Philosophical Underpinnings Essay Example

the function of ‘description ' in cosmopolitan, a priori footings, as superior to ‘explanation ' , by agencies of causes, intents, or evidences

Chiefly, phenomenologists believe that cognition and apprehension are embedded in our mundane universe. For me, Shaw ( 2002 ) crystalises the proposition of phenomenology when she ( 2002, p. 130 ) asks, “what happens when spontaneousness, capriciousness and our capacity to be surprised by ourselves are non explained away but kept at the very bosom of an history of the development of sense-of-self-in-the-world? ” In other words, phenomenology is the art of pull outing intending from the complex mesh of thoughts, feelings, readings, etc ; that make up our lived experience. Phenomenologists do non believe that cognition can be qualified or reduced to Numberss of statistics ( Byrne ( 2001 ) . This rejection of the empirical - as the ‘one true beginning ' of cognition, is a direct rebuttal of objectivism - the worldview turning from modern natural scientific discipline and engineering that has been distributing from Northern Europe since the Renaissance ( Center for Advanced Phenomenological Research,1997 ) ; which maintains that the information of ‘sense experience ' are the lone object and the supreme standard of human cognition ( Sauvage, 1911 ) .

“For objectivists, the disposition is towards ‘scientific ' methods…these methods ignore the fact that the societal universe is meaningful to those who live in it, and they ( the methods ) impose their ain, apparently arbitrary significances onto it” Crossley ( 1996, p.74-75 )

Nagel ( 1974 ) challenges the over-simplification or ‘reduction ' of the lived experience into convenient or recognizable bites, by reasoning that ‘consciousness ' itself

- that is to state, the subjective position of what it is like to hold a certain type of experience, for case, to experience love, or hurting ; or to cognize what it 's like to experience sure - is beyond the range of scientific theory,

“Every reductionist has his favorite analogy from modern scientific discipline. It is most improbable that any of these unrelated illustrations of successful decrease will cast visible radiation on the relation of head to encephalon. But philosophers portion the general human failing for accounts of what is inexplicable in footings suited for what is familiar and good understood, though wholly different, ” Nagel ( 1974, p. 435 )

Phenomenology so is aimed at groking the construction of assorted types of human experience, runing from thought, memory, imaginativeness, emotion, and desire ( Woodruff Smith, 2008 ) .

Inter-subjectivity

Harmonizing to phenomenologists ( Woodruff Smith, 2008 ) , the cardinal construction of an experience is its intentionality ; that is to state, “the feature of consciousness whereby it is witting of something - i.e. , its directedness toward an object” ( Encyclop?dia Britannica, 2009 ) . An experience is directed toward an object by virtuousness of its content or significance ( which represents the object ) together with appropriate enabling conditions. Where first-person significance is the object of the question, the classical phenomenological methodological analysis may ensue in an enriched subjective apprehension or consciousness of the lived experience. These are:

( 1 ) The single describes a type of experience, merely as he/she finds it in his/her ain ( past ) experience.

( 2 ) The single interprets a type of experience by associating it to relevant characteristics

in context

( 3 ) The single analyses the signifier of a type of experience

( Woodruff Smith, 2008 )

However, as Crossley ( 1996 ) points out, when the object of the question is shared cognition and/or apprehension, this type of brooding procedure is deficient, exactly because of the subjectiveness involved,

“The significance of certain actions is identified with the program of the histrion, which may good be unavailable to the other. Or instead, the act may hold different significances for the histrion and their other, respectively.” Crossley ( 1996, p.78 )

For a group to try to do sense of experience in this manner is kindred to the classical kids 's fabrication of the unsighted work forces and the elephant. In assorted versions of the narrative, a group of blind work forces touch an elephant to larn what it is like. Each one reaches out and finds a different portion of the elephant 's organic structure, such as the bole or one of the ivories. They so each effort to depict the elephant to their equals, based merely on what they felt. They rapidly learn that they are in complete dissension with one another. The narrative illustrates that world, viewed from different angles or positions ; may demo up in really different - even contradictory - signifiers. As Argyris, et Al. ( 1985 ) point out, when multiple persons commence a portion enquiry, from a subjective, instead than an inter-subjective starting-point ; the ensuing treatment tends to devolve into a competition of volitions,

“The cogency of asking in action is threatened by a assortment of defensive modus operandis, including self-censorship and face-saving. Our research indicates that human existences, when

covering with baleful issues, typically move in ways that inhibit the coevals of valid information and that create self-sealing forms of intensifying error” Argyris, et Al. ( 1985, p.61 )

This phenomena is partially related to the manner the human encephalon is hardwired to handle incoming informations,

“…whenever we look at the universe we are merely excessively ready to see the universe in footings of our bing patterns… This is what makes perceptual experience so powerful and so utile. We are seldom at a loss. We can recognize most state of affairss. This is besides why the analysis of information will non give new thoughts. The encephalon can merely see what it is prepared to see ( bing forms ) ” De Bono ( 1995, p.11 )

Senge, et Al. ( 1994 ) province that these spontaneous beliefs about our universe, or instead our experiences, go mostly unseasoned. Argyris ' ( 1990 ) ‘Ladder of Inference ' ( see fig? ) depicts the fact that, non merely do we self-generate beliefs about our environment based on merely partial grounds ; but that we continuously strive to continue these beliefs by deselecting contrary information ( see ‘the automatic cringle ' ) .

The ‘ladder of illation ' is helpful to a point, in that it illustrates the fact that, even our most obstinate beliefs, may be based upon a partial representation of the ‘reality. It may hence be helpful to utilize this theoretical account, or the implicit in rule, with an person or a group, in order to promote a spirit of low enquiry. However, the ladder omits the fact that we may besides follow beliefs based on second-hand information

- possibly owing to a peculiarly persuasive portraiture by person of a peculiar incident ; or because a group has developed a high degree of coherence. Janis ( 1972 ) referred to this dynamic as Groupthink,

“ ... a manner of believing that people engage in when they are profoundly involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members ' nisuss for unanimity override their motive to realistically measure alternate classs of action” . Janis, I.L. ( 1972, p.9 )

Janis observed that, in such instances, group members can be influenced to run contrary to their better judgement - even when the group 's determination or behavior is in resistance to personally keep beliefs and values. I would reason against any impression that Groupthink is kindred to ‘trust ' within squads. In fact, in some instances, Groupthink may be the consequence of a deficiency of trust - a fright of penalty or rejection. However, the superficial feeling may hold more than a passing resemblance to ‘trust ' . In such cases, group coherence and connectivity, can be damaging to the overall ability of a squad to accomplish its purposes,

“ ... the ability of the group to remain connected and informed about each other 's work would be expected to hold a positive impact on the group 's degree of coherence, efficaciousness, and authority. Yet, remaining connected may besides hold a negative impact to the extent that information is quickly transmitted about all of the job countries in a group” Aviolo, B. Et Al ( 2000, p.660 )

Critically, where a squad or group is exhibiting Groupthink, or else, conveying negative beliefs between co-workers ; there is an evident deficiency

of personal answerability for accomplishment of the shared-goal. Trust nevertheless, consequences in inter-personal openness,

“In all instances, trust was really closely tied to perceptual experiences of organisational openness” Thomas, et Al ( 2009, p.306 )

In my ain experience, a spirit of inter-team trust and openness, outputs constructive challenge, divergent thought and co-creation. This is critical if squads are to free themselves of out-dated or erroneous premises and beliefs,

“All excessively frequently we are inclined to recapitulate prevailing believing instead than to seek for new waies or redefine our normally held positions and knowledge” Tillema, H. ( 2006, p.173 )

The undermentioned infusion from Senge et Al 's ( 1994, ) The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, provides a helpful illustration of how subjective readings, coupled with a deficiency of openess, can ensue in cross-purposes and misinterpretations,

“I am standing before the executive squad, doing a presentation. They all seem engaged and watchful, except for Larry, at the terminal of the tabular array, who seems bored out of his head. He turns his dark, dark eyes off from me and puts his manus to his oral cavity. He does n't inquire any inquiries until I 'm about done, when he breaks in: `` I think we should inquire for a full study. '' In this civilization, that typically means, `` Let 's travel on. '' Everyone starts to scuffle their documents and set their notes off. Larry evidently thinks that I 'm unqualified -- which is a shame, because these thoughts are precisely what his section demands. Now that I think of it, he 's ne'er liked my thoughts. Clearly, Larry is a power-hungry dork. By the clip I 've returned to

my place, I 've made a determination: I 'm non traveling to include anything in my study that Larry can utilize. He would n't read it, or, worse still, he 'd merely utilize it against me. It 's excessively bad I have an enemy who 's so outstanding in the company.” Senge ( 1994, p p.243 )

It is comparatively easy for a dispassionate reader to descry the headlong premises being formulated in this infusion. This nevertheless, does non change the fact that, given the right ( or incorrectly ) set of fortunes, where our battle or flight mechanism has been engaged, we may all be prone to this procedure of thought and judgment.

In order to bring forth shared cognition, understanding or significance ; we need inter-subjectivity - the sharing of subjective provinces by multiple persons ( Scheff, et al. , 2006 ) .

“Knowledge productiveness requires that inexplicit beliefs and constructs be challenged and unfastened to external argument in order to go relevant for professional action. This occurs merely when they can be communicated and shared with others.”

However, this is non simply a instance of multiple subscribers supplying a description of an event as they experienced it, whilst other 's listen - although this is surely portion of it. Rather, as Bohm ( 1996 ) suggests, this is a procedure of collaborative creative activity,

“…in a duologue, each individual does non try to do common certain thoughts or points of information that are already known to him. Rather, it may be said that the two people are doing something in common, i.e. making something new together” Bohm ( 1996, p.3 )

This of class is no easy thing

- surely where clip is scarce, or where a group is unfamiliar with one another and trust has non yet formed. Harmonizing to Senge, et Al. ( 1994, p.242 ) , our basic paradigm can be characterised therefore:

* Our beliefs are the truth

* The truth is obvious

* Our beliefs are based on existent informations

* The information we select are the existent informations

In order to open heads - and chiefly our ain head - sufficient to impact a displacement or transmutation in place or belief requires a peculiar mentality. The methodological analysis used to bring forth, or create, shared cognition and significance therefore, must give attending to set uping conditions wherein participants are able to come in and lend as sincere scholars,

`` To a visitant who described
himself as a searcher after
Truth the Master said, `` If
what you seek is Truth,
there is one thing you must
hold above all else. ''

`` I know. An overpowering
passion for it. ''

`` No. An ceaseless preparedness
to acknowledge you may be incorrect. ''

De Mello ( 1989, p.78 )

Collaborative Enquiry

Collaborative enquiry involves sharing thoughts and single strengths by heightening synergistic inquiring, probe, and larning. In collaborative acquisition communities professionals discuss, survey, and concept conceptual rules and thoughts. They generate and enact new schemes for their work environment, and above all portion penetrations about what they learn ( Tillema, 2005 ) ,

“Collaborative enquiry, or co-inquiry, is the ability to dialogue within and across community boundaries. It involves rhythms of action and contemplation, and therefore promotes larning. Co-inquiry invites loyal incredulity, disputing inquiries, and a plurality of perspectives.” Palus and Horth ( 2005, p.5 )

These thoughts conform with Lave and Wenger 's ( day of the

month ) Communities of pattern.

“ ... groups of people who portion a concern, a set of jobs, or a passion about a subject, and who deepen their cognition and expertness in this country by interacting on an on-going basis.” Wenger, McDermott & A ; Snyder ( 2002, p.4 )

These communities excessively require a focal point on shared involvements, joint activities, and a shared repertory of resources ( i.e. experiences, narratives, tools, solutions, etc ) , to border cognition in a signifier of collaborative enquiry. Knowledge about a system is developed through ‘collegial interaction ' , non merely from reading about documented procedures or policies. Knowledge is a unstable mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert penetration and grounded intuition ( Davenport and Prusak, 1998 ) . The exciting thing about this type of acquisition is that it is situated in the ‘practice ' , therefore the benefits of new cognition and significance are instantly realised,

“Knowledge is created, shared, organized, revised, and passed on within and among these communities. In a deep sense, it is by these communities that cognition is ‘owned ' in practice” . Wenger, E ( 1998, p? )

Furthermore, because these communities function as an informal web of people, drawn together by dint of shared involvements and concerns - instead than holding been assembled by top-down directive ; any enquiry that takes topographic point is focused upon where there is a shared involvement, or energy. In this sense, the enquiry is generated from within the community. This, I think, has of import branchings for the genuineness of the acquisition that consequences.

Storberg-Walker ( 2008 ) has rejected impressions that Communities of Practice can

be universally applied and, farther, claims that, although Communities of Practice theory offers valuable penetrations into acquisition, significance, individuality, and pattern ; the theory itself does non defy serious examination. Additionally, Cox ( 2005 ) inquiries the pertinence of the construct of informal larning communities, to the to a great extent individualized and tightly managed work of the 21st century. In a more recent work, Wenger, with McDermott and Snyder ( 2002 ) , recommends that directors foster informal horizontal groups across organizational boundaries. However, whilst this suggestion possibly represents a potentially utile cognition direction tactic ; there is a delicate line that exists between ‘fostering ' these communities and a conspicuous effort to ‘manage ' or ‘controls ' them. When we introduce ‘management ' to Communities of Practice, we introduce formal steps, constructions, functions and incentives. In this sense, we lose or diminish ‘citizenship ' ; the really kernel and power of Communities of Practice, as originally defined by Wenger ( 1998 ) .

When organizational conditions permit it, Communities of Practice contribute to the development of societal capital. This is an administration 's wealth that exists because of single relationships and connexions ( Lesser, 2000 ) ; a stock of trust, personal webs and a sense of community ( Cohen & A ; Prusak, 2001 ) . Wenger ( 1998 ) believed that Communities of Practice evolve ( see fig. ? ) - that the nature of the interactions would alter over clip and through experience ; every bit would the strength and value of the connexions.

Active

Members engage in developing a pattern

Blending

Members come together and recognize their possible

Dispersed

Members no longer prosecute really intensely, but

the community is still alive as a force and a Centre of cognition

Potential

Peoples face similar state of affairss without the benefit of a shared pattern

Memorable

The community is no longer cardinal, but people still retrieve it as a important portion of their individualities

Typical Activities

Prosecuting in joint activities, making artefacts, accommodating to altering fortunes, regenerating involvement, committedness, and relationships

Researching connection, specifying joint endeavor, negociating community

Staying in touch, pass oning, keeping reunions, naming for advice

Finding each other, detecting commonalties

Stating narratives, continuing artifacts, roll uping memorabilia

This is a utile model with which to see the beginning of a collaborative enquiry. When viewed in this context, the enquiry is less about an stray research inquiry, and more about the beginning of an on-going cross-functional duologue. As I consider this in relation to the footings of my research methodological analysis, my purpose becomes clearer. Again, I am no longer seeking to reply a peculiar inquiry - at least non in isolation ; I am seeking to ease the first three phases of development of Community of Practice - viz. : ( I ) Potential, ( two ) Coalescing, and ( three ) Active.

Open Space Technology ( uncomplete )

“Fostering co-inquiry within your organisation means puting up an environment that feeds originative exchange and collaborative learning.” Palus & A ; Horth ( 2005, p.5 )

“Hailed for its arrant simpleness -- and it 's power, Open Space starts with open-minded leading, an issue that truly affairs, and an invitation to co-create something new and astonishing. What happens in the meetings is high acquisition, high drama and high productiveness, but is ne'er pre-determined. And what emerges, over clip, is a genuinely inviting administration, that will

boom in times of twirling change” , Herman ( 1998 )

My Methodology ( uncomplete )

This subdivision contains an history of the method that I followed in order to carry on my research.

“In the concluding analysis, the right manner to make Open Space will be what works for you. Experience has shown that any single with a good caput and a good bosom can accomplish satisfactory consequences. Owen ( 1997, p. 20 )

Phase 1: Invitation

Owen ( 1997 ) states that merely the people who ‘care ' about the issues that you 're trusting to research should go to an Open Space event,

“If we merely did what we cared to make, non much would acquire done. Or would it? Is n't it true that occupations done by people who do n't care are non worth a whole batch? Is it non besides true that that people who care greatly accomplish unbelievable things” Owen ( 1997, p.20 )

Whilst I think there is a hazard to accepting this statement randomly - Peoples who ‘care greatly ' sometimes accomplish really small excessively ; I was dying to besides show my ain openness and trust ( both in the procedure and the people ) by appealing to concerned voluntaries. In making so, I thought about a figure of persons who, I believed, should be involved, but that likely would non volunteer themselves. But I was struck by the undermentioned injunction,

“ ... Open Space can merely neglect for two grounds: if people show up with no passion and/ or if person tries to command the procedure in order to accomplish some kind of pre-determined result ( s ) .” Herman ( 1998

)

In add-on, Shaw ( 2002 ) states that moving without a clear result in head is non the same as moving indiscriminately without purpose. This point helps to specify the ‘open ' in Open Space. Open Space is about detecting, or opening to our consciousness, possibilities. This thought runs contrary to conventional wisdom about working efficaciously. Covey ( 1998 ) , for case, made himself and his publishing houses highly affluent by reding us all to “begin with the terminal in mind” Covey ( 1998, p.95 ) . However, the more that we focus on the terminal consequence, and the more item that we add to our sense of a coveted result ; the fewer options that remain available to us. For this ground, Open Space Technology ‘begins with a inquiry in head ' .

My invitation hence included a basic description of the issue that I wanted to ask for people to research and a few high-ranking inquiries to give the event farther definition. My method of advertisement this event utilised two channels:

( 1 ) Posters inside and outside the conference suites at the two caput office sites.

( 2 ) A ‘bulletin ' on the administration 's intranet home page with a nexus to the invitation on the administration 's Learning Management System.

The invitation was unfastened to all staff, irrespective of hierarchy and was worded as an chance to lend to the creative activity of practical solutions ( see below ) :

Beloved Colleagues,

You 're invited to take portion in an enquiry into Trust and Openness in our squads here at YBS.

We all use a assortment of engineerings to ‘stay in touch ' with one another,

e.g. Email, nomadic phone, voice mail, text messaging, instant messaging, Sharepoint - besides, societal networking sites like Facebook and Linkedin, etc.

These tools make it possible for us to pass on with people who may be working on multiple undertakings and undertakings, across a figure of different offices and edifices - even the low post-it note is a signifier of engineering that helps us to pull off our communicating with people who are non physically proximate.

However, I 'm interested in the impact that these engineerings - or instead, the working patterns that have evolved alongside them - have on the sum of trust and openness we have within our squads? Are we excessively reliant upon these engineerings? Do we really communicate less because of them? Are we ever selective in our methods of communicating - or do we follow wont?

The event will take the signifier of a figure of little treatment groups, the specific docket for which will be set by participants at the start of the twenty-four hours - each treatment group will be focused upon accomplishing fresh apprehension and practical results, both for the administration and the person. If you 'd wish to be a portion of this, delight demo up quickly at:

09:30 to 16:30

on Monday the 16th November

in Conference Rooms 3 & A ; 4 ( Yorkshire Drive )

If you are unable to perpetrate to the full twenty-four hours, but would still wish to play some portion in this enquiry, you 're welcome to come along for the gap of the event and contribute for every bit long as you 're able.

Alternatively, if you are unable to go to, but would wish a

member of your squad to be portion of it, experience free to go through on this invitation. The lone status here is that people attend because they want to. The effectivity of this kind of event flexible joints upon there being a group of people who have chosen to be at that place.

If you have any farther inquiries about this event, delight acquire in contact with me.

Phase 2: Climate

“ ... making cognition productiveness in professional acquisition is to a big extent dependant on the agreement of larning environments that stimulate professionals to develop, exchange and pass on their knowledge” . Tillema, H. ( 2006, p.174 )

“Knowledge productiveness requires that inexplicit beliefs and constructs be challenged and unfastened to external argument in order to go relevant for professional action. This occurs merely when they can be communicated and shared with others.” Tillema ( 2005 )

Phase 3: Set-up

Phase 4: Facilitation and Data Gathering/ Capturing

Phase 5: Shutting

Phase 6: Datas Analaysis

`` Mauthner and Doucet ( 1998 cited in Elliot 2007 ) point to the fact that there is non about every bit much written on how to analyze qualitative informations as there is on how to roll up it. They argue that:

“ ... it is of import for research workers to go more methodologically explicit
about the ‘nitty-gritty ' of the analytic process” ( ibid. p.158 )

They suggest multiple readings of the transcripts be done to cover secret plan, the narrator, relationships and the broader societal context. What is besides of great importance is that the reader reads, with their ain response in head, in this instance significance I read and note and broaden my consciousness of my response to

the texts. Four inquiries that must be answered are:

1. What do we detect?
2. Why do we detect what we notice?
3. How can we construe what we notice?
4. How can we cognize that our reading is the right 1? ''

Review of the Research Methodology

As I reflect upon the methodological analysis that I employed in order to reply my research inquiry, I have identified a figure of issues that, I think, may hold affected the quality and trustiness of the overall research findings. Some of these were indoors of my control and some were as a consequence of issues that, at the clip, I could hold had small foresight of.

* I had intended to publish an unfastened invite to the Open Space event so as to guarantee that merely concerned voluntaries were in attending. However, upon contemplation, I see that - either consciously or unconsciously - I found myself speaking to people whom I know to be supportive of me and my work, about this event. If I 'm honorable, I think that I did this out of concern for myself, instead than for the good of the research. As it turned out, a high per centum of these people did ‘volunteer ' their clip to lend to this event. And whilst I 'm comforted that non everybody that I spoke to came to the event, it is impossible to cognize, of those that did demo up, which were truly interested in the issue at manus?

* The subject of trust and openness coincided, albeit unwittingly, with a major organizational undertaking. At that point, merely certain employees were privy to the inside informations of the undertaking and they

had each signed a confidentiality understanding. Despite the best attempts to maintain the undertaking secret nevertheless, guess was rife throughout the administration - mostly due to the figure of senior staff who had been rendered unavailable for business-as-usual activity. Present at the Open Space event were both staff who had signed the understanding and staff who had non. Throughout the event there was a tangible sense of there being two cantonments - albeit the ‘those in the know ' cantonment was significantly the smaller of the two. When people were depicting trust and openness, I believe that, in some cases, this issue took case in point over the issue that I had planned to research. In the involvements of unity with regard to Open Space nevertheless, I chose non to step in or try to engineer treatment to the subject at manus. If anything, I believe that this revealed a new dimension of ‘remoteness ' to rank alongside clip, infinite and administration. This point will be farther reviewed in the ‘discussion of research findings ' subdivision ( to follow ) .

* As I review the invitation that I created for the Open Space event, I can see an obvious prejudice that I ought to hold surfaced and declared from the beginning. My hypothesis from the beginning of this enquiry has been that ; for all of the benefits and convenience that we derive from distant communicating engineerings, we pay a monetary value in footings of a decrease in trust and openness within our squads. I think that I could hold made this more expressed in the invitation. Although, I was painstaking in explicating this during

the debut of the existent event.

* Although the invitation to take part in the Open Space event was unfastened to all staff, really few non-management staff attended. This raises inquiries about ( a ) the fullness of the research findings, ( B ) the extent to which non-management staff feel empowered to lend in such an event, and ( degree Celsius ) the extent to which non-management staff trust the administration plenty to experience safe plenty to self-disclose on such a platform.

* The Open Space event took topographic point at one of the caput office edifices. This automatically excluded the bulk of the administration 's branch staff. Again, this raises inquiries about the fullness of the research findings. This is a peculiar sarcasm because branch staff are entirely reliant upon distant communicating engineerings for developing and keeping relationships with co-workers in Head Office and throughout the subdivision web. This besides presents an chance nevertheless for a future research - ‘an enquiry into the consequence of distant communicating engineerings on distant workers ' , conducted through the medium of distant communicating engineerings - e.g. webinar.

Research Findings ( uncomplete )

Session 1/ Group 1

Discussion Topic/ Question

“I think we all in secret like working in silo from each other - do you hold or differ - and if so, Why? ”

Summary of Content

* Yes - working in silo gives you a sense of freedom

* Yes - working in silo agencies that you can do determinations more rapidly ( sometimes it 's better to make something and so inform people that you 've done it )

* Yes - to support against other squads who are in unfastened competition with us

*

Yes - My aims are all single, I do n't hold clip to be ‘teamy ' and accomplish my aims.

* Yes - It 's simpler

* Yes - You non exposed that manner

* Yes - otherwise you end up with determinations by commission

* Yes - Best manner to acquire acknowledgment for the good work you 've done

* No - It 's better to portion thoughts and learn from other people/ squads

* No - The Leadership Competencies* stipulate that you should work as a squad and cross-functionally

* No - It leads to over-lap and under-lap

* No - one of the Society 's values is ‘working together '

* No - The work that 's being done on ‘cost and efficiency ' is all about bettering the efficiency of the full system, non single parts.

Conclusions/ Decisions

* Whilst there are valid grounds for why non working in silo, the bulk of us agreed that we prefer to.

* Experience shows that working in silo gives you greater control and means that you 're more likely to acquire the occupation done

* Even though working in silo can be more dearly-won, the cost of non accomplishing your aims could be greater!

* We need to happen a manner to acquire the benefits of working in silo and working together**

Mentions

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Aviolo, B. Et Al ( 2000 ) E-Leadership: Deductions for Theory, Research and Practice, Leadership Quarterly, 11, p. 615 - 669

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Center

for Advanced Phenomenological Research ( 1997 ) , What is Phenomenology? Available Online at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.phenomenologycenter.org [ Accessed on 19th November 2009 ]

Cohen, D. & A ; Prusak, L. ( 2001 ) , In Good Company: How societal capital makes administrations work, Harvard Business School Press, Boston

Cox, A. ( 2005 ) What are communities of pattern? A comparative reappraisal of four seminal plants, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 527-540

Davenport, T. and Prusak, L. ( 1998 ) Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

De Bono, E, ( 1995 ) Serious Creativity, Harper Collins Business: London

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Janis, I. L. ( 1972 ) , Victims of Groupthink, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company

Lesser, E. ( ed. ) , ( 2000 ) , Knowledge and Social Capital, Foundations and Applications, Butterworth Heinemann: Boston

Owen, H. ( 1997 ) Open Space Technology: A Users Guide ( 2nd Edition ) , Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc: San Francisco, CA

Nagel, T. ( 1974 ) What is it like to be a chiropteran? Philosophical Review, LXXXIII, 4 ( October ) , pp.435-50.

Palus, C.and Horth, D. ( 2005 ) Leading Creatively: The art of doing sense, Ivey Business Journal September/October 2005

Sauvage, G. ( 1911 ) , The Catholic Encyclopaedia, New York: Robert Appleton Company, Available Online at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.newadvent.org/cathen/12312c.htm [ Accessed on 19th November

2009 ]

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