question

_____ is the difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. a. Deferred imitation b. Zone of proximal development c. Self efficacy d. Animism

answer

Zone of proximal development

question

The term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have ____ ; whereas, the term gender implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to _____. a. a biological basis; cultural and social beliefs b. an individual's genetics; a chromosomal basis c. social and cultural beliefs; a biological basis d. a chromosomal basis; an individual's genetics

answer

a biological basis; cultural and social beliefs

question

Toddlers _______________________________. a. show the same pace of gross motor development as fine motor development b. who do not walk by 1 year are likely to have a gross motor problem c. in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers from Western cultures in the development of their gross motor skills d. can usually run before they can stand briefly on one leg

answer

in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers from Western cultures in the development of their gross motor skills

question

Interestingly, object permanence is not a uniquely human achievement. Who else can acquire object permanence? a. chimpanzees at two years of age b. cats at two years of age c. nearly all reptiles at any age d. dogs at one year of age

answer

chimpanzees at two years of age

question

According to the ILO, the number of child laborers ages 5-11 is ______ worldwide. a. slowing increasing b. sharply increasing c. rapidly declining d. about the same as in the past

answer

rapidly declining

question

_______ emphasizes respect for and obedience to parents and the elderly, especially the father. a. Familismo b. Respeto c. Laissez-faire d. Filial piety

answer

Respeto

question

Which of the following pairs would have the strongest correlation for IQ scores? a. adopted siblings in the same environment b. monozygotic twins reared in different environments c. dizygotic twins reared in the same environment d. biological siblings reared in different environments

answer

Monozygotic twins reared in different enviroments

question

According to Vygotsky, _______ is required for cognitive development. a. formal education b. emotional self-regulation c. social interaction d. strong parent-child attachment

answer

social interaction

question

Your 5-year-old son has not been eating a balanced diet lately even though you provide well-balanced meals for him. To get him to eat his vegetables, you tell him that if he eats all of his vegetables you will let him have his dessert. Although many parents in American culture bribe their children in this manner, what is the likely result? a. Bribing children to eat their vegetables actually contributes to childhood obesity. b. Children learn to eat a balanced diet. c. Children come to associate vegetables with dessert and begin eating quite a bit more vegetables. d. Children refuse to eat vegetables unless they get sweet treats before eating vegetables.

answer

Bribing children to eat their vegetables actually contributes to childhood obesity.

question

When are children less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition? a. middle childhood b. infancy c. early childhood d. adolescence

answer

middle childhood

question

What proportion of 3-year-old American children receive less than the recommended amount of calcium? a. 1/2 b. 2/3 c. 1/3 d. 1/4

answer

1/3

question

A key reason why emotional outbursts decline in early childhood is that children ___________________________. a. at this age are no longer at risk for externalizing problems b. have learned the skill of over-controlling their emotions c. have a more sophisticated theory of mind at this age d. learn strategies for regulating their emotions, in a practice known as effortful control

answer

learn strategies for regulating their emotions, in a practice known as effortful control

question

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca's area. Which of the following is likely to result? a. She will have difficulty with speech comprehension. b. She will no longer be able to form short-term memories. c. She will show no emotion. d. She will have difficulty producing speech.

answer

She will have difficulty producing speech.

question

Demandingness is also known as ____, and responsiveness is also known as ____. a. empathy; limitations b. limitations; empathy c. warmth; control d. control; warmth

answer

control; warmth

question

Secure attachment is characterized by _______________________. a. the child looking to the mother for approval of gender appropriate behavior b. a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment c. the child acting both relieved and angry at the caregiver after seeing her again after separation d. the child not crying when the mother leaves the room because she or he knows she will return

answer

a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment

question

According to a national study of American families, about what percentage of children have used a computer by 3½ years of age? a. 60 b. 75 c. 25 d. 90

answer

60

question

Which of the following is TRUE regarding emotional regulation? a. Self-regulation develops earlier in boys than in girls. b. The development of the temporal lobe promotes self-regulation. c. Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6. d. Different cultures have similar views about what the optimal level of control is.

answer

Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.

question

What type of parent rarely engages in disciplining his or her children and simply believes that all children need is "unconditional" love?

answer

permissive

question

According to cross-cultural studies, what games are popular all over the world in middle childhood?

answer

tag and hide-and-seek

question

____ is specialized for language production, whereas ____ is specialized for language comprehension.

answer

Broca's area; Wernicke's area

question

Ambivalence is ____.

answer

experiencing two contradictory emotions at once

question

In Piaget's view, children ages 2-6 are most notable cognitively for what they cannot do, such as ____.

answer

performing mental operations

question

Your neighbors eat out quite a bit, and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter is obese with a BMI of 24. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

answer

They should be concerned because she is at heightened risk for kidney failure and blindness.

question

Across cultures, aggression is frequently a component of children's play in early and middle childhood, especially for boys. According to the textbook, this type of aggressive play helps to establish ____.

answer

a dominance hierarchy

question

You are visiting your sister, who has 4-year-old twins. They ask if they can have some milk and you are pouring it for them. One glass you choose is tall and thin and the other is short and wide. After you pour the milk, your niece is very unhappy because you gave "more" milk to your nephew. You actually gave each of them the same amount, but your niece and nephew lack the mental ability to ____.

answer

conserve

question

Which of the following is TRUE regarding hand preference handedness?

answer

A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants.

question

In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their ____.

answer

ability to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs

question

When can the average toddler first kick a ball or throw a small object?

answer

24 months

question

____ is the study of animal behavior

answer

Ethology

question

What percentage of North American children have at least one dental cavity by age five years?

answer

40%

question

What aspect of language refers to the social context and conventions of language?

answer

pragmatics

question

One aspect of children's memory during middle childhood is that they ___.

answer

develop more accurate assessments of their memory skills

question

Layla and Gregory are both 4 years old and playmates at the same daycare center. Which of the following best describes their relationship?

answer

peers

question

In Western cultures, low self-esteem is associated with ____.

answer

anxiety, depression, and antisocial behavior

question

What is the percentage of European children with ADHD who use medication only to treat it?

answer

25%

question

It is a greater challenge to wean a toddler from breast milk than to wean an infant because ____.

answer

the toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior

question

Globally, parents in most places and times have been more worried that their children would become too ____ than that they would have ____ self-esteem, and have ____ self-inflation as part of family socialization.

answer

selfish; low; discouraged

question

Thirty-four studies found that prosocial content in children's television shows had positive effects on four areas: ____.

answer

altruism, positive social interactions, self-control, and combating negative stereotypes

question

There are interesting cultural differences in the use of physical punishment during early childhood. For African American children, the more physical punishment they received during early childhood, the ____.

answer

less likely they would be aggressive and antisocial in adolescence

question

Children who are bilingual ________________________.

answer

take longer to master the second language when they learn it after already becoming fluent in the first language

question

Improvements in _____ in middle childhood allow a child to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river.

answer

balance

question

Which best describes sensory changes during middle childhood?

answer

The incidence of myopia increases

question

Even young children are able to classify objects or events that share common characteristics into the same class, such as brown dogs, but they run into problems when they have to __________.

answer

complete a mental operation to complete the classification

question

Your sister has an 8-year-old who seems to be losing his teeth at a rapid pace. This is her first child and she is concerned. What would you tell her? From age 6 to 12 years, children ____.

answer

lose all of their primary teeth—this is normal

question

According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is ____.

answer

within the zone of proximal development

question

According to Piaget, it is not until _____ that we truly become representational thinkers.

answer

early childhood

question

Most American minority cultures, including African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans, have been classified by researchers as "authoritarian." This is inaccurate because these cultures were being compared to ____.

answer

White majority culture

question

Children improve in their emotional self-regulation in part because their ____ requires it.

answer

environment

question

Which of the following elements is responsible for the growth of strong bones and teeth?

answer

calcium

question

When divorce occurs in early childhood, children blame themselves. What about middle childhood? Children in middle childhood ____.

answer

understand that there are other reasons that their parents divorced that have nothing to do with them

question

Adopted children tend to have a ____ that is closer to their ____ than to their ____.

answer

BMI; biological parents; adoptive parents

question

The use of shame as a form of discipline ______________________________.

answer

is referred to as psychological control by American researchers

question

Accidental injury among young children _____________.

answer

is less of a danger than disease in developing countries

question

In developing countries, what is the most common cause of death in early childhood?

answer

illness and disease

question

Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how ____ the mother was.

answer

caring and tempered

question

In nearly all cultures, mothers play a central role in the care of infants and toddlers. What roles do fathers in traditional cultures play?

answer

Fathers are often excluded entirely form the birth process and are rarely involved in daily child care.

question

Emotional understanding advances from early to middle childhood because children ____.

answer

become able to understand not only their own emotions, but also the emotions of others

question

Which of the following statements about handedness is most accurate?

answer

The prevalence of left-handedness in some African countries is as low as 1% because using the left hand is suppressed.

question

What type of aggression involves damaging another person's reputation among peers through exclusion and malicious gossip?

answer

relational aggression

question

What are two of the most notable words that toddlers between 18 and 24 months learn and use?

answer

no and gone

question

Jimmy is immature, lacks self-control, and has trouble getting along with other children his age and his teacher. What is likely the dominant parenting style in his home?

answer

permissive

question

The way we organize and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as __________________________.

answer

gender schemas

question

Infants in developing and developed countries grow at about the same rate from birth to six months. Why are they similar?

answer

Infants from developed and developing countries consume breast milk.

question

Iron deficiency is also known as ____.

answer

anemia

question

What parenting style is associated with children who lack self-control and, as a result, have difficulty getting along with peers and teachers?

answer

permissive

question

During this stage, Piaget proposes, children become capable of using mental operations, which allow them to organize and manipulate information mentally instead of relying on physical and sensory associations.

answer

concrete operations

question

____ is an emotional bond that promotes the protection and survival of children during the years in which they are most vulnerable.

answer

Attachment

question

What attachment type was highly predictive of later problems and included toddlers who in early and middle childhood exhibited hostility and aggression?

answer

disorganized-disoriented attachment

question

What is the term that is used to describe when individuals are unable to distinguish between their own perspective and another person's perspective?

answer

egocentrism

question

In terms of praise as a parenting strategy, how frequently is it employed by parents in non-Western cultures?

answer

rarely

question

When Ming, who is 18 months old, uses the word "kitty" to describe any small furry animal regardless of whether or not it is a cat is an example of ____.

answer

overextension

question

____ is the simultaneous use of more than one media form, such as playing an electronic game while watching TV.

answer

Media multitasking

question

Not many 3- or 4-year-olds can ____ successfully, but nearly all ____-year-olds can.

answer

tie their shoe; 8-9

question

Who is the person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment?

answer

the primary attachment figure

question

Which of the following is a protein deficiency that primarily affects toddlers in developing nations and leads to a range of symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, and thinning of hair?

answer

kwashiorkor

question

Lucien is still cared for mainly by his mother, who just recently stopped breast feeding. He also spends a lot of time with his older siblings and the older children who live nearby. When he is distressed, the older children comfort him if the mother is not in the vicinity. Using Mead's classification, Lucien would be considered a ___________.

answer

knee child

question

In the United States, the school year is ______ that of South Korea and China.

answer

a lot shorter than

question

What are some of the health problems that obese adults have?

answer

high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer

question

A family from Japan moved into your neighborhood a couple of months ago. The parents are working on a project and are only here for a short time before they move back to Japan. You were talking to another neighbor who was very upset with the Japanese family and was considering filing abuse charges. The mother would very rarely let the male toddler speak and rarely encouraged him to speak. What did you tell your neighbor?

answer

This is a culturally based difference in parenting and is not abuse.

question

Compared to low-income children who did not participate in High Scope Preschool Project, children who did _______________________.

answer

were more likely to be married and own their own home by age 27

question

By the time infants in developing countries reach their first birthday, their height and weight is as low as the bottom ____ of infants of the same age in developed countries.

answer

5%

question

In regards to fine motor development, an infant who is 1 year old can ____, and a toddler who is 3 years old can ____.

answer

hold a cup; draw a semi-straight line

question

Your older brother's college roommate is an artist. He was very much hoping that his 5-year-old daughter would grow up to be artistic as well. At this point, she can draw some shapes pretty well, like circles and triangles, but that is about it. He is a bit worried. What would you tell him?

answer

She is developing in a very typical manner for fine motor skills.

question

The relationship between parents and children tends to be complex, and parenting style alone is not the end-all and be-all of answers. It is known that parents have a significant effect on their children, but children also have an effect on their parents; this relationship between parent and child is also known as ____.

answer

reciprocal or bidirectional relationship

question

Miriam is in 2nd grade. When her classmates are asked who she is, they have difficulty remembering her and find it hard describing her. She is neither liked nor disliked by her classmates, but for the most part, goes unnoticed. From the four categories of social status, Miriam would fall into the category of ____.

answer

neglected

question

Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths. Why? Because lack of sufficient food ____.

answer

reduces the effectiveness of the immune system

question

Compared to younger children, those in middle childhood __________________________.

answer

are more likely to realize that what people say is not always what they mean

question

Your sister is worried that her 18-month-old toddler, who knows about 20 words, is way behind in learning new words. What should you tell her?

answer

There is a wide variability on when toddlers learn to speak new words and her child falls in the normal range.

question

Your family has a history of asthma and allergies. Your brother is a smoker and he and his wife have a 6-year-old son. What do you need to tell him regarding smoking and asthma?

answer

If he wants his child to have asthma, keep smoking.

question

Zachary loves to play with his little sister, Dayla. Zachary kicks a ball hoping Dayla will kick it back, but she is too young. She just started walking without support. How old are Zachary and Dayla?

answer

about 10 months and at least 24 months

question

You have been trying to toilet train your son, but you are not having much luck. Based on the research, what is most likely to be holding up the process?

answer

Some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained.

question

Chimpanzees lack the most important and distinctive feature of human language. What is that?

answer

infinite generativity

question

Which emotion doesn't appear until toddlerhood?

answer

Pride

question

In regards to middle childhood, the overall finding of the research that used the wristwatch beepers was that middle childhood is a time of ____.

answer

remarkable contentment and emotional stability

question

Who was the psychologist who first began examining cognitive development within a cultural emphasis?

answer

Lev Vygotsky

question

Who was the theorist who viewed cognitive development as an inherently social and cultural process?

answer

Vygotsky

question

Your daughter borrowed $4.73 from you while you were shopping so she could purchase a doll that she didn't have enough money for. When you get home, you tell your daughter how much she owes you so that she can pay you back. She keeps repeating 4, 7, 3 over and over as she walks to her room to get the money. What memory strategy is she using?

answer

rehearsal

question

If you were a permissive parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner?

answer

"Great, let's go for it!"

question

Compared to neonates, toddlers sleep ____ fewer hours per day.

answer

3-4

question

By the end of early childhood, Indian children have learned not just that menstruating women do not cook food or sleep with their husbands, they also ____.

answer

learn that it would be morally wrong for their mothers to do those things

question

Toddlers become better at using what perceptual system to adjust their walking and running in response to changes in surfaces?

answer

visual system

question

Limited autobiographical memory prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the _________________.

answer

hippocampus

question

Today, most American pediatricians believe that it is best to be patient with toddlers and their progress toward toilet training. When do they recommend toilet training now?

answer

when the toddler seems ready

question

As a child becomes better at perspective-taking and develops a greater ability to understand the emotions and feelings of others, he or she will have a greater capacity to experience ____.

answer

empathy

question

What is the current understanding of how genetics influence obesity?

answer

Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, but rather, genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity.

question

What group of United States children is more likely to be more independent and socially confident?

answer

children who attend preschool

question

Numerous studies have determined that boys play in what ways in their play groups? They engage in ____.

answer

rough and tumble, high activity, and aggressive play

question

Which of the following is true regarding theory of mind?

answer

It begins to develop, in rudimentary form, sometime in infancy.

question

Which of the following theorists proposed that children learn not through their individual interactions with the environment but through the social process of guided by participation?

answer

Lev Vygotsky

question

According to modeling theory, after observing multiple occasions of others' behaviors being rewarded or punished, children conclude ____.

answer

what their culture's principles of moral conduct are

question

In this type of attachment, toddlers show extremely unusual behavior. They seemed dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger. When the mother returns, they may seem fearful.

answer

disorganized-disoriented attachment

question

What percentage of American toddlers were toilet trained by 18 months, according to a study completed in 1957?

answer

92%

question

What type of aggression is involved when a child exhibits signs of anger and intends to inflict pain or harm on others?

answer

hostile aggression

question

As a contributor to the ____ rate of obesity, over recent decades people have become ____ likely to prepare meals at home and ____ likely to buy meals away from home.

answer

increased; less; more

question

One-year-old Cindy was playing a hiding game with her father. He hid her toy under a blanket and then Cindy would try to find it. Later, he added a second blanket and she watched him hide the toy under it. Interestingly, Cindy still looked under the first blanket. She was _____________.

answer

making the A-not-B error

question

Phrases like "please," "thank you," and "bye-bye" are examples of ____.

answer

the pragmatic quality of language

question

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) ______________________.

answer

is the most widely used intelligence test for children

question

The capacity of toddlers to think about themselves as they would about other persons and objects is _________________________.

answer

self-reflection

question

During middle childhood _________________.

answer

girls and boys are more likely to be slim than at any other time

question

What is the correlation coefficient for IQ scores of adopted siblings who have none of their genotype in common?

answer

.24

question

The overall conclusion of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) research with regard to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable ____.

answer

contentment and emotional stability

question

For the most part, becoming bilingual is ____ to language development, and learning a secondary language ____ with mastering the primary language.

answer

favorable; does not interfere

question

Children in middle childhood report being "very happy" ____ of the time, a far higher percentage than for _____.

answer

28%; adolescents or adults

question

You are in your first year of teaching fourth grade. There is quite a bit of remodeling going on at your school, which creates a fair amount of noise. You are amazed at how well your students are able to pay attention to what you are saying. You remember your developmental course and recall that children in middle childhood more capable of focusing their attention because they are able to ____.

answer

disregard what is irrelevant

question

Within a few years after divorce, what percentage of mother-custody children see their fathers on a weekly basis?

answer

35 to 40%

question

During toddlerhood, what is a good predictor of later verbal intelligence?

answer

production

question

During middle childhood ___________________________________.

answer

both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher status than occupations they associate with women

question

The International Labor Organization (ILO) has estimated that about ____ children and adolescents are employed worldwide, and that ____ of them are in developing countries.

answer

73 million; 95%

question

In Harry Harlow's (1958) classic study on attachment, which of the following "mothers" did the baby monkeys prefer?

answer

terry cloth

question

Your neighbor's 14-month-old toddler says things like "cup!" when he means that he would like a cup of milk. Your neighbor thinks that his toddler is very lazy. What is happening? The toddler is ____.

answer

using holophrases, which is developmentally appropriate

question

What term refers to the biological status of being male or female?

answer

sex

question

Compared to a comparison group of children with low socioeconomic status who did not attend Head Start, those children who did ____________________.

answer

were less likely to be placed in special education classes

question

Vladimir is 3 years old and preparing for his first dental visit. Beyond a routine cleaning, Vladimir may also be given ____.

answer

a fluoride rinse and sealants

question

In the U.S., the percentage of children involved in daily physical education programs during middle childhood decreased from ____ in 1969 to just ____ in 2005.

answer

80%; 8%

question

As soon as Grant started to play patty-cake with his classmate Emma, he was teased and ridiculed by the boys in the class. Grant quickly learned that patty-cake is a form of play that is reserved for girls and not boys. Grant's process of learning the roles of "maleness" and "femaleness" is ____.

answer

a sex schema

question

The International Labor Organization has estimated that about 73 million children ages 5-11 are employed worldwide. What percentage of these children are employed in developing countries?

answer

95%

question

The dimension of parenting known as responsiveness is also known as _______________.

answer

warmth

question

Social comparisons reflect advances in the cognitive ability of ____; they learn to ____ themselves more accurately in abilities relative to other children.

answer

seriation; rank

question

The broad consensus among early childhood scholars is that preschool teaching should be based on ____.

answer

developmentally appropriate educational practice

question

What is a factor in cultural learning in developed countries that is different from cultural learning in traditional cultures? Compared to developing countries, children in developed countries ____.

answer

are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day

question

In Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes?

answer

Conservation

question

Which is an example of overextension?

answer

A child calling all men "Dada."

question

When do children begin to use personal pronouns for the first time (e.g., "I," "me," etc.) and refer to themselves by their own names?

answer

12 months

question

Research on reading and math skills has shown that ____________________.

answer

children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early math skills as well

question

Which of the following statements best captures why a child may fail the conservation task?

answer

"They fail to understand that the amount of water remains the same even though the appearance of the water changes."

question

At age 6, the average child knows about ____ words, but by age 10 or 11, this sum has increased fourfold, to about ____.

answer

10,000; 40,000

question

Children from what group in the United States especially benefited cognitively from preschool?

answer

low-income families

question

At what point during the experimental situations did Ainsworth believe the best indicator of the quality of attachment occurred?

answer

when the mother returned and the reunion behavior could be assessed

question

When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they __________.

answer

have attained object permanence

question

What is the term that the textbook defines as an understanding of how memory works?

answer

metamemory

question

Self-esteem ____ in the transition from early childhood to middle childhood.

answer

declines slightly

question

Your cousin has a five-year-old son and a three-year-old daughter. He has been taking them to story time at the library, but his daughter is having a very difficult time sitting still, even for 10 minutes. His son is able to sit through the entire story time because his _______________ is more fully developed than his sister's.

answer

reticular formation

question

An infant who climbs up a set of stairs is displaying an example of ____.

answer

fine motor movement

question

What term describes nearsightedness?

answer

myopia

question

In the United States, what percentage of children has no siblings?

answer

20%

question

Based on children's ratings of who they like or dislike among their peers, researchers have described four categories of social status: ____.

answer

popular, rejected, neglected, and controversial children

question

Using a pencil to draw a smiley face on a sheet of paper is an example of a ____.

answer

fine motor skill

question

In regards to preschool education, the United States prioritizes ____, whereas Japan prioritizes ____.

answer

academic skills; social skills

question

A friend is worried about his son, who is very active and is constantly injuring himself. What would you tell him to help him worry less? This behavior is very typical because his son's ____.

answer

attention skills are not yet fully developed and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father's warnings to be careful

question

Which of the following best describes the overall emotional state for individuals in middle childhood?

answer

high well-being and low volatility

question

_______________ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss, and lack of energy.

answer

Kwashiorkor

question

Which of the following is the most common second language for children around the world?

answer

English

question

Selective attention ____________________________.

answer

refers to focusing on the relevant stimuli, while ignoring what is irrelevant

question

In developed countries ________________________.

answer

rates of lead poisoning in children have fallen over the last several decades

question

Your son, who is in middle childhood, made it to the next round of the annual spelling bee, even though his best friend who studied with him did not. What is his likely response?

answer

He would have mixed emotions. He would be happy that he made it, but also sad that his study partner did not.

question

____ is the process where toddlers learn and remember a word for an object after being told what the object is called just one time.

answer

Fast mapping

question

What is the term that refers to an individual's ability to understand the meaning of numbers?

answer

numeracy

question

When does sibling conflict peak?

answer

middle childhood

question

In collectivistic cultures, the emphasis is placed on ____.

answer

family, the kinship group, and the ethnic group

question

Based on what we know of human history and practices today in traditional culture, most infants are breast-fed until ____ year(s) of age.

answer

2-3

question

About how many synapses will be removed in the frontal cortex from early childhood to adolescence?

answer

1/3

question

Most toddlers show signs of readiness to begin the process of toilet training between what ages?

answer

18-30 months

question

Your sister constantly worries about your nephew, who is currently a toddler. She knows that this is a time of important physical and behavioral development and worries that every bump, bruise, or sniffle could negatively affect his future health and well-being. What can you tell her as your nephew approaches middle childhood?

answer

It is the safest and healthiest time of life.

question

The median population IQ is ____.

answer

100

question

Which of the following best describes gross motor development in early childhood?

answer

Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood.

question

What is the capacity to think about oneself as one would think of other persons and objects?

answer

self-reflection

question

In the United States, about _______ of children between ages 4 and 10 are diagnosed with ADHD.

answer

7%

question

Maurice is 8 years old and is shown two round balls of clay that are equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape. When asked, "Which has more clay?" he will likely reply __________________.

answer

they're both the same

question

Many parents in developed countries remove sharp objects and other potentially harmful items when their toddlers become mobile. What is this called?

answer

baby proofing

question

According to the text, an authoritative parent of a very aggressive child with a difficult temperament, who ignores explanations of rules, may _____.

answer

become more authoritarian

question

In terms of intellectual development, one important conclusion from adoption and twin studies is that the more two people in a family are alike genetically, ____.

answer

the higher the correlation in their IQ scores

question

Most cultures' gender roles become more ____ during middle childhood.

answer

divided

question

What is one reason that infants who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again when they are between 18 and 24 months old?

answer

They become more aware that they are sleeping by themselves.

question

You have a friend who has a 12-month-old son and you have an 18-month-old son. You have been getting together each week for a couple of months for them to socialize and so that you can talk. Your friend is concerned that his son is not very advanced because your son systematically and deliberately separates his various toys into categories while he plays and his son is oblivious to any categories. What would you tell your friend?

answer

that his son will most likely also categorize when he is 18 months old

question

Research has shown that _____________________________________.

answer

the effects of television and other media depend on the content

question

People tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves, a principle called ____.

answer

selective association

question

Children almost everywhere learn to read, usually beginning around age ____, when they enter school.

answer

2 or 3

question

You and your roommate are watching a documentary on developing countries and your roommate notices that children in developing countries seem to be small for their ages. What would you tell him about this situation?

answer

Most children in developing countries eat a diet that is deficient in protein.

question

To be ____ means to be quick to assist or soothe the child when they need it.

answer

responsive

question

Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were the ones who were the most often "disliked" and rarely "liked"?

answer

rejected

question

Your brother was an All-American baseball shortstop. His 8-year-old son is not nearly as good at catching a baseball as your brother would like. He was hoping that your nephew would also be interested in and good at baseball. Although you think that your brother should support his son's interests rather than have your nephew pursue what your brother wants him to do, what can you tell your brother about his son's athletic abilities?

answer

Gross motor skills continue to develop for quite a while, he should be patient.

question

Children who do not eat a balanced diet with enough protein are _________.

answer

more likely to have poorly functioning immune systems

question

The Gusii people of Kenya do not speak with their children directly, but it is clear that their children reach the same language milestones as American children. It has been demonstrated that Gusii children learn language from ____.

answer

being in social groups where others are using language

question

A 5-year-old child draws a yellow sun in the upper corner of her paper complete with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of _________________________.

answer

d. animism

question

In developed countries, __________________________.

answer

even children who do not receive vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development

question

In Japan, ____________________________.

answer

preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills

question

Which of the following best describes the findings by French psychiatrist René Spitz on the subject of attachment?

answer

Well-fed infants raised in institutions suffered in their physical and emotional development.

question

Your sister came home from a pediatrician's visit with your 9-year-old nephew and was very worried because the doctor told her that your nephew has myopia. She was also very unhappy because the pediatrician failed to give her medication to treat it. What would you tell her about myopia?

answer

It simply means nearsightedness.

question

According to your text, what is one of the factors that make cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures?

answer

Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they don't have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do.

question

Which of the following countries/geographical regions have the lowest percentage of computers within the household?

answer

Africa

question

Which of the following is a practice that requires children to sit still in a designated place for a period of time in an effort to reduce undesired behaviors?

answer

time out

question

Students of development should _________ all human gender differences are primarily due to biology. a. accept that b. know that c. be skeptical of thinking that d. believe that

answer

accept that

question

___________ is located in the left temporal lobe of the brain. a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. Parietal's area d. Vygotsky's area

answer

Broca's area

question

Toddlers choose friends based ____. a. on family income b. solely on height c. on same gender d. partly on similarities such as activity level and social skills

answer

d. partly on similarities such as activity level and social skills

question

When do most toddlers develop the internalized set of moral standards that guide their emotions and behavior? a. 4 years b. 2 years c. 3 years d. 18 months

answer

b. 2 years

question

Quinn et al. (1993) examined the abilities of 3- and 4-month-old infants. After they looked at a series of photographs of cats, the infants were shown two new photos, one of a cat and one of a dog. They looked longer at the photograph of the dog. This indicated that infants this age ____. a. could categorize b. like dogs better than cats c. were bored with the cat photos d. were not sure what dogs were

answer

could categorize

question

What percentage of children remain obese/overweight in adulthood? a. 80% b. 40% c. 60% d. 20%

answer

a. 80%

question

Based on what we currently know of human history and what we know of traditional cultures, what has been the typical human custom regarding breast-feeding? Infants were weaned ____. a. by 18 months b. between 24 and 36 months c. by 24 months d. before 12 months

answer

between 24 and 36 months

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