question

Corpus callosum

answer

band of neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain

question

Cerebellum

answer

structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movements

question

Reticular Formation

answer

part of the lower brain, involved in attention

question

Hippocampus

answer

structure involved in transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory

question

Infantile amnesia

answer

inability to remember anything that happened prior to age 2

question

Anemia

answer

dietary deficiency of iron that causes problems such as fatigue, irritability, and attention difficulties

question

Handedness

answer

preference for using either the right or left hand in gross and fine motor activities

question

Preoperational stage

answer

cognitive stage from age 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically - for example, through the use of language - but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations

question

Mental operations

answer

cognitive procedure that follow certain logical rules

question

Conservation

answer

mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearance changes

question

Centration

answer

Piaget's term for young children's thinking as being centered, or focused, on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects

question

Reversibility

answer

ability to reverse an action mentally

question

Egocentrism

answer

cognitive inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and another person's perspective

question

Animism

answer

tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces (e.g., giving the sun a smiley face, making dolls talk to each other)

question

Classification

answer

ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group, for example an object can be classified with red objects as well as with round objects

question

Theory of Mind

answer

ability to understand thinking processes in one's self and others

question

False-belief task

answer

understanding that an individual's belief or representation about the world may contrast in reality

question

Benefits for attending preschool

answer

Cognitive benefits: - higher verbal skills - stronger performance on measures of memory and listening comprehension - children from low-income families especially benefits cognitively Social benefits: - more independent and socially confident

question

Factors to consider when searching for a high-quality preschool

answer

- Education and training of teachers - Class size and child-teacher ratio: - Age appropriate materials and activities - Teacher-child interactions

question

Developmentally appropriate educational practice

answer

learning should involve exploring and discovering through relatively unstructured, hands-on experiences -- learning about the physical world through playing in a water or sand area, for example, or learning new words through songs and nursery rhymes

question

Early intervention program

answer

program directed at young children who are at risk for later problems, intended to prevent problems from developing

question

Sensitive period

answer

in the course of development, a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is especially pronounced

question

Fast mapping

answer

as young children learn new words they begin to form a mental map of interconnected sets of word categories

question

Grammar

answer

a language's distinctive system of rules

question

Pragmatics

answer

social and cultural context of language that guides people as to what is appropriate to say and not to say in a given social situation (for example, saying "please" and "thank you")

question

Emotional self-regulation

answer

ability to exercise control over one's emotions

question

Undercontrol

answer

trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation

question

Externalizing problems

answer

problems that involve others, such as aggression

question

Overcontrol

answer

trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation

question

Internalization problems

answer

problems that entail turning distress inward, toward the self, such as depression and anxiety

question

Initiative vs. guilt

answer

in Erikson's lifespan theory, the early childhood stage in which the alternatives are learning to plan activities in a purposeful way, or being afflicted with excess guilt that undermines initiative

question

Modeling

answer

young children tend to model their behavior after the behavior of others they observe

question

Gender identity

answer

the understanding of one's self as being either male or female

question

Gender constancy

answer

understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change

question

Gender roles

answer

cultural expectations for appearance and behavior specific to males or females

question

Gender schema

answer

gender-based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information, comprising expectations for males' and females' appearance and behavior

question

Self-socialization

answer

process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behavior

question

Parenting styles

answer

practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about those practices

question

Demandingness

answer

degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them

question

Responsiveness

answer

degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them

question

Authoritative parents

answer

in classification of parenting styles, parents who are high in demandingness and high in responsiveness

question

Authoritarian parents

answer

in classification of parenting styles, parents who are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness

question

Permissive parents

answer

in classification of parenting styles, parents who are low in demandingness and high is responsiveness

question

Disengaged parents

answer

in classification of parenting styles, parents who are low in both demandingness and responsiveness

question

Reciprocal or bidirectional effects

answer

in relations between two persons, the principle that each of them affects the other

question

Filial piety

answer

belief that children should respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout life; common in Asian cultures

question

Familismo

answer

cultural belief among Latinos that emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations among family members

question

Time out

answer

disciplinary strategy in which the child is required to sit still in a designated place for a brief period

question

Psychological control

answer

parenting strategy that uses shame and withdrawal of love to influence children's behavior

question

Corporal punishment

answer

physical punishment of children

question

Child maltreatment

answer

abuse or neglect of children, including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse

question

Foster care

answer

for maltreated children, approach in which adults approved by state agency take over the care of the child

question

Lap child

answer

near-constant dependence on the care and monitoring of others

question

Knee child

answer

still cared for mainly by the mother but also spends time with other children, especially of the same gender

question

Yard child

answer

given more scope to venture beyond the immediate family area and into the "yard," that is, into a social world where parents are nearby but not always directly present

question

Only child

answer

child who has no siblings

question

Peers

answer

persons who share some aspect of their status in common, such as age

question

Instrumental aggression

answer

type of aggression when a child wants something and uses aggressive behavior or words to get it

question

Hostile aggression

answer

type of aggression that entails signs of ager and intent to inflict pain or harm on others Includes physical aggression (hitting, kicking, pushing, or striking with an object) and verbal aggression (use of words to hurt others, through yelling at them, calling them names, or hostile teasing)

question

Relational aggression

answer

(or social aggression) type aggression that involves damaging another person's reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip

question

During early childhood _________. a) Physical development occurs at a more rapid pace that it did in the first three years b) Most children become more like adults in terms of their body appearance c) Girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys d) The amount of tooth decay is similar between children in developing and developed countries

answer

b) Most children become more like adults in terms of their body appearance

question

Your cousin has a five-year-old son and a three-year-old daughter. He has been taking them to story time at the library, but his daughter is having a very difficult time sitting still, even for 10 minutes. His son is able to sit through the entire story time because his _____ is more fully developed than his sister's. a) Hippocampus b) Corpus callosum c) Reticular formation d) Cerebellum

answer

c) Reticular formation

question

Limited autobiographical memory prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the _____. a) Reticular formation b) Corpus callosum c) Hippocampus d) Broca's area

answer

c) Hippocampus

question

Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in the United States. Based on the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to be _____. a) Marasmus b) Calcium deficiency c) Protein deficiency d) Kwashiorkor

answer

b) Calcium deficiency

question

Accidental injury among young children ______. a) Is equally common among boys and girls b) Is extremely rare in the United States because of increased awareness and better technology; rates are under 5% c) Is less of a danger than disease in developing countries d) Happens at a greater rate in developed countries than in developing countries

answer

c) Is less of a danger than disease in developing countries

question

In early childhood (from ages 3-6) ________. a) Gender differences in gross motor development appear b) Girls and boys are equally skilled at body-coordination skills, such as balancing on one foot c) Children from high socioeconomic status tend to have better gross motor skills than their counterparts from lower socioeconomic backgrounds d) Fine motor skills are refined, but gross motor skills remain the same as they were in toddlerhood

answer

a) Gender differences in gross motor development appear

question

Imagine that you have just walked into a kindergarten classroom during art time and all the children in this particular class are 5 years old. What would you most likely see? a) Most of the children scribbling on a piece of paper b) Most of the children drawing something that is recognizable, such as a person or an animal c) Most of the children showing depth and realistic detail in their artwork d) Most of the girls getting frustrated because they can't hold a crayon or paintbrush

answer

b) Most of the children drawing something that is recognizable, such as a person or an animal

question

A child who is left-handed ______. a) Is often praised for their uniqueness in non-Western cultures b) Will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in the United States c) Likely first developed this tendency during the preschool years d) Will always have a left-handed twin if they are monozygotic (MZ) twins

answer

b) Will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in the United States

question

One can see a preference for the use of a particular hand, handedness, over another as early as ______. a) Infancy b) Age 5 c) Toddlerhood d) The prenatal period

answer

d) The prenatal period

question

Which of the following is TRUE regarding handedness? a) Left-handed people tend to have poorer verbal and math ability than right-handed people b) A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants c) Children do not show hand preference until the middle of kindergarten when they are learning to write d) Left-handed people are less likely to have problems learning to read than right-handed people

answer

b) A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants

question

In Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes? a) Centration b) Conservation c) Physical ability d) Reversibility

answer

b) Conservation

question

Five-year-old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of ______. a) Sensorimotor thought b) Animism c) Reversibility d) Centration

answer

b) Animism

question

Which of the following is TRUE regarding theory of mind? a) It refers to the independence and stubbornness characteristic of toddlers as they develop a sense of self b) It begins to develop around age 5 c) It develops the same way in all cultures with spoken language d) It is measured with false-belief tasks

answer

d) It is measured with false-belief tasks

question

According to the text, what is one of the factors that make cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures? a) Children in developed countries aren't interested in guided participation in daily activities the way children in traditional cultures are b) Parents in developed countries believe that their children should learn independently c) Parents in developed countries have assimilated into the culture and are not interests in teaching their children skills or traditions as parents in traditional cultures are d) Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they don't have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do

answer

d) Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they don't have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do

question

Learning to be able to set the table in a developed country, such as the United States, or to help prepare food in a nontraditional culture, such as Botswana, are examples of cultural learning. According to Vygotsky, these skills ______. a) Must be learned in the sensorimotor stage first or they never fully develop b) Are usually first taught in toddlerhood c) Develop as part of a social process d) Develop best if they take place in a formal setting

answer

c) Develop as part of a social process

question

As a parent of a three-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest quality experience. Which of the following should NOT be heavily weighted in your decision about which preschool to pick? a) Whether there is a small class size b) Whether the teachers spend a lot of time interacting with the children, rather than with each other c) Whether they make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practice numbers and letters d) Whether the teachers have been formally trained and have educational credentials

answer

c) Whether they make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practice numbers and letters

question

For Japanese ________. a) Preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills and gaining experience being a member of a group b) The same top reasons for young children to attend preschool are listed by parents and preschool teachers as their counterparts in the United States c) Learning academic skills is the number one goal of having their children attend preschool d) Individuality is stressed from the time children enter preschool as a way to encourage children to reach their full potential

answer

a) Preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills and gaining experience being a member of a group

question

There is a broad consensus among early childhood scholars that preschool teaching should be based on ______. a) Whole language learning b) Repetition and rote learning to ensure the mastery of core concepts c) Unstructured, hands-on experiences d) Building skills for science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM)

answer

c) Unstructured, hands-on experiences

question

Compared to low-income children who did not participate in High Scope Preschool Project, children who did _____. a) Were just as likely to be arrested and go to prison, but have shorter prison sentences b) Were more likely to be married and own their own home by age 27 c) Were just as likely to drop out of high school because of the need to help support their families Had lower incomes at age 27, but were more likely to enjoy their work

answer

b) Were more likely to be married and own their own home by age 27

question

Compared to a comparison group of children with low socioeconomic status who did not attend Head Start, those children who did _____. a) Showed a boost in IQ and achievement from elementary school until the end of high school b) Had higher grades, but lower self-esteem because of the pressure to achieve c) Were less likely to be placed in special education classes d) Improved their academic performance, but were still more likely to repeat at least one grade

answer

c) Were less likely to be placed in special education classes

question

While learning language, children who learn English and other Western languages have been shown to fast-map _____ first. a) Possessives b) Nouns c) Adjectives d) Verbs

answer

b) Nouns

question

Which of the following is TRUE? a) Japanese and Korean children tend to learn nouns before verbs b) In both Eastern and Western languages, modifiers are added before nouns and verbs c) Children learning English fast-map nouns earlier than verbs d) Vocabulary growth slows down in toddlerhood and then speeds up again by around age 5

answer

c) Children learning English fast-map nouns earlier than verbs

question

In Berko's (1958) classic experiment, she showed young children a picture of a figure called a "wug" and then showed them two of these figures. She then asked them to respond to the following question: "Now there are two _____." Berko was measuring children's understanding of what? a) Overextension b) Possessives c) Grammar d) Pragmatics

answer

c) Grammar

question

Four-year-old Nicco uses infant-directed speech when talking to his neighbor's new baby; this demonstrates _______. a) Pragmatics b) Overregularization c) Existence of the language acquisition device d) Fast mapping

answer

a) Pragmatics

question

Which of the following is TRUE regarding emotional regulation? a) Self-regulation develops earlier in boys than girls b) Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6 c) The development of the temporal lobe promotes self-regulation d) Different cultures have similar views about what the optimal level of control is

answer

b) Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6

question

In early childhood _______. a) Moral judgements tend to be based on fear of punishment than is the case for older children b) Children from different cultures learn the same moral rules c) Children have more difficulty with perspective taking than they did earlier in development because of their stronger sense of self d) Children are not yet able to experience empathy

answer

a) Moral judgements tend to be based on fear of punishment than is the case for older children

question

Gender identity _____. a) Develops much more quickly in females than males b) Includes an understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological c) Refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male and female d) Develops around age 5

answer

c) Refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male and female

question

The way we organize and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as _____. a) Gender constancy b) Self-socialization c) Gender stereotyping d) Gender schemas

answer

d) Gender schemas

question

Chris realized that even though the teacher dressed up like Michael Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Based on this information, one would expect that Chris ________. a) Has not yet attained gender identity, but knows the gender identity of the teacher b) Is a 4-year-old boy c) Is a 7-year-old boy d) Uses gender schemas, but does not yet understand gender constancy

answer

c) Is a 7-year-old boy

question

Research on parenting has found that _______. a) Children of permissive parents tend to do better in school than children of other parent styles because they learn to think for themselves b) The outcomes for children of authoritative parents are virtually identical to outcomes for children of permissive parents c) The two main dimensions of parenting are demandingness and strictness d) There are bidirectional effects between parents and their children

answer

d) There are bidirectional effects between parents and their children

question

If parents listen receptively to opinions from their children, their parenting style is considered to be _________. a) Autocratic b) Authoritative c) Child-centered d) Authoritarian

answer

b) Authoritative

question

The dimension of parenting known as responsiveness is also known as _____. a) Warmth b) Setting limits c) Disengaged d) Psychological control

answer

a) Warmth

question

The use of shame as a punishment ________. a) Is universally accepted as the best method of discipline because it does not include physical punishment b) Is associated with high rates of behavior problems in Japanese children c) Has been related to positive outcomes in both Western and traditional cultures d) Is referred to as psychological control among American researchers

answer

d) Is referred to as psychological control among American researchers

question

Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on existing research? a) Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behavior b) Not all cultures have some system of misbehavior; some feel that children are inherently good and do not need discipline c) Permissive parenting would be most likely in cultures that have a tradition of filial piety d) Japanese mothers usually respond to their children's misbehavior with loud reprimands and physical punishment

answer

a) Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behavior

question

Lucien is still cared for mainly by his mother, who just recently stopped breast feeding. He also spends a lot of time with his older siblings and the older children who live nearby. When he is distressed, the older children comfort him if the mother is not in the vicinity. Using Mead's classification, Lucien would be considered a _____. a) Lap child b) Neighborhood child c) Yard child d) Knee child

answer

d) Knee child

question

Hyejin is an only child from China. Which of the following is most likely true? a) She poorer skills, but is considered more assertive than her counterparts with siblings b) She would be considered overindulged and selfish c) She scores lower on likability than her counterparts with siblings who have had to share and negotiate d) She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings

answer

d) She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings

question

Based on the research, which of the following is most likely true of Sebastian, a four-year-old American male? a) He is less likely to be physically aggressive than girls at this age b) If he is especially physically aggressive at this time in development, he is unlikely to be more aggressive than his peers later on c) He is much more likely than female peers his age to use relational and verbal aggression d) He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age

answer

d) He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age

question

Which of the following would you most likely to see five-year-olds doing on a playground in a Western culture? a) Children playing in mixed-age groups b) Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the farthest c) Girls playing catch with the boys d) Boy engaging in cooperative, fantasy play

answer

b) Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the farthest

question

Which is the following TRUE regarding media use in early childhood? a) Boys and girls spend equal amounts of times playing electronic games b) Girls are more likely than boys to prefer violent video games because they are striving to achieve an independent and assertive identity c) Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions d) Most of the research on the effects of music has focused on very young children

answer

c) Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions

question

Which of the following best describes the physical changes that take place during early childhood? a) Both boys and girls gain more weight than in height, but most add more muscle than fat b) Cross-cultural comparisons have shown that only genetics play a role in individual differences in height and weight c) Girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys d) Physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years

answer

a) Both boys and girls gain more weight than in height, but most add more muscle than fat

question

The limited memory for personal events and experiences prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the ________. a) hippocampus b) reticular formation c) corpus callosum d) cerebellum

answer

a) hippocampus

question

The two most common types of nutritional deficiencies in developing countries are a lack of protein and _______. a) calcium b) iron c) kwashiorkor d) marasmus

answer

b) iron

question

How does motor development change between ages three and six? a) children develop the same motor skills at the same pace, regardless of gender b) fine motor skill development allows children to become more independent by doing things, such as putting on a coat and using a knife to cut soft food c) children's fine motor skills have been found to develop at the same rate all over the world d) children's fine motor skills become refined, but their gross motor skills remain the same as they were in toddlerhood

answer

b) fine motor skill development allows children to become more independent by doing things, such as putting on a coat and using a knife to cut soft food

question

Which of the following statements about handedness is most accurate? a) there is no genetic component to handedness; it is based purely on one's environment b) children who are left-handed are often praised for their uniqueness in non-Western cultures c) children first develop this tendency during the preschool years d) The prevalence of left-handedness in some African countries is as low as 1% because using the left hand is suppressed

answer

d) The prevalence of left-handedness in some African countries is as low as 1% because using the left hand is suppressed

question

A five-year-old child draws a yellow sun in the upper corner of her paper complete with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of _______. a) animism b) centered thinking c) Gross motor skill refinement d) sensorimotor thought

answer

a) animism

question

Which of the following is true regarding theory of mind? a) A child who demonstrates theory of mind is not yet able to think about thinking b) it develops the same way in all cultures within spoken language c) children show a decrease in this ability from 4 to 6 years of age because they are becoming more independent d) it begins to develop, in rudimentary form, sometime in infancy

answer

d) it begins to develop, in rudimentary form, sometime in infancy

question

Cultural learning skills, such as learning to set the table in a developed country or to help prepare food in a traditional culture, ______. a) develop as part of a social and cultural process, according to Vygotsky b) cannot be appropriately acquired until early adolescence c) must be learned in the sensorimotor stage first or they never fully develop d) usually develop best if they take place in a formal setting

answer

a) develop as part of a social and cultural process, according to Vygotsky

question

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the best high-quality experience. Which of the following should be important in your decision about which preschool to pick, according to research? a) The presence of formal lesson plans rather than play materials b) A strong emphasis on rote learning c) formal classrooms where the teacher sits in front and answers questions d) no more than 10 students per teacher

answer

d) no more than 10 students per teacher

question

In Japan _______. a) parents and preschool teachers list the same top reasons for young children to attend preschool as do their counterparts in the United States b) preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills c) individuality is stressed from the time children enter preschool as a way to encourage children to reach their full potential d) Learning academic skills is the number one goal of having children attend preschool

answer

b) preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills

question

A consistent pattern in early intervention programs such as Head Start is that the early gains in IQ achievement ______. a) continue to increase throughout middle school b) continue throughout the lifespan c) continue, but only for females d) fade within 2 or 3 years of entering elementary school

answer

d) fade within 2 or 3 years of entering elementary school

question

Young children's use of grammar _______. a) is entirely dependent on formal instruction in preschool b) develops more slowly in traditional cultures c) develops simply by hearing and using the language in daily interactions d) is mostly incorrect until age 6

answer

c) develops simply by hearing and using the language in daily interactions

question

When a 4-year-old uses infant directed speech when talking to her neighbor's new baby, this demonstrates _______. a) pragmatics b) a sensitive period c) classification d) fast mapping

answer

a) pragmatics

question

A key reason why emotional outbursts decline in early childhood is that children _____. a) have learned the skill of over-controlling their emotions b) have a more sophisticated theory of mind at this age c) learn strategies for regulating their emotions, in a practice known as effortful control d) at this age are no longer at risk for externalizing problems

answer

c) learn strategies for regulating their emotions, in a practice known as effortful control

question

Which of the following statements accurately describes moral development in early childhood? a) Socioemotional emotions such a shame and pride first appear b) perspective taking and being able to understand how others think and feel make children more empathetic at this age c) young children inherently know the rules and expectations of their culture without needing to be taught d) children at this age are not yet able to experience empathy

answer

b) perspective taking and being able to understand how others think and feel make children more empathetic at this age

question

The process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemes and their behavior is referred to as ______. a) gender identity b) self-socialization c) self-regulation d) gender constancy

answer

b) self-socialization

question

Research on parenting has found that ______. a) there are bidirectional effects between parents and their children b) the two main dimensions of parenting are demandingness and strictness c) children of permissive parents tend to do better in school than children of other parenting styles because they learn to think for themselves d) the outcomes for children of authoritative parents are virtually identical to outcomes for children of permissive parents

answer

a) there are bidirectional effects between parents and their children

question

Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on existing research? a) providing explanations to the children is most common among non-Western parents who spend more time with their children than do American parents b) permissive parenting would be most likely in cultures that have a tradition of filial piety c) The typical parenting style in non-Western cultures is authoritarian d) The American model of parenting does not apply well to most other cultures

answer

d) The American model of parenting does not apply well to most other cultures

question

The use of shame as a form of discipline _____. a) has resulted in positive outcomes in both the United States and Finland b) is universally accepted as the best method of discipline because it does not include physical punishment c) is associated with high rates of behavior problems in Japanese children d) is referred to as psychological control by American researchers

answer

d) is referred to as psychological control by American researchers

question

Which of the following is true regarding siblings? a) "Only children" are maladjusted, meaning they are more prone to depressive behavior disorders b) research has shown that young children with older siblings have a more advanced theory of mind than those who are only children c) jealousy is a common response to the birth of a younger sibling across cultures d) a gap of 4 to 8 years between children is common in many cultures across the world

answer

c) jealousy is a common response to the birth of a younger sibling across cultures

question

If you were a researcher observing play among 5-year-old children in the United States, what would you be most likely to observe? a) girls think ball with the boys (with the girls serving as referees to make sure the boys follow the rules) b) boys engaging in cooperative, fantasy play c) The boys challenging the girls to a wrestling match d) boys playing with children from other kindergarten classes, rather than older boys

answer

d) boys playing with children from other kindergarten classes, rather than older boys

question

Watching TV during young childhood ______. a) has been correlated with aggressive thoughts and behaviors, but only among males who were already extremely aggressive before viewing b) has not been associated with any positive effects on development c) is a popular leisure activity all over the world d) Has not been studied experimentally, and therefore no conclusions about causation can be made

answer

c) is a popular leisure activity all over the world

PSY 240 – Chapter 6: Early Childhood – Flashcards

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