Question 1

_____ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

Accepted Answer

Learning

Question 2

_______ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism

Question 3

Your psy assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning. What is included on your list?

Accepted Answer

Your little brother whines whenever he wants something

Question 4

T or F: Understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental actors that produce them

Accepted Answer

True

Question 5

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called _______

Accepted Answer

associative learning

Question 6

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two ________

Accepted Answer

stimuli

Question 7

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _______

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning

Question 8

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through ___________

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 9

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through ______, whereas observational learning involves learning through ________.

Accepted Answer

association / observation and imitation

Question 10

Organisms learn the association between two stimuli through _______ whereas organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through ______.

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning / operant conditioning

Question 11

Miranda is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches. Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Miranda is learning to play tennis?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 12

The adage \"When in Rome, do as the Romans do\" best reflects which of the following types of learning?

Accepted Answer

observational learning

Question 13

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Question 14

Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of _______

Accepted Answer

a reflex

Question 15

Pavlov\'s dog automatically salivated to food because food is a __________

Accepted Answer

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 16

What is a good example of an unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper

Question 17

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 18

A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby\'s mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

Accepted Answer

The pink flower

Question 19

You feel fine at the picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. This reaction is most likely an__________

Accepted Answer

Conditioned Response

Question 20

In classical conditioning situations, the ______ connection is unlearned, but the ______ connection is learned

Accepted Answer

US-UR / CS-CR

Question 21

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov\'s dog salivated each time food was presented. The _____ in this situation is salivation

Accepted Answer

Unconditioned response

Question 22

Pavlov\'s dog salivated to the sound of a bell because ________

Accepted Answer

the bell had become associated with food

Question 23

In Pavlov\'s classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the ____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning had occurred.

Accepted Answer

neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus

Question 24

_____ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

Accepted Answer

Acquisition

Question 25

_____ means that the CCS must not only precede the US closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way.

Accepted Answer

Contingency

Question 26

The extent to which the CS and US occur close together in time reflects ______

Accepted Answer

continguity

Question 27

______ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

generalization

Question 28

Mark\'s dog sits whenever he says sit. Mark now wants to teach him how to bark each time he says \"speak\" but whenever Mark says \"speak,\" the dog sits. The dog\'s behavior is an example of ________

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 29

_____ in classical conditioning is the prices of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 30

______ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 31

_____ occurs when the conditioned response dissipates after the anticipated reward is withheld.

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 32

Pavlov\'s dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. What happened?

Accepted Answer

Extinction has occurred

Question 33

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called ______

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery

Question 34

Marcia is no longer romantically involved with John as they broke up. One day she suddenly smells the cologne that John always wore. The sudden onset of good feelings triggered by the cologne is an example of ________

Accepted Answer

spontaneous recovery

Question 35

Watson and Raynor used _______ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.

Accepted Answer

a white rat

Question 36

In the experiment with Albert, ____ was used as an unconditional response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat.

Accepted Answer

A loud noise

Question 37

In John Watson\'s experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as an _______ to condition Albert.

Accepted Answer

Conditioned stimulus

Question 38

Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared of rats, rabbits, and Santa\'s beard. This study illustrates ________

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization in classical conditioning

Question 39

T or F: Classical conditioning is based on observing and imitating others

Accepted Answer

F

Question 40

_______ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

Generalizing

Question 41

____ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Aversive conditioning

Question 42

Robert drank too much tequila and spent his morning vomiting. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank from?

Accepted Answer

He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive

Question 43

Classical conditioning can produce _____, which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person\'s ability to fight disease.

Accepted Answer

immunosuppression

Question 44

Taste aversion is an example of _______

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning

Question 45

Classical conditioning helps to explain _____, which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Accepted Answer

habituation

Question 46

While watching tv, you can see how advertisers cunningly apply classical conditioning principles to consumers by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product in hope that you will experience those positive feelings toward the product. In this situation, the product is the ______

Accepted Answer

unconditioned stimulus

Question 47

According to the principles of classical conditioning, what led to Leonard\'s OD?

Accepted Answer

the effect of the heroin was increased bc Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body could not use the stimuli in his basement to prepare for it

Question 48

What helps explain drug habituation?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Question 49

What is the more effective way of explaining voluntary behaviors?

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 50

In operant conditioning, _________

Accepted Answer

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior

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