PSY 105: Infant & Early Child Development CH 8-10 (Miele) - Flashcards

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When Marilyn Essex of University of Wisconsin performs an experiment putting children in a stressful situation, the results show that

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children with high levels of cortisol are more withdrawn.

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In this experiment, cortisol levels are measured through

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a saliva sample.

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What is the overall impact of sustained high cortisol levels on children's health?

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more frequent illnesses.

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Which of the following difficulties or impairments does Rex NOT have?

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He cannot walk without the help of a walker.

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What type of unusual skill does Rex demonstrate?

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He is able to play complex musical sequences after hearing them only once.

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How did Rex develop his musical ability?

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He showed an early and exceptional talent upon first exposure to a keyboard.

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gross motor skills

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Physical skills that involve large muscle groups and the coordinated control of arms, legs, head, and torso.

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fine motor skills

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Physical skills that involve small and precise movements usually of the hands and fingers, such as writing with a pencil or tying a shoe.

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motor drive

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The pleasure young children take in using their new motor skills.

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gross motor skills by age

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Age 2: walks well, runs, goes up and down stairs alone, kicks ball Age 3: runs well, marches, rides tricycle, stands on one foot briefly Age 4: skips, standing broad jump, throws ball overhead Age 5: hops and skips, good balance, skates, rides scooter

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T or F? Gross motor skills and fine motor skills develop at approximately the same pace.

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false

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T or F? Preschool‐aged children learn gross motor skills primarily by instruction from adults.

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false

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Girls in early childhood generally perform better than boys in some gross motor skills. Which of the following is one of those skills?

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skipping

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Janet, a friend of yours, had fraternal twins, a boy named Mark and a girl named Margee, several years ago. The twins are now entering preschool, and Janet is worried that Margee may have developmental problems because she is lagging behind Mark on many physical skills. What can you tell Janet that might calm her fears?

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Gross motor skills vary in the extent to which they require strength or agility. Since preschool‐aged boys typically are a little stronger and preschool‐aged girls typically are better coordinated and more agile, their gross motor skills will likely differ. Parental and peer encouragement and availability of opportunities for practice affect how quickly gross motor skills are acquired, and these influential factors vary from boys to girls and from child to child.

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Another term for lateralization is

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sidedness

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When it comes to foods that are likely to be allergens, the experts

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disagree; some suggest total avoidance and others early exposure

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MOST people

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use both sides of their brain for all cognitive functions

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Three-year-old Jordan has been asking his mother to get off the phone since she picked it up. He repeats "Mommy, put down that phone. Mommy, stop talking on the phone," over and over until she finally complies and walks over to him. Jordan's behavior is an example of

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perseveration

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Four-year-old Jessica is experiencing both brain growth and physical growth. This illustrates the role of

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epigenetics

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Despite showing a left-handed preference, 5-year-old Alex's preschool teacher keeps forcing him to use his right hand because she believes it to be best. This illustrates the

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difference-equals-deficit error

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Harold's body is releasing stress hormones. His ____ must have been activated.

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hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis

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Monroe has just had a nightmare. Because of his _____, it is BEST to respond to Monroe by comforting him rather than trying to explain that the nightmare was not real.

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amygdala

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Following an automobile accident, Amira developed severe problems with her speech. Her doctor believes that the accident injured her

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brain's left side

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Too much cortisol early in life may lead to permanent deficits in learning and health. It can cause all of the following EXCEPT

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being underweight

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Between the ages of 2 and 6, children need to consume fewer calories per pound, causing a(n) _____ in appetite

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decrease

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Brian's mother frequently expects him to finish everything on his plate. Her behavior could be increasing Brian's risk of

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obesity

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1. Caroline is 15. After a severe head injury, she begins to have temper tantrums, which is out of character for her. It is MOST likely that her _____ was injured. 2. As Mark gets older, the development of his _____ gives Mark the ability to think before acting when he is trying dangerous jumps on his bike.

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prefrontal cortex

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When a child's sleep becomes more regular, emotions become appropriate for certain stimuli, and temper tantrums subside. These indicate

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maturation of the prefrontal cortex

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Severe tooth decay in early childhood can create all of the following problems EXCEPT

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loss of tastebuds

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When many ethnic groups live together in a nation with abundant food and adequate medical care, children of _____ descent tend to be shortest

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Latino

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Skills that involve small body movements, such as pouring liquids and cutting food, are called

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fine motor skills

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The MOST common cause of death in childhood is

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accidents

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In the United States, MOST foster children are from _____ income families.

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low

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At age two, a child is still quite clumsy and may fall down frequently or bump into stationary objects. This is because his or her gross motor skills

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are immature but will improve dramatically over the next few years.

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Two-year-old Ali is quite clumsy, falls down frequently, and often bumps into stationary objects. Ali MOST likely

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is a normal 2-year-old whose gross motor skills will improve dramatically as he develops

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In 2010, which was the MOST common fatal disease for 1- to 4-year-old children in the United States?

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cancer

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1. A primary-prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to ____. 2. Leola is a social worker who wants to initiate a primary-prevention measure to reduce child abuse in her area. An example of something that Leola could do would be to

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decrease a family's financial instability

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The BEST way for children to learn gross motor skills is from _____ who demonstrate those skills

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peers

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Which group is MOST apt to experience injuries and abuse?

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preschool children

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Jackie is in charge of permanency planning at an agency in a city. Her main role in cases of substantiated child maltreatment is to

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find a long-term living situation for a child

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Some developmentalists worry that extensive urbanization produces a lack of sufficient _____ in which to practice gross motor skills.

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space

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_____ is the MOST common cause of death in early childhood.

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injury

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Marcy has just learned to throw a ball. She is probably about the age of

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three

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1. _____ prevention refers to actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian. 2. Home visits by a social worker are an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.

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secondary

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Danny was removed from his parents' house after a relative witnessed his abuse and neglect and reported it to authorities. This is an example of

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substantiated maltreatment.

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Dr. Farmer learns that 3-year-old Micah lived in a house containing lead paint. He tests Micah's blood for lead. Dr. Farmer knows that ____ per deciliter of blood is considered the level at which lead becomes dangerous.

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5 micrograms

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1. _____ prevention begins after an injury, limiting the damage it caused. 2. Gerard is taken into the hospital's emergency room by ambulance after a car accident. The doctors work diligently to tend to his injuries, first assessing the situation and then treating the most serious one first. This is an example of _____ prevention. 3. Angela's little girl found a bottle of her perfume and drank half the bottle. Angela immediately calls poison control and takes the steps that they suggest. This is an example of _____ prevention.

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tertiary

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Zander is involved with a group who does secondary prevention of child maltreatment. What might Zander be involved in?

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organizing home visits by a social worker

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One reason most people do not build houses close to industrial areas is that children who breathe heavily polluted air tend to suffer from impaired _____ development.

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brain

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Tertiary prevention begins _____ an injury.

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after

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Jenny and James are parents to 4-year-old Tracey and 2-year-old Dylan. They live in a poor area of a large city and are frightened to allow their children to play outside too much due to pollution and crime. The two children spend most of their time indoors playing with each other. This could lead to a problem in their development of

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gross motor skills

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The preferred permanent option for a child who has been taken away from or given up by their parents is

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adoption

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Terry is researching the history of lead use in paint in the United States. He discovers that manufacturers continued to use lead in paint even after learning of adverse effects because lead

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makes paint dry faster.

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Manufacturers removed _____ from their plastic consumer products because it was proven to be harmful.

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bisphenol A (BPA)

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Which is an example of tertiary prevention of child maltreatment?

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the removal of an abused child from the home

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Sweetened cereals and drinks are a poor substitute for a balanced varied diet, because

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nutrients haven't been identified nor listed on food labels

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According to the text, by age 6 more than one-third of U.S. children have

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tooth decay

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Typically by ________ the rigidity for same food preference has faded a bit

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middle childhood

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Why must parents be patient when listening to young children talk and when helping them get dressed?

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They do things more slowly because their information processing is slower.

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Which of the following statements about left-handedness is TRUE?

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although a genetic preference, left-handedness can be modified by experience.

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Developmentalists advise against switching a child's handedness, not only because it causes conflict but also because it interferes with

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left lateralization, which can be an advantage

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Which skills are harder to master?

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fine motor skills

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When Gabe was 3 years old, the pictures he would draw were indecipherable because he had yet to master his _________ and __________.

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fine motor skills; realistic representation

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Perhaps the most complex self-help skill of early childhood is

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tying shoes

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The most common cause of death in childhood is

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accidents

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Worldwide, nearly _____ percent of deaths among children and adults result from injuries.

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14

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Flashing lights on stopped school buses are an example of ___________ prevention.

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secondary

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Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs is the definition of

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child neglect

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What do circumcision and spanking have in common?

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Both are events that are considered child abuse in some cultures but not in others.

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The level of prevention aimed at reducing harm when a child has already been abused is

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tertiary

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theory of mind

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The understanding that others have feelings, thoughts, beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own

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By saying that a child has achieved a theory of mind, developmentalists mean that the child is able to

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understand both his/her own and others' emotions, perceptions, and thoughts.

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T or F? Children with siblings are better able to solve false-belief tasks

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true

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T or F? Children from around the world develop the ability to understand false beliefs at about the same age

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true

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preoperational thought

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Piaget's term for a stage of development between ages 2 and 6 when children still demonstrate egocentric thinking and are likely to fail the conservation experiment because they tend to equate change in appearance with change in identity. While they may not be able to apply logic, they begin to engage in role-playing and symbolic play.

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concrete operational thought

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Piaget's term for the ability to solve problems using logic but not abstract or hypothetical concepts. Concrete operational thinkers can use inductive logic, which is the ability to make general assumptions based on specific experience, and reversibility.

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mental operations

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According to Piaget, mental operations are the mental abilities to imagine the process and potential outcome of something happening without it actually having to happen in the physical world (i.e. doing math in one's head). Piaget uses the nature of a child's mental operations to define the different stages of mental development

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conversation

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A mental operation defined by the understanding of what changes and what remains the same after a person or an object undergoes a change in appearance

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identity

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In terms of an object, the concept that an object remains the same even if certain characteristics about it change. In terms of a person, the consistent collection of physical and mental characteristics that define an individual as unique.

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reversibility

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A mental operation defined by the understanding that numbers or objects can be changed and then sometimes changed back to their original state by reversing the steps of the initial change process. Reversibility also works in the relationship between mental categories (i.e. My cat is a pet. My pet is a cat.)

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reciprocity

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The idea that two objects, quantities, or actions can be mutually related such that a change in one can be compensated for by a corresponding or opposite change in another.

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centration

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The preoperational tendency to focus on one aspect of an object, situation, or problem and to the exclusion of other potentially important aspects.

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decentration

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A mental operation defined by the ability to pay attention to and to process different aspects of an object, situation, or problem.

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T or F? Piaget believed that school-age children have more knowledge than preschool children but that they both reason in pretty much the same way.

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false

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T or F? In the context of Piaget's conservation of liquid task, "conservation" means conserving or retaining the equivalence between the two quantities of water even when the appearance of the water changes.

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true

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T or F? Preoperational children tend to fail this conservation of liquid task because they focus on the height of the water in the two glasses and ignore the width of the glasses.

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true

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dendrite

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Slender projections of the nerve cell body that receive electrical impulses from adjacent neurons

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synapse

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The microscopic gap across which the axon of a neuron can transfer an electrical impulse to the dendrites of an adjacent neuron

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myelination

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The growth of myelin on nerve cells. The myelin coating allows nerve impulses to travel faster

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neuron

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A nerve cell that receives and communicates information throughout the body as part of the central nervous system

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corpus callosum

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The wide band of nerve fibers connecting the left and right sides of the brain for transferring motor, sensory and cognitive information

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What is an example of an early childhood behavior that is attributable to poor hemisphere coordination?

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Any activity that demands greater coordination, balance, or speed demonstrates the immaturity of the corpus callosum and resulting lack of hemisphere coordination in children between ages 2 and 6. These activities, among others, may include: standing on one leg, hopping and skipping, running or sprinting, or performing gymnastics.

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prefrontal cortex

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The part of the brain at the front of the frontal lobe just behind the forehead. It is responsible for executive functioning, such as decision-making, reasoning, planning, impulse control, and prioritizing tasks

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cerebral cortex

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The folded outer layers of the brain covering the cerebrum that are critically involved in many complex functions, such as memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness

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metabolism

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All the physical and chemical processes that create or use energy for the body, such as breathing, digestion, regulating body temperature

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T or F? After a child's second birthday, the brain grows rapidly in size only to be limited by the closing of the sutures of the skull that occurs between the ages of 6 and 8 years.

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false

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Faster and more efficient communication within the brain is the result of

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myelination

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T or F? The part of the brain that is critical for reflective thought, planning, and control of impulsive behavior is the prefrontal cortex

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true

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When young children appear clumsy, wobbly, and slow, it is often a result of the slow maturity and development of the

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corpus callosum

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How does myelination in the prefrontal cortex help a child prepare to go to school?

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Myelination in the prefrontal cortex development that occurs at age 3 or 4 allows for better impulse control and improvements in the ability to sustain attention, both of which are necessary for formal education to begin and succeed

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1. Which term involves focusing on one idea or aspect of something, to the exclusion of all others? 2. Four-year-old Jalonny understands that Jerome is her father, but cannot grasp that Jerome is also her grandmother's son. In this way, she is demonstrating 3. According to Jean Piaget, which is one of the characteristics that limit a preoperational child's thinking?

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centration

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Parent-child conversations focusing on _____ seem to help children develop theory of mind.

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thoughts and wishes

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1. Which is Jean Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6? 2. Jean Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is

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preoperational intelligence

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According to the text, the Chinese numbers from 11 to 19 are easier to understand than the same numbers in English, possibly because of

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linguistics

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An experimenter lines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of unequal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers. The experimenter is MOST likely testing for conservation of

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number

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Before young children imitate adults, they usually want to know

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why the adult acted the way they did

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Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child's assumption that the world is unchanging, and always in the state in which the child currently encounters it?

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statistic reasoning

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When children ask "why" questions, which should adults try to include in their answers?

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how the information affects the child

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Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child ignoring all attributes that are not apparent?

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focus on appearance

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Diana shows her daughter how to button her shirt by first showing her how to use a button, and then encouraging her daughter to try to do it on her own. This is called

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guided participation

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1. Which Piagetian term literally means self-centered? 2. Shae knows that her grandmother Ruth is her grandmother. She does not understand that Ruth is also her mother's mother. Shae's focus on her relationship to her grandmother, and lack of understanding of other people's relationships, is characteristic of

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egocentrism

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A color-matching activity is within Cleo's zone of proximal development. In other words, Cleo

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can perform this activity with guidance from a more skilled person

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A young child understands that a flag can be more than just a flag, and is a symbol for their country. This child is exhibiting

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symbolic thought

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Which statement is true about theory of mind?

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Culture and social interactions influence theory of mind

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According to Jean Piaget, centration is one of the characteristics that limit thinking in the _____ stage.

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preoperational

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Five-year-old Jada looks up at the clouds in the sky and asks, "Mommy, where do the clouds sleep at night?" This is an example of

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animism

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Gary can understand that when he empties the last of the orange juice from the pitcher into a small juice glass, the amount of juice remains unchanged. Gary can understand

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conservation

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An experimenter begins with two equal balls of clay and then changes the shape of one. The experimenter is MOST likely testing for conservation of

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matter

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scientific method

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A standardized, investigative process for addressing scientific inquiries and gathering information using a specific series of steps aimed at minimizing human influences and biases

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hypothesis

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A theory or prediction that may be tested to either prove or disprove its accuracy

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nature

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A general term for traits, characteristics, abilities, and inabilities that are inherited and genetically-derived as opposed to developing them from experience and/or environmental influences

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nurture

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A general term for any environmental factors (i.e. parents, nutrition, community) that influence an individual's development after conception

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conditioning

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A learning process in which a behavior or response becomes associated with a particular stimulus. When the subject is learning to make this association, a reward or punishment may be used to evoke a particular reaction to a neutral stimulus. After the learning is complete, the reward or punishment is no longer required because the subject reacts to the stimulus with the learned behavior or response

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reinforcement

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Implementation of reward or punishment that is designed to increase the likelihood of behavior happening again

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Chomsky suggests that even young children are able to invert interpretations. How does this support his view that language acquisition is more heavily steeped in a nature perspective?

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At a young age, children demonstrate the ability to invert interpretations of heard speech without necessarily having heard evidence that verifies these interpretations. This implies an innate mechanism by which such inversions and interpretations are processed

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Which of the following is the best definition of the science of human development?

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Human development is the study of how people change over time

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T or F? To deal with the distortions of personal opinions and biases, those who study child and adolescent development rely on the scientific method.

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true

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Which of the following is NOT one of the principles that B. F. Skinner theorized to be involved in language acquisition?

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pressure from peers and parents

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According to Chomsky, the part of language that is most likely to be biological is

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grammar

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phoneme discrimination

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The ability to notice the smallest unit of sound of a language that can signal a change in word meaning (such as bat versus cat). This skill is one of the building blocks of learning language.

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reflexive crying

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An automatic emotional reaction of the infant in response to distress, such as pain or hunger

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the process of language development

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birth: reflexive communication - crying, expressions, gestures; phoneme perception 2 months: meaningful sounds - cooing, fussing, crying, laughing 3 months: new sounds - squeals, growls, coons, trills, vowel sounds; primary intersubjectivity 6 months: syllable babbling, secondary intersubjectivity, understanding highly familiar words 9 months: understanding simple words, gibberish babbling, first words and word approximations 12 months: one-word utterances, slow growth of vocabulary 18 months: two-word strings, vocabulary spurt 24 months: multi-word sentences

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primary intersubjectivity

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Reciprocal interaction between an infant and caregiver in which each partner focuses on the emotional expressions of the other.

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syllable babbling

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Repetitions of syllables in infancy, such as "ba‐ba‐ba‐ba," "da‐da‐da‐da," "dee‐dee‐dee," or "ma‐ma‐ma."

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secondary intersubjectivity

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A form of interaction between infant and caregiver emerging at about 9‐12 months that is characterized by communication and emotional sharing focused not just on the interaction but on the world beyond. For example, the child may relate to another person by watching that person and then checking to see if they are looking at the same thing.

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gibberish babbling

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The repetition of syllables with variations, such as "da‐dee" or "neh‐nee."

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telegraphic speech

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Speech that contains only the major words (nouns, verbs) and not the smaller grammatical elements (grammatical morphemes); typically seen in infancy beginning around 18 months.

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grammatical morphemes

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Parts of words or tags or markers added to a word that can add to or change its meaning. For example, add the grammatical morpheme "s" to the noun "cat" and you have changed it to the plural noun "cats."

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Meaningful sounds, such as cooing, fussing, and laughing, can be observed in infants beginning at

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two months of age

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At around six months of age, infants begin to babble in syllables. Their interactive routines with caregivers are characterized by

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secondary intersubjectivity

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When the vocabulary spurt begins at around 18 months, the infant's rate of learning new words is about

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one word every two hours

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The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called

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fast-mapping

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At which stage would children BEST be described as language sponges?

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early childhood

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According to the text, when children become equally fluent in two languages

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it is beneficial to their development

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Patrick's parents and family are careful to expose him to two different languages as well as the culture connected to each of these languages. By doing this, his parents and family are encouraging him to be

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bilingual

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Claude has grown up hearing his mother speak French, his father speak Spanish, and his peers at school speak English. If Claude was equally exposed to all of these languages, he could be

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trilingual

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Alex is 4 years old and is asking many "why," "when," and "how" questions. His parents should answer as many of these questions as they can in order to facilitate the _____ of language development.

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sensitive period

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Tuan and Min moved to the United States from Vietnam a year ago with their 7-year-old daughter, Qui. Over the past year, Qui has stopped speaking to her parents in Vietnamese, and will only answer them in English. Qui is MOST likely demonstrating

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a language shift

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Types of early-education: Montessori

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Believing that children need structured, individualized projects to give them a sense of accomplishment, Maria Montessori started this early-education program more than 100 years ago in Rome, Italy. Today, these schools present many literacy-related tasks to young children, who seek out learning tasks rather than sit quietly until a teacher directs them

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Types of early-education: Reggio Emilia

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Also originating in Italy, Reggio Emilia schools encourage children to master skills that are not usually taught in North American schools until around age 7, such as forming letters or cutting paper. Measurement of achievement is irrelevant to the core belief that children should learn and explore in their own way.

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Types of early-education: Head Start

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Head Start is a federally funded early-childhood intervention program that promotes school readiness of young children from low-income families through agencies in their local community. In addition to education services, programs provide children and their families with health, nutrition, social, and other services. Head Start services are responsive to each child and family's ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage.

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1. In Sweden in 2013, about _____ percent of 3- to 5-year-olds were enrolled in preschool. 2. In Denmark, about _____ percent of 3- to 5-year-olds were enrolled in preschool.

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95

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A major evaluation of Head Start suggested that benefits were most apparent for all of the following children EXCEPT children

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from high income families

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Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the MOST emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction?

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Reggio Emilia

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Teacher-directed early education programs use _____ to facilitate learning.

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reinforcement

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Most states sponsor public education for young children, although usually only for low-income 4-year-olds. In 2012-13 more than _____ children attended these schools in the United States.

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1 million

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All of the following are long-term benefits suggested in the intensive, early intervention programs described in the text EXCEPT participants

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achieve the most if they are intellectually gifted

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Teacher-directed programs emphasize

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preparation for school

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From a developmental perspective, MOST state early intervention programs should

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begin earlier

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When was Head Start established in the United States?

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1965

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Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through

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artistic expression

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Child-centered programs that recognize that children develop new ideas through their own discovery are MOST consistent with the views of

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Jean Piaget

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According to the text, which factor complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs?

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Programs vary in length, curricula, and goals

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Which is MOST likely to be taught in a teacher-directed school?

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writing letters

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In the United States, the MOST widespread early-childhood education program is

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Project Head Start

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A major evaluation of Head Start suggested that children with disabilities, children with the lowest family income, and children in rural areas

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had the most apparent benefit from Head Start intervention

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A preschool that stresses children's development and growth through self-discovery is MOST likely a(n) _____ program

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child-centered

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The evidence that young children benefit from preschool is familiar to most English-speaking adults, but not to MOST

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immigrants

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The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program

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were better at prereading and early math tasks

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Reinforcement is used to facilitate learning in a _____ early childhood education program

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teacher-directed

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A major problem with the MOST state early intervention programs is

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they do not begin early enough

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Arnold is in middle school and his teachers have noted that he demonstrates great self-confidence, curiosity, and exploration. Which type of preschool typically emphasizes these skills?

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Montessori

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How has Vygotsky's theory concerning language and cognition been associated with the development of math skills?

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Hearing number words in different languages can be correlated with the variation in the development of math skills from one culture to another

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In the puppy in the box experiment described in the text, what was the reason that most 3-year-olds thought that Max the puppet would look in the blue box upon his return?

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They think that Max knows what they know, even though he wasn't in the room to observe what took place

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Because most 3-year-olds have not yet developed a theory of mind, it makes it difficult for them to

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lie

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A young child who states that "butter is made by butterflies" and "birds grow birdseed" is trying to use

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logical extension

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Young children tend to have trouble with words that

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aren't associated with something that can be seen or otherwise sensed or attached to a behavior

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The ability to speak or write is called _________ language

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expressive

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Montessori schools emphasize

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individual pride and accomplishment

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Which of the following was not one of the longitudinal programs that has provided the best evidence on the influence of early childhood education on child cognition?

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Head Start

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Which of the following is NOT one of the long-term benefits found in the intensive, early-intervention programs described in the text?

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higher IQ scores in high school

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What is the offer presented to the children in the study?

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they can abstain from having a piece of candy now and receive three later

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What fraction of the children is able to resist the temptation of eating the candy immediately?

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one-third

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What explanation is proposed to explain the results of the study?

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immature frontal lobes of the brain lead to poor impulse control

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Erik Erikson's _____ developmental stage--the stage during which self-esteem emerges--is called initiative versus guilt

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third

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According to the text, in China it is especially emphasized to teach children to control their

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pride

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By about age _____, children can usually be angry but not explosive, frightened but not terrified, and sad but not inconsolable

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6

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When a person expresses powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, he or she is

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externalizing problems

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1. By the age of _____, children are LESS likely to throw temper tantrums 2. Allison is lamenting to a friend about how many temper tantrums her daughter has. Her friend, who has several older children, says that by the age of _____, Allison's daughter will be much LESS likely to throw tantrums

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4 to 5 years

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Most children have difficulty learning how to control their emotions because

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of externalizing and internalizing problems

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A student who works hard to achieve good grades for the sole purpose of pleasing his or her parents would be said to have an

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extrinsic motivation

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Professor Bloom is lecturing about emotional regulation. His lecture will definitely NOT include that

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it develops automatically and without effort

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Before three-year-old Joshua will be able to regulate emotion, his _____ will have to mature significantly

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prefrontal cortex

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Alice knows her friend Walt is imaginary, but he helps her when she is feeling lonely. This demonstrates how imaginary friends can help with

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emotional regulation

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Greg has an imaginary friend named Kwan even though his parents don't encourage him to do so. Kwan is the result of Greg's

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intrinsic motivation

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Reese is 4 years old. Over the last few years, she has been excitedly learning new skills and trying new things. Reese feels confident in her ability and has been fairly successful in learning these skills. She can tie her shoes, knows colors and the alphabet, and loves playing tag with her siblings. Erik Erikson would MOST likely say that Reese is developing

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initiative

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Young children who become skilled at play will demonstrate all of the following abilities EXCEPT

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more acute senses

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Young children prefer playmates of the same

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age and gender

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Parallel play appears _____ in Mildred Parten's progression of social play

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third

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1. Rough-and-tumble play does NOT 2. Rocky and Ben frequently engage in wrestling, chasing and other types of rough-and-tumble play. Which is NOT a benefit of Rocky and Ben engaging in this type of play?

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facilitate the development of academic skills

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1. Which type of play is first in Mildred Parten's progression of social play? 2. Maya and Isla are playing alone and unaware of each other; they are involved in _____ play

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solitary

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Trace and Emmitt are running around outside. Their goal is to catch the other, tackle him to the ground, and wrestle until one of them gets up; then they begin the chase again. They are engaging in

answer

rough-and-tumble play

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Professor Chen explains that sometimes two children will both play with similar objects in a similar way, but not together in what is called _____ play

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parallel

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Dr. Jamal suggests to Mia's mother than Mia participate in more sociodramatic play. Dr. Jamal would like to see Mia engage in

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play with others that allows her to take on any identity, role, or activity that she chooses

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All through her childhood, Ellie never had the opportunity to play with other children. As Ellie gets older, she

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may have emotional and academic problems at a later time

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1. Jon and Mike are playing together and taking turns; they are engaging in _____ play 2. Rosa and Aisha are playing with blocks. They are working together to see how high they can stack the blocks, taking turns stacking and encouraging each other. They are engaging in _____ play

answer

cooperative

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gender differences

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Differences in cultural expectations for the roles and behaviors of men and women

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gender identity

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A person's perception of himself or herself as male or female

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self-concept

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The way in which one sees and understands oneself that includes one's perception of one's own appearance, personality, competence, and individuality

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self-esteem

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The way in which one feels about oneself and how one values one's self. Self-esteem can be affected by one's environment and interactions with others

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sex differences

answer

The biological differences between males and females

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Freudian theorists

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believe that gender differences are a result of unconscious, incestuous urges.

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Behaviorist theorists

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believe that gender differences are a result of social reinforcement

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Cognitive theorists

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believe that gender differences may be attributed to immature categorization

question

Sociocultural theorists

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believe that gender differences are related to patterns found throughout the culture

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Epigenetic theorists

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believe that gender differences are a result of the hereditary aspects of brain and body development

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sexual orientation

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an individual's sexual attraction to and sexual preference for members of the same sex, members of the opposite sex, and/or members of either sex. While some research suggests that sexual orientation endures over time, even over a lifetime, other research suggests that sexual orientation may not fit neatly into these categories and may be fluid and change over the course of a lifetime

question

intersex

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A variety of conditions in which an individual is born with sexual or reproductive anatomy that is not able to be categorized as either male or female

question

David Reimer and and Dr. John Money: Watch this video segment again more closely while considering the role of nature vs.nurture in the development of gender identity. Was the traditional view of genderidentity a nature or nurture stance? Where did Dr. Money's view of gender identitydevelopment fall on the nature vs. nurture scale? Support your answers with details fromthe video.

answer

The traditional view of gender identity as described in this video argues thatall individuals are born with a sense of being a boy or a girl. This unchangeable, naturalinstinct for being a boy or a girl iss programmed before birth and supports the idea thatgender identity is natural. Dr. Money challenged this idea calling it a "stereotype." Hisadvice to Janet Reimer that she could turn her boy into a girl means that Dr. Moneybelieved that gender identity is not at all natural but is something that can be taught, changed, and nurtured

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Why did Dr. Money's research team believe that the Reimer family could turn their baby boy into a baby girl?

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They believed that the main key to the development of gender identity is neither genetic nor hormonal but that gender identity is determined by how children are raised during the first two years of life

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T or F? Janet Reimer reported that while she knew that Brenda was very unhappy, Brenda was fitting in well as a girl among her peers.

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false

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T or F? David Reimer was significantly happier as a male

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true

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What are some of the ways in which Dr. Money violated ethics in research and medicine? What are some important lessons to be learned from the David Reimer story?

answer

The rights of Brenda Reimer as a research participant were violated when Dr. Money failed to report Brenda's severe unhappiness as a teenager and allowed the public and the scientific community to think that Brenda's gender reassignment was proceeding without problems. Dr. Money was ethically required to report new developments even though his earlier research results related to the Reimer case and his concomitant fame might have been negatively impacted. Furthermore, Dr. Money did not attempt to help Brenda when her local therapist reported that she was struggling terribly. David Reimer was the victim of a tragic medical error, an unethical researcher, a bullying social system, and a dishonest business partner. The most important lesson to be learned from this case must be personally derived from your own sense of what is right and wrong. Just because a theory seems plausible or logical, that does not mean that it will work well in real-life situations. The feedback and personal experiences of individuals subject to research are vital and critical components to the interpretation of research results and findings and should never be ignored ESPECIALLY if those personal experiences contradict the original hypothesis.

question

Which seven states have the most balanced poverty rates (i.e., where children are not twice as often poor as those over 64)?

answer

New Hampshire, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota, and South Dakota

question

Parents who are indifferent toward their children and relatively unaware of their children's lives are described as

answer

neglectful

question

In the psychoanalytic perspective, identification refers to

answer

an attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else

question

Which was one of the limitations of Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles?

answer

Diana Baumrind overlooked the child's contribution to the parent-child relationship

question

Gender differences refers to

answer

culturally prescribed differences in the roles and behaviors of males and females.

question

1. Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Diana Baumrind as 2. Mike uses a ____ caregiving style with his daughter. He shows high levels of warmth and little discipline 3. Professor Daniels explains that the ______ caregiving style is associated with child to parent communication but little parent to child communication

answer

permissive

question

By the age of _____, MOST children are very rigid about gender roles

answer

5

question

_____ parents are very involved in their children's lives but set few limits, while _____ parents are unaware of the details of their children's lives.

answer

Permissive; neglectful

question

By the age of _____, children are convinced that certain toys (such as dolls or trucks) and careers (nurse, teacher, police officer, and soldier) are "best suited" for one sex or the other.

answer

4 years old

question

Billy and Tish do not believe that it is right to expect their young children to exhibit much self-control or to take responsibility for most of their behaviors. This aspect of Billy and Tish's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

answer

expectations for maturity

question

Which theory asserts that gender roles are learned, and that they are a result of nurture rather than nature?

answer

behaviorism

question

Cheryl is a permissive parent, Baumrind would predict that Cheryl

answer

has high nurturance

question

Which statement about sex and gender is true?

answer

The interaction between sex and gender make it very difficult to separate the two

question

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents set loving limits for their children, while _____ parents tend to be harsh and rigid

answer

authoritative; authoritarian

question

Children are MOST likely to model their own gender roles after

answer

their parents

question

1. Professor Harman explains that the _____caregiving style is associated with high warmth, moderate discipline, and moderate expectations of maturity 2. Joe works hard to be respectful and fair towards his children. He tries to consistently enforce rules and strongly believes in natural and logical consequences for their behavior. According to Diana Baumrind, his parenting style could BEST be described as 3. Professor Velasquez explains that the _____caregiving style is associated with two-way communication

answer

authoritative

question

Evolutionary theory explains gender differences and gender role development by proposing that

answer

gender roles develop as a result of males and females attempting to attract each other in order to reproduce

question

According to Diana Baumrind, with which the parenting style are the parents MOST likely to use physical punishment?

answer

authoritarian

question

Which would a 2-year-old child MOST likely know in terms of sex and gender differences?

answer

how to correctly label males and females

question

1. Diana Baumrind proposed that parents differ in four important dimensions of rearing children. One of those dimensions was 2. Gerardo and Maria are very critical of their children and are not affectionate with them. This aspect of Gerardo and Maria's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

answer

expressions of warmth

question

In general, the U.S. parents of _____ heritage are the LEAST strict

answer

European

question

In psychoanalytic theory, the superego refers to

answer

the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents

question

Which kind of aggression is an impulsive retaliation for harm which may have been intentional or unintentional?

answer

reactive

question

The development of empathy is apparent in a child's

answer

ability to understand the emotions of others

question

Tabitha is crying at the day care as her mother is leaving. Stephen goes up to his teacher and says, "Tabitha is sad because her mommy went to work." Stephen is displaying signs of

answer

empathy

question

Gail says to her son, "After all the cooking and cleaning I've done for you, you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you do not pick up your toys." This disciplinary technique is known as

answer

psychological control

question

Which type of aggression almost never involves physical violence?

answer

relational aggression

question

Physical punishment _____ the possibility of aggression and temporarily _____ obedience.

answer

increases; increases

question

Three-year-old Tim knocks Dan to the ground to snatch a toy from him. Tim is demonstrating

answer

instrumental aggression

question

Six-year-old Gemma gets angry at her classmate, Ava. She tells Ava that she is not going to be invited to anyone's birthday parties anymore. Gemma engaged in _____ aggression

answer

relational

question

MOST children become capable of deliberate prosocial or antisocial behavior by about ages

answer

4 or 5

question

Ellen and Andrew have just sent 4-year-old Simon to the corner to sit in a chair apart from his brothers because he was not listening to his parents. They will have him stay in the chair for 4 minutes. They are using the disciplinary technique called

answer

time-out

question

Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are considered their

answer

protective optimism

question

Research consensus on whether, when, and how to reward children for a certain behavior is that

answer

giving an unexpected reward after a behavior has been accomplished encourages that behavior

question

At night Brooks, age 4, is afraid of the sound of the train whistle and of going to bed without a light on. His excessive fears are likely the result of

answer

the developmental level of his prefrontal cortex

question

Rosa and Aisha are building a tower with blocks. They are working together to see how high they can stack the blocks, taking turns stacking. Which type of play are they most likely engaging in?

answer

cooperative play

question

What are the benefits of rough-and-tumble play?

answer

It stimulates development of the prefrontal cortex. It enhances emotional regulation. It allows children to practice social skills.

question

Which type of play allows children to take on a pretend identity or role, and act out chosen themes?

answer

sociodramatic play

question

Jose works hard to be respectful and fair toward his children. He tries to consistently enforce pre-set rules and strongly believes in natural and logical consequences for their behavior. His parenting style could be best described as

answer

authoritative parenting.

question

Researcher Diana Baumrind found that parents differ in four important dimensions of rearing children. Which of the following is one of those dimensions?

answer

expressions of warmth

question

A 4-year-old girl states, "When I grow up, I'm going to marry Daddy." According to Freud, this is the result of

answer

the Electra complex.

question

Gail says to her son, "After all the cooking and cleaning I've done for you and you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you don't pick up your toys." This discipline technique is

answer

psychological control.

question

Antisocial behavior involves

answer

actions that are deliberately harmful

question

In the Laible et al. study referred to in the text, it was found that securely attached children had _______ conflicts with their parents as insecurely attached children.

answer

as many

PSY 105: Infant & Early Child Development CH 8-10 (Miele) – Flashcards

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