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Social psychology

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-Scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people

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Social influence

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-Effect that the words, actions, mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, attitudes, feelings, behavior

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Individual differences

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-Aspects of people's personalities that make them different from other people

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Sociology

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-Social class, social structure, social institutions -Society at large -Analyzes the group or institution

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Level of analysis for social psychology

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-Individuals in context of a social situation

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Goal of social psychology

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-ID the universal properties of human nature that make everyone susceptible to social influence

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Cross cultural research

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-Shows universality or relativism within cultures

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Personality psychology

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-Study of characteristics that make people unique and different from one another

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Fundamental attribution error

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-Tendency to explain our own and other people's behavior entirely in terms of personality traits and to underestimate the power of social influence

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Behaviorism

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-To understand behavior, only need to consider the reinforcing properties of the environment -Positive/negative reinforcement/punishment -Skinner

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Construal

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-The way in which people perceive, comprehend, interpret the social world

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Gestalt psychology

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-Importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people's minds rather than the objective, physical attributes of the object

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Lewin

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-First scientist to fully realize the importance of taking perspective of the people in a situation

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Naive realism

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-Type of construal -Conviction that all of us share -We perceive things as they really are -If other people see the same tings differently, it must be because they're biased

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Primary importance motivators

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-Need to feel good about ourselves -Need to be accurate

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Self-esteem

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-People's evaluations of their own self-worth -Extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, decent

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Social cognition

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-How people think about themselves and the social world -How people select, interpret, remember, use social information to make judgments about decisions

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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-You expect that you or another person will behave in some way so you act in ways to make your prediction come true -Example of automatic thinking

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Automatic thinking

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-Nonconsciuos, unintentional, involuntary, effortless thinking -Brain on autopilot

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Schemas

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-Mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world

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Why do we have schemas?

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-Organize and make sense of our world -Fill in our gaps of knowledge

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Koraskov's Syndrome

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-Person loses the ability to form new memories and must approach everything as if it was the first time

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Accessibility

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-Extent to which schmeas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds -Makes schemas Likely to be used when making judgments about the social world

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Why schemas become accessible

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-Chronically accessible due to past experience -Accessible due to relation to current goal -Recent experiences (priming)

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Priming

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-Process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of schemas, trait, concept

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In relation to the self-fulfilling prophecy, teachers treated students labeled as bloomers in 4 different ways

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-Warmer emotional climate -More personal attention, encouragement, support -Given more material to learn that was more difficult -More opportunities to respond in class and longer to respond

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Priming metaphors about relationships between the mind and body

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Influence what we think and do

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Judgmental heuristics

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-Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently

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Availability heuristics

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-Mental rule of thumb -People base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind -However, what's easiest to remember may not be what's most representative of the big picture

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Representative heuristic

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-Mental shortcut -Used to classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

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Base rate information

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-Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population

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Cocktail party effect

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-Can be in full conversation with someone but can still hear name mentioned on other side of room

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Analytic thinking style

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-Type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context -Common in western cultures -Derived form greek philosophical tradition

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Holistic thinking style

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-Focus on overall context and ways in which objects relate to each other -Common in East Asian cultures -Derived from Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism

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Controlled thinking

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-Thinking that's conscious, intentional, voluntary, effortful -Requires mental energy

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Counterfactual thinking

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-Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been

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1 purpose of controlled thinking

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-Checks and balances for automatic thinking

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Overconfidence barrier

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-Fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments

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Novel situations

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-New situations/people that you haven't experienced or been with before

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Controlled processing

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-When we try to reason out a decision -What to buy, job, marry -Many biases

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Base-rate fallacy

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-Not taking into account the base rates in guessing how likely things are

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Gambler's fallacy

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-Believe that luck is going to continue/even out -Lucky streaks, being due for a good hand

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Anchoring

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-When determining the value of something, your evaluation is biased due to other numbers present

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Affective forecasting

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-We're bad at predicting how much things are going to change our emotions

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Impact bias

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-We think things will have more emotional impact than they really do have

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most of social thinking is

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Automatic

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After the mass suicides related to the cults at Jonestown, people tended to blame the victims and accuse them of being psychologically unstable or deranged. Social psychologists are more likely to explain these mass suicides as being due to

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The social influence of cult leaders

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Psychologist considered founding father of modern experiemental social psych

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Lewin

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Need for accurate info most conflict w/ the need for self-esteem

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Carla has to decide whether to read the detailed red ink comments on the "D" paper she just spent weeks writing.

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Jacob was pouring gravy when he dropped the ladle and splattered gravy all over the tablecloth. In order to maintain his self-esteem, Jacob decided that

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The ladle was slippery and anyone would've dropped it

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Social cognition approach is based on the notion that humans are often motivated to

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Be accurate in their perceptions and inferences

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Social cognition is the study of how people

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think about themselves and the social world

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Recall the words of Dr. Robert Marion, who was the first physician to correctly diagnose a nine-year-old girl with a rare disease: "Doctors are just like everyone else. We go to the movies, watch TV, read newspapers and novels. If we happen to see a patient who has symptoms of a rare disease that was featured on the previous night's 'Movie of the Week,' we're more likely to consider that condition when making a diagnosis." In essence, Dr. Marion is describing the ________ heuristic.

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Availability

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The "Barnum effect" in which vague statements about one's future or personality may bee seen as accurate and valid occurs b/c of the

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Representativeness heuristics

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You stayed up all night cramming for this examination and didn't do as well as you had hoped. "If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night's rest, I'd have done much better," you think to yourself. You have just engaged in

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Counterfactual thinking

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Why might random drug tests of large groups of people be a bad idea if most people aren't using drugs?

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-Due to the base rate fallacy, the tests will catch many innocent people

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Based on anchoring, most effective way for a retailer to make a product seem like a good deal

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Have a high price and take 50% off

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Micheal has just won the lottery. ML way it might impact his happiness based on what we learned about affective forecasting

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He will be happy as first and then return to his normal level of happiness in a year

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