question

Psychosurgery was quite popular until the mid- ____________________, when reports of "dehumanized zombies" eroded the support for such treatments.

answer

1950s

question

Marc is often consumed by the thought that he is unclean despite the fact that he has bathed. He also becomes extremely anxious when other people want to shake hands with him or touch him, because all he can think about is the germs that may get passed from them to him. Marc's continual fears are what psychologists label as a(n) ____________________ disorder.

answer

obsessive-compulsive

question

The key to understanding dysfunctional family dynamics is to study the unhealthy ____________________ patterns that occur within this group.

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communication

question

The ____________________ perspective on personality has the strongest scientific footing of the three major forces in the history of personality psychology.

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behavioral

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One concern with the use of structured personality tests, like the MMPI, is that certain questions do not appear to be relevant to the psychological dimensions they supposedly measure. A psychologist would say such questions have a low degree of ____________________.

answer

face validity

question

According to your authors, one possible explanation for the apparent exponential growth in the diagnosis of ____________________ is the change in diagnostic practices for the disorder in recent years.

answer

autism

question

The ____________________ is an approach to convincing someone to change his or her mind about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct.

answer

inoculation effec

question

____________________ is an evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different.

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Adaptive conservatism

question

In the 1960s and the 1970s, the advent of psychotropic medications allowed for many psychiatric patients to be released from hospitals in a public policy known as ____________________. Unfortunately, this led to a massive spike in the number of mentally ill homeless individuals.

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deinstitutionalization

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Unlike Freud, the Neo-Freudians focused more on the ____________________ aspects of a patient's functioning.

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conscious

question

The ____________________ is a persuasive technique that involves making an unreasonably large request before making the small request you are hoping to have granted.

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door-in-the-face technique

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___________________ therapy is often a preferred approach to psychotherapy over individual therapy because it is more efficient and less costly.

answer

Group

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____________________ is a trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviors reflect their true feelings and attitudes.

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Self-monitoring

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The mere presence of others can enhance our performance in a phenomenon known as ____________________.

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social facilitation

question

Tavaris feels that the legal system and his ex-wife are unfairly out to get him and are making him pay more child support than he should. One persistent belief he has is that the local district attorney, the sheriff's department, and his ex-wife have conspired to send the Gnarls Barkley song "Crazy" into his head. Tavaris clearly is suffering from ____________________.

answer

delusions

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The ____________________ defense implies that a person who committed a crime fails to understand what he or she did was wrong.

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insanity

question

According to your authors, criminal profiles seems to be examples of ____________________.

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the P. T. Barnum effect

question

According to ____________________ theory, we evaluate our beliefs, abilities, and reactions by comparing them to those of others.

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social comparison

question

The Freudian defense mechanism of ____________________ involves the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences.

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denial

question

The biased assumption that females were inferior to males was a major point of contention between Freud's ideas and those of the neo-Freudian theorist ____________________.

answer

Karen Horney

question

Early theories of schizophrenia mistakenly laid the blame for the condition on mothers, with so-called ____________________ mothers being the prime culprits.

answer

schizophrenogenic

question

A ____________________ personality is a condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk-taking.

answer

psychopathic

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Otis has difficulties in his classroom. He can't sit in his seat for more than a few minutes, he constantly talks without raising his hand, and he fidgets constantly even though his teacher asks him to sit still repeatedly. Otis might be diagnosed with ____________________.

answer

attention-deficit

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____________________ is helping others for unselfish reasons.

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Altruism

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A concern with one's self-image and achieving personal goals is most important for people in ____________________ cultures.

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individualistic

question

Systematic desensitization works on the principle of ____________________.

answer

reciprocal inhibition

question

Nokia, Billy, Jamal, and Samara are assigned a group project. Jamal ends up doing almost the entire project because the others did not contribute much to the project. This phenomenon is known as ____________________.

answer

social loafing

question

____________________ refers to the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on others' behavior.

answer

Fundamental attribution error

question

The personality approach offered by the ____________________ theorists focused on how we influence and are influenced by our differing social environments.

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social learning

question

Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz would argue that the entire concept of mental illness is a(n) ____________________.

answer

myth

question

According to Freud, the ____________________ is the part of one's personality that enables us to feel guilt and shame when we fail to live up to our internal standards of appropriate behavior.

answer

superego

question

The goal of ____________________ therapies is increased awareness about the underlying cause or causes of one's psychological disorder.

answer

insight

question

____________________ theory suggests that we don't really change our attitudes, but that we report that we have done so, so as to appear consistent.

answer

Impression management

question

The hallucinations that those with schizophrenia experience are most likely to be ____________________ in nature.

answer

auditory

question

____________________ therapy is often a preferred approach to psychotherapy over individual therapy because it is more efficient and less costly.

answer

Group

question

Keegan has entered into rehabilitation for both an alcohol abuse problem as well as an addiction to cocaine. His therapist recognizes that Keegan may not wish to change some of his long-standing behaviors that have precipitated his problems. Therefore, she spends the first two sessions working with Keegan to identify the reasons for changing and not changing his life. This form of person-centered therapy is known as ____________________.

answer

motivational interviewing

question

____________________ is a phenomenon where the more people present at an emergency, the less each person feels responsible for the negative consequences of not helping.

answer

Diffusion of responsibility

question

Despite warnings from NASA engineers that the shuttle might explode because rubber rings on the rocket booster could fail in freezing temperatures, project managers of the Challenger agreed to launch it after a series of bitterly cold days in January. This is an example of intelligent people making a catastrophic decision due to the phenomenon of ____________________.

answer

groupthink

question

People over the years have claimed to see flying saucers, particularly when others in their community have made similar claims. This is an example of ____________________.

answer

mass hysteria

question

Clyde is a 30-month-old toddler who is in the middle of potty training. According to Freud, Clyde is in the ____________________ stage of development.

answer

anal

question

A main focus of cognitive therapy is to identify, challenge, and change one's ____________________.

answer

negative self-statements

question

A persuasive technique involving asking for a small request before asking for a bigger one is called the ____________________.

answer

foot-in-the-door technique

question

The statistical tool of ____________________ is most important to the trait theory of personality.

answer

factor analysis

question

The major force in personality psychology that asserted that people were free to choose either adaptive or self-defeating patterns was called ____________________.

answer

humanism

question

____________________ theory suggests that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors.

answer

Self-perception

question

In contrast to Freud's theory, the neo-Freudians placed more importance on the role of ____________________ in achieving healthy personality development.

answer

social drives

question

People from southern regions of the United States are more likely than people from other regions of the country to adhere to a(n) ____________________, a social norm of defending one's reputation in the face of a perceived insult.

answer

culture of honor

question

The most radical and controversial of all of the biomedical treatments for psychological disorders is ____________________.

answer

psychosurgery

question

The extent to which a test contributes information beyond other more easily collected measures is called ____________________ validity.

answer

incremental

question

Scott feels that no matter what he does, he will always be unable to master his French vocabulary terms. He points to the fact that he has received a 5/10, 6/10, and 5/10 despite increasing the amount of time he studied each week. As a result, he has stopped going to class and studying. Scott is demonstrating a phenomenon known as ____________________.

answer

learned helplessness

question

When a mental disorder, such as schizophrenia, is uncommon in a population, it would satisfy the criterion of ____________________.

answer

statistical rarity

question

Defense mechanisms, according to Sigmund Freud, are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of ____________________ and are used in such a manner by the ____________________.

answer

anxiety ego

question

The role of environmental contingencies in producing different personality patterns was a key idea of the ____________________ view.

answer

behavioral

question

____________________ is the theorist who has had the widest sphere of influence in how people think about the topic of personality development.

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Suppose that Owen has recently attempted to take his own life, but did not complete the suicide. You would most probably predict that he will be ____________________ to make a future suicide attempt.

answer

more likely

question

When Clorinda was young, she heard the story that Walt Disney had been frozen and that when scientists find a cure for the disease he died from, they will bring him back to life. This is an example of a(n) ____________________.

answer

urban legend

question

____________________ is an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking.

answer

Groupthink

question

Felix has a strong feeling of grandiosity, experiences racing thoughts throughout the day, and is much more active and agitated than normal. Felix appears to be experiencing ____________________.

answer

a manic episode

question

____________________ are persons who lack formal professional training but provide mental health services.

answer

Paraprofessionals

question

Donnell tells his friend, Marques, that he has noticed that people with different body types fall into neat, discrete categories associated with very different patterns of personality traits. Marques, who is a psychology major, would be wise to warn Donnell of the ____________________ bias.

answer

confirmation

question

A common criticism of many psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives on personality development is that they are ____________________.

answer

unfalsifiable

question

Ethan and Eva are fraternal twins who were born about two months ago. According to Freud's theory of personality development, they will experience the Oedipus and Electra complex respectively during the ____________________ stage.

answer

phallic

question

Darnell is a psychotherapist who asks his clients to describe what is going on in ambiguous situations that are presented one at a time on different cards. His use of ____________________ is one method to attempt the assessment of an individual's personality.

answer

projective tests

question

____________________ is the name given to the use of medications to treat or control psychological problems.

answer

Psychopharmacotherapy

question

Alfred Adler was most interested in understanding how the ____________________ complex led to differences in psychological adjustment for psychologically healthy individuals versus those who developed a mental illness.

answer

inferiority

question

Ronnie, a mentally challenged 45-year-old male, lives in a group home. He receives play money for cleaning his bedroom and other chores that he can later "spend" on group activities around the city, new clothes, or candy. Ronnie's behavior is being directed by a(n) ____________________ economy.

answer

token

question

The ____________________ theory suggests that we humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections.

answer

need-to-belong

question

An examination of a single person's unique characteristics is at the heart of the ____________________ approach to studying personality.

answer

idiographic

question

Probably the most famous form of self-help group therapy is ____________________, which was first formed in 1935.

answer

Alcoholics Anonymous

question

Wallace is forced to confront his fear of germs by cleaning the private bathroom in his psychotherapist's office. Wallace's doctor is using ____________________ therapy to extinguish his fear.

answer

exposure

question

An approach to understanding how mental disorders occur as the result of a combination of genetic factors, psychological difficulties, and the culture in which one lives is known as the ____________________ approach.

answer

biopsychosocial

question

The ____________________ effect suggests that we're more positively disposed toward people, places, or things that resemble us.

answer

implicit egotism

question

A brain stimulation technique that has been found to produce fewer negative side-effects than electroconvulsive therapy is ____________________ magnetic stimulation, or TMS for short.

answer

transcranial

question

The highest percentage of clinical psychologists and psychiatrists would label their therapeutic orientation as ____________________.

answer

eclectic

question

According to cognitive theorists such as Aaron Beck, some people's depression is the result of negative ____________________ about the self or one's abilities.

answer

schemas

question

____________________ is the single most frequently diagnosed psychological disorder.

answer

Major depressive disorder

question

____________________ is the tendency of people to change their behavior as a consequence of group behavior.

answer

Conformity

question

Nicholas's therapist suggests that his inability to recall any specifics from the dozens of times he was sexually abused by his great-uncle results from a second personality that is protecting him. After being hypnotized, a personality called "Biff" emerges that Nicholas is unaware of. This finding is most consistent with the ____________________ explanation of dissociative identity disorder.

answer

sociocognitive

question

____________________ involves an intense fear of being embarrassed or humiliated in public.

answer

Social anxiety disorder

question

An ineffective therapy may appear to be helpful, even when it really is not, because the client believes that it will be effective. This is what psychologists refer to as the ____________________.

answer

placebo effect

question

Sometimes people recover from a serious illness such as depression without receiving or seeking out any help from a psychologist or clergy member. This is known as ____________________.

answer

spontaneous remission

question

____________________ is the tendency to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when people are stripped of their usual identities.

answer

Fundamental attribution error

question

Lyle Crane is a motivational speaker who gives seminars to parents of teenagers. During his talks, he mentions that, on the basis of questionnaires, the individuals on stage with him are anxious about their responsibilities as parents, have serious doubts about whether their discipline methods are effective in instilling desired values to their children, and worry about what the future holds in their relationship with their kids. Those on stage, and many in the audience, nod in agreement. Lyle tells them that with his Parenting Kit (which can be theirs today for a low price of $249) he can help them to become more effective parents. He is quickly inundated with cash, checks, and credit card information. Many of these parents are falling victim to the ____________________ effect.

answer

P. T. Barnum

question

The most nondirective form of psychotherapy is ____________________.

answer

person-centered therapy

question

Riddick constantly speaks in a manner that is hard to follow because he quickly skips from topic to topic, sometimes even within a single sentence. This is most clearly the schizophrenic symptom of ____________________.

answer

disorganized speech

question

Public health officials and researchers assert that the number of suicides reported each year is an ____________________.

answer

underestimate

question

A culture-bound syndrome that is seen in West Africa is ____________________, the symptoms of which include difficulties in concentrating, remembering, and thinking.

answer

Brain Fog

question

The conceptualization of psychological troubles as resulting from physical disorders is known as the ____________________ model.

answer

medical

question

Emilio had an important presentation at work that did not go well. As a result, he spent nearly two and a half hours getting scolded and reprimanded by his immediate boss and the company owner. After getting home, he yelled at his children to "Clean up this mess" after they left a couple of toys in the living room. Emilio has engaged the defense mechanism of ____________________ to attempt to relieve his stress and anxiety.

answer

displacement

question

According to ____________________ theory, we alter our attitudes because we experience an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts.

answer

cognitive dissonance

question

The out-group _________ bias refers to the tendency to view all individuals outside of one's group as being highly similar.

answer

homogeneity

question

When a person assigns causes to another individual's behavior and assumes that the behavior is due to that individual's personal characteristics, a(n) ________ is made.

answer

dispositional attribution

question

Which personality disorder gets its name from the concept that the individual with the diagnosis exists somewhere between the psychotic and the "neurotic" planes of functioning?

answer

Borderline personality disorder

question

Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and creative, and has been very irresponsible with money during this time. Kayla is in the midst of a(n)

answer

manic episode

question

Research finds that one home/family based contributor to schizophrenia may be the presence of higher levels of ________ in the home. After leaving the hospital, patients with this condition experience twice the relapse rate when relatives display high levels of this particular attribute.

answer

expressed emotion

question

Psychologist James Coyne has proposed that depression symptoms may be sustained by ________ problems; that is, people who are depressed seek excessive reassurance from others, and this causes them to dislike and reject the depressed individual. As a result the depression can linger or worsen.

answer

interpersonal

question

A frequently prescribed drug therapy for managing one's depression is

answer

Prozac.

question

In 1954, this drug ushered in the pharmacological revolution in the treatment of serious psychological disorders.

answer

Thorazine

question

Kevin is taking a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor for his depression. He has most likely been prescribed with which of the following medications?

answer

Parnate

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