the diagnosis

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According to statistical data the prevalence of schizophrenia is about:

answer

1%

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In the 1850s a French physician named Benedict Morel used the terms demence (loss of mind) precoce (early, premature) to describe what we now know as schizophrenia because he observed that the onset of symptoms often occurs:

answer

during adolescence

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In the 1800's, physicians studying the disorder we now call schizophrenia used the term _____ because they observed that the onset of symptoms often occurred before adulthood:

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dementia praecox

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Which of the following is the definition of catatonia?:

answer

immobility or agitated excitement

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Which of the following is characterized of paranoid schizophrenia?:

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delusions of grandeur or persecution

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Which of the following is the definition for hebephrenia?:

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silly and immature behavior

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Which of the following is the definition of dementia praecox?:

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early madness

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In the late 1800s, the German psychiatrist Emil Kraeplin made all of the following contributions to our knowledge of schizophrenia EXCEPT:

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conceptualized a treatment for schizophrenic patients that is still being used today

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The term "schizophrenia" was introduced about 1908 by a Swiss psychiatrist named:

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Eugen Bleuler

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Eugen Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia as an "associative splitting" of the basic functions of personality led to the incorrect use of the term to mean:

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multiple personality

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If an individual is diagnosed as psychotic it usually means that the person has:

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both of these (hallucinations and delusions)

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In the textbook case of Arthur, he said that he had a "secret plan to save all the starving children in the world." After Arthur showed other bizarre behavior and also said he was going to climb the fence of a government building, his not able to do that because:

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he was not considered a danger to himself or others

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In working with schizophrenic patients, mental health professionals typically distinguish between _____ symptoms (an excess or distortion of normal behavior) and _____ symptoms (deficits in normal behavior):

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positive, negative

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Which of the following is the persecutory type of psychotic delusion?:

answer

people are out to get you

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The view that delusions are attempts to deal with anxiety and stress is called the _____ view of delusions:

answer

motivational

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Which of the following psychotic delusions defines the Capgras syndrome?:

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a familiar person is actually a double

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Which of the following describes a delusion of grandeur?:

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one is a famous or important person

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Which of the following defines Cotard's syndrome?:

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a body part has changed in some impossible way

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The most common type of hallucination experienced by psychotic individuals is:

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auditory

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Research using brain imaging techniques has localized auditory hallucinations in the part of the brain called:

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Broca's area

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People who experience hallucinations appear to be:

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listening to their own thoughts

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Results of research showing that auditory hallucinations are localized in the expressive speech area of the brain suggest that:

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a person who is hallucinating is actually listening to his/her own thoughts

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The negative schizophrenic symptom called avolition is defined as:

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inability to initiate and persist in activities

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The negative schizophrenic symptom called alogia is defined as:

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lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response

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The negative schizophrenic symptom called anhedonia is defined as:

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inability to experience pleasure

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Match the following negative symptom of schizophrenia with its definition: flat affect-

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lack of emotional response, blank facial expression

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A research study involving schizophrenic adults looked at their facial expressions in home movies taken when they were children. The researchers were trying to determine if the development of schizophrenia could be predicted by facial expressions showing limited emotional reactions. This research study focused on the negative symptom called:

answer

affective flattening

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Mark was diagnosed with schizophrenia many years ago. Most recently he has been exhibiting some bizarre behaviors. For example, he has been standing for hours in unusual postures. Mark's motor dysfunction is called:

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catatonic immobility

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Marta, a hospitalized schizophrenic patient, shows an unusual form of catatonia. If someone moves one of her arms or legs into a different position, it just stays that way. Marta's bizarre behavior is called:

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waxy flexibility

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A potential sign of schizophrenia in children is the experience of:

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reduced positive and enhanced negative emotions

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Which of the following is most likely to occur in the paranoid type of schizophrenia?:

answer

hallucinations and thematic or systematized delusions

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Which of the following does NOT apply to the disorganized subtype of schizophrenia?:

answer

frequent remissions and improvement of symptoms

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The DSM-IV criteria for the disorganized type of schizophrenia include all of the following EXCEPT:

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echolalia or echopraxia (includes disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, flat or inappropriate affect)

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One of the subtypes of schizophrenia is termed residual. Which of the following individuals would be diagnosed with this condition?:

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Miss L. has had an episode of schizophrenia but has no active symptoms at this time

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Which of the following symptoms would NOT constitute criteria for the residual subtype of schizophrenia?

answer

delusions

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The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are most closely associated with _____ activity:

answer

dopamine

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Which of the following is closely associated with catatonia?:

answer

waxy flexibility

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Which of the following statistical data are NOT accurate regarding schizophrenia?:

answer

men with schizophrenia have a better prognosis than women with schizophrenia

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Which of the following subtypes of schizophrenia is likely to be associated with the highest level of functioning?:

answer

paranoid

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Callie has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder. This means that in addition to schizophrenic symptoms, she also has symptoms of:

answer

a mood disorder

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In which of the following disorders are hallucinations and delusions NOT part of the symptom pattern?:

answer

schizotypal personality disorder

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At various times individuals have been arrested for stalking celebrities who they believed were in love with them. This condition is called a(n) _____ delusion:

answer

erotomanic

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How do the delusions in delusional disorder differ from the delusions in paranoid schizophrenia?:

answer

In delusional disorder, the imagined events could really be happening but there is no evidence that they are happening

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A woman diagnosed as schizophrenic announces that she has a plan to end poverty and homelessness in the world and that the Pope has given her secret instructions on how this can be accomplished. Her thinking is indicative of a delusion of _____ :

answer

grandeur

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Which of the following defines the jealous type of delusional disorder?:

answer

falsely believing that one's sexual partner is unfaithful

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Which of the following defines the erotomanic type of delusional disorder?:

answer

believing that one is loved by an important person or celebrity

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Which of the following defines the persecutory type of delusional disorder?:

answer

believing one is being malevolently treated in some way

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Which of the following defines the grandiose type of delusional disorder?:

answer

believing in one's inflated worth, identity or special relationship

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The case of Arthur (described in your textbook), who suddenly experienced the delusion that he could save all the starving children in the world with a "secret plan," but whose symptoms lasted only a few days, was diagnosed with:

answer

brief psychotic disorder

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Research on DSM-IV-TR categorization of schizophrenia indicates that the current categories:

answer

may not match the underlying biological information emerging

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The prognosis for schizoaffective disorder is:

answer

similar to that of schizophrenia

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Which of the following is the most common dyad in shared psychotic disorder?:

answer

mother-daughter

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Which of the following statistical data are NOT accurate regarding schizophrenia?:

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Men with schizophrenia have a better prognosis than women with schizophrenia

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Which of the following subtypes of schizophrenia is likely to be associated with the best function?:

answer

paranoid

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Research studies on the genetic basis of schizophrenia have focused on high-risk individuals including all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

children adopted by schizophrenic mothers

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Research studies focusing on genetic factors in schizophrenia have found that:

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An individual with a schizophrenic identical twin has the highest risk factor (almost 50%) of developing schizophrenia

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The famous case of the Genain sisters, identical quadruplets all diagnosed with schizophrenia, points out that siblings raised in the same household may experience their environment very differently, a concept called a(n):

answer

unshared environment

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An ongoing research study in Finland is focusing on children of schizophrenic mothers who were adopted into other families. To date, researchers have determined that _____ of these children have developed schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders:

answer

10%

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In regard to research on schizophrenia involving the offspring of twins, all of the following are accurate statements EXCEPT:

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a mentally healthy individual with a schizophrenic parent cannot pass on a genetic predisposition for the disorder to his or her offspring

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In which of the following situations would the risk of developing schizophrenia be the lowest for a child?:

answer

a child's non-schizophrenic parent has a schizophrenic fraternal twin

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Of the various genetic linkage and association studies, the one that seems to be a possible "marker" for schizophrenia involves:

answer

eye-tracking

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Which of the following is true in regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia?:

answer

Genes are responsible for making some individuals vulnerable to schizophrenia

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Making the diagnosis of schizophrenia is controversial because:

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the symptoms can vary as a function of culture or race

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Endophrenology refers to looking for:

answer

genes that contribute to symptoms of the disorder

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When using correlational research to look for abnormalities in the brain as clues to the influences of schizophrenia, it is important to keep certain questions in mind. For example, if a schizophrenic person was found to have an excess of dopamine, a researcher would need to ask all of the following questions EXCEPT:

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Why is the dopamine system active in the schizophrenic brain?

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Which of the following statements reflects "circumstantial evidence" for the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?:

answer

Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) can produce symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease (a disorder due to insufficient dopamine)

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In regard to the ways that drugs affect neurotransmitters, which of the following is true?:

answer

Neither of these is correct (neither A drug that is an agonist occupies the receptor sites, blocking the neurotransmitter or A drug that is an antagonist helps increase the release of the neurotransmitter)

question

Which of the following occurs when drugs are administered to schizophrenic patients?:

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Both of these statements are accurate (Drugs that increase dopamine (agonists) cause an increase in schizophrenic behavior and Drugs that decrease dopamine (antagonists) decrease schizophrenic symptoms)

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Which of the following statements contradicts the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?:

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Both of these statements contradict the dopamine theory of schizophrenia (Many people with schizophrenia are not helped by dopamine antagonists and Clozapine, one of the weakest dopamine antagonists, reduces schizophrenic symptoms in those patients who were not helped by stronger dopamine antagonists)

question

Which of the following neurotransmitters has recently been linked to schizophrenia?:

answer

changes in temporal lobe function associated with serotonin receptor activity

question

Which of the following neurotransmitters has recently been linked to schizophrenia?:

answer

glutamate

question

What is the evidence for structural damage in the brains of schizophrenic patients?:

answer

The majority of schizophrenic patients have enlarged ventricles in their brains

question

Influenza infection during the 2 trimester of pregnancy has been linked to:

answer

the child developing schizophrenia

question

Recent research into the causes of schizophrenia, including studies of schizophrenic patients who had been exposed prenatally to influenza epidemics, suggests that there might be a _____ cause of schizophrenia:

answer

viral

question

Which of the following drugs causes schizophrenic symptoms?:

answer

PCP

question

A child who demonstrates mild physical abnormalities, poor motor coordination and mild cognitive and social problems will:

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NONE of these statements are true (definitely develop schizophrenia later, definitely not develop schizophrenia later, definitely outgrow these problems)

question

The prodromal phase of schizophrenia occurs:

answer

1-2 years before serious symptoms emerge

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The prefrontal brain damage seen in schizophrenia tends to occur:

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prior to the onset of the disorder

question

Which of the following is not correlated with schizophrenia?:

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viral exposure as a toddler

question

Current research suggests that:

answer

all of the above (environmental stress may trigger schizophrenia, genes cause schizophrenia, genes carried by a fetus may make it vulnerable to schizophrenia)

question

In regard to the family interactions among schizophrenic patients, the word "schizophrenogenic" (no longer used), was first proposed in the 1940s to describe:

answer

an emotionally distant mother whose child became schizophrenic

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A classification system introduced in the 1970s dichotomized schizophrenia into two categories based on all of the following EXCEPT:

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age of onset (includes symptoms and outcome, response to medication, degree of intellectual impairment)

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Type I schizophrenia is associated with "positive symptoms" including all of the following EXCEPT:

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flat affect (includes hallucinations and delusions, good response to medication, optimistic prognosis)

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Type II schizophrenia is associated with "negative symptoms" including all of the following EXCEPT:

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hallucinations and delusions (includes poor response to medication, intellectual impairment, poverty of speech (alogia))

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In terms of a particular emotional communication style known as expressed emotion (EE), researchers have shown that schizophrenic patients were more likely to relapse if:

answer

both of these are correct (they had long periods of contact with their families and they had families who were disapproving and intrusive)

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In regard to cultural differences in "expressed emotion," which is thought to be positively correlated with schizophrenia, research has found that 9999 families have the highest percentage of expressed emotion:

answer

Anglo-American

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The familial communication style called expressed emotion (EE) sometimes used to predict relapse rates in schizophrenic patients includes all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

emotional distance (includes over-involvement, criticism, hostility)

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Families with a high expressed emotion (EE) score view the symptoms of schizophrenia as:

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controllable

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A treatment first used in the 1930's as a treatment for schizophrenia but now used primarily to treat severe depression is:

answer

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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The neuroleptic drugs introduced in the 1950's affect primarily the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, which include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

social deficits (includes hallucinations, delusions, agitation)

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During the 1990s a new type of antipsychotic medication became available to treat schizophrenic patients who were not helped by conventional antipsychotic medications or who had developed unpleasant side effects. These new antipsychotic medications include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Thorazine (chlorpromazine) (includes Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa)

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the typical minor side effects of antipsychotic medications?:

answer

headaches

question

Extrapyramidal symptoms, serious side effects of antipsychotic medications that occur in some schizophrenic patients, are similar to the symptoms of:

answer

Parkinson's disease

question

Tardive dyskinesia, a severe side effect of antipsychotic medications, includes all of the following involuntary movements EXCEPT:

answer

tooth grinding (includes involuntary chewing, puffing of the cheeks, tongue protrusion)

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Schizophrenic patients who take antipsychotic medications sometimes develop severe side effects such as akinesia, a Parkinsonian-like condition that produces all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

hand tremors (includes expressionless face, slowed movements, monotonous speech)

question

Tardive dyskinesia, a condition that can occur in patients who take antipsychotic medications:

answer

may often be irreversible

question

One of the ways of improving patient compliance in regard to taking antipsychotic medication involves the use of:

answer

injections

question

An experimental technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used in some schizophrenic patients to try to:

answer

block auditory hallucinations

question

In the 1970's, researchers set up a treatment system called a token economy in a mental health center.This type of "milieu" treatment for schizophrenic patients focused on:

answer

socialization and self-care skills

question

What is meant by the "double-edged" sword of schizophrenia?:

answer

Medications such as olanzapoine decrease symptoms but are strong dopamine antagonists

question

New research on schizophrenia suggests that:

answer

D2 2 receptors may be involved when D1 receptors are less active

question

The fact that the drug PCP causes schizophrenic symptoms suggests that:

answer

NMDA glutamate receptors may be involved in schizophrenia

question

A token economy is an incentive system in which hospitalized schizophrenic patients:

answer

both of these (earn "tokens" for appropriate behavior and lose "tokens" for disruptive behavior)

question

The 1970's experiment in which behavioral (or social learning) principles were applied to a traditional inpatient environment in the form of a token economy resulted in:

answer

more patients able to be discharged

question

In the latter half of the 20th century, the routine institutionalization of schizophrenic patients was significantly reduced because of:

answer

both of these (the effectiveness of antipsychotic medications and court rulings limiting involuntary hospitalization)

question

Since the latter half of the 20th century, the policy of deinstitutionalization (time limited hospital stays for psychotic patients) has resulted in:

answer

many former patients becoming homeless

question

Some schizophrenic patients function better in the community in independent living skills programs that teach them all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

how to help others who are mentally ill

question

Social skills training programs for schizophrenic patients have been:

answer

somewhat successful while the program is in effect

question

Assertive community treatment for schizophrenia utilizes:

answer

all of the above (medication management, psychological treatment, vocational treatment)

question

Research suggests that treatments such as individual social skills training and family interventions:

answer

reduce schizophrenic relapses

question

Research suggests that the benefits of social skills training for schizophrenics:

answer

decrease over time

question

There are cross-cultural differences in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example, a schizophrenic patient in China would probably receive _____ in addition to antipsychotic medication:

answer

both of these are correct (herbal medicine and acupuncture)

question

Second generation or atypical antipsychotics may:

answer

Are no longer used to treat schizophrenia

question

What is the generic name of the antipsychotic medication Risperdal?:

answer

risperidone

question

What is the generic name of the antipsychotic medication Haldol?:

answer

haloperidol

question

What is the generic name of the antipsychotic medication Clozaril?:

answer

clozapine

question

What is the generic name of the antipsychotic medication Thorazine?:

answer

chlorpromazine

question

Which type of treatment for schizophrenia most closely resembles classroom education?:

answer

behavioral family therapy

question

Which of the following is not typically used to apply technology to the treatment of schizophrenia?:

answer

using electrical signals to regulate disturbed thoughts in patients

question

On the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD, Etta states that Jesus communicates with her through the sounds of barking dogs. This type of schizophrenic symptom is called a(n):

answer

delusion

question

As discussed on the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD for Chapter 13, which of the following would NOT be an example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia?:

answer

a delusion

question

In the discussion of schizophrenia on the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD for Chapter 13, _____ symptoms refer to experiences that a patient has but that ordinary people don't have:

answer

both of these (positive and negative

Psy 311~ Gustafson Final Exam – Flashcards

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