Test Answers on Organic Chemistry – Flashcards
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| Lactate dehydrogenase |
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| Catalysis Oxidized lactic acid |
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| Cyctochrome c |
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| Catalysis transfers electrons |
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| DNA polymerase |
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| Catalysis replicates and repairs DNA |
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| lysozyme |
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| Catalysis destroy bacteria's cell wall |
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| Ovalbumin |
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| Storage egg white protein |
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| casein |
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| Storage milk protein |
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| Ferritin |
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| Storage Stores iron in the spleen |
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| myoglobin |
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| Storage stores O2 in heart muscle |
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| immuglobulins |
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| Protection antibodies quaternary structure |
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| fibrinogen |
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| Protection involved in blood clotting |
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| thrombin |
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| Protection involved in blood clotting |
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| insulin |
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| Regulation regulates glucose metabolism |
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| growth hormone |
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| Regulation stimulates growth of bone |
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| vasopressin |
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| Regulation increase water retention of the kidney |
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| oxytocin |
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| Regulation lactation, induction of labor |
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| acetylcholine receptor protein |
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| Nerve impulse transmission synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA |
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| rhodopsin |
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| involved in vision |
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| hemoglobin |
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| transport transport O2 in blood quaternary structure |
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| serum albumin |
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| transport transport fatty acids |
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| serum globulins |
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| transport transport lipids (HDL, LDL) |
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| myosin |
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| motion thick filaments in muscle fiber |
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| actin |
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| motion thin filaments in muscle fibers |
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| glycoproteins |
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| Structural cell membranes and walls |
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| keratins |
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| Structural skin, hair, nails, hoofs |
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| fibroin |
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| Structural silk |
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| collagen |
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| Structural Fibrous connective tissue (tendons, teeth, bones) quaternary structure |
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| elastin |
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| Structural elastic connective tissue (ligaments, artery walls) |
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| Saponifiable - simple |
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| fats, waxes, oils |
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| Saponifiable - complex |
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| Phospholipids, Glycolipids |
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| Non-Saponifiable |
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| steriods, fatty acids, prostaglandins |
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| Phospholipids divide into |
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| Phosphatides, Sphingolipids |
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| Carbohydrates metabolize into |
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| Acetyl CoA |
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| Acetyl CoA become either |
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| Fatty acids (Metabolism) Cholesterol (through liver) |
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| Cholesterol comes from |
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| some foods (eggs, butter, cheese) Acetyl CoA |
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| Cholesterol becomes (5) |
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| Bile salts Vitamin D Steroid hormones Cell membranes Nerve and brain tissue |
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| excess Cholesterol |
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| to gallbladder eliminated on bile or gallstones |
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| Oxidoreductases |
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| Oxidases Reductases Dehydrogenases |
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| Transferases |
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| Transaminases Kinases |
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| Hydrolases |
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| Peptidases Lipases Amylases |
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| Lyases |
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| Decarboxylases Dehydrases Deaminases |
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| Isomerases |
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| Isomerases Epimerases Mutases |
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| Ligases |
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| Synthetases Carboxylases |
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| Irreversible |
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| attaches to the enzyme permenently but does not form its our reaction |
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| Non-competitive |
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| does not attach itself to the active site , but somewhere else so it changes the structure of the enzyme |
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| Competitive |
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| non-reactive molecule that takes the place of the usual substrate on the active site. Can break up. |
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| Antagonists |
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| inhibits the normal physiological function of a receptor |
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| inhibitor |
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| effector that decreases or prevents a chemical reaction |
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| Agonist |
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| binds to a receptor and triggers a responce by the cell. |
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| Cofactors |
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| non-protein compound that is bound to a protein and is required for protein activity |
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| Substrate |
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| Acetylcholinesterase |
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| Enzyme converts Acetylcholine into inactive choline and acetate |
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| egg albumin |
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| egg white protein |
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| aldosterone |
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| steroid hormone produced by outer sections of adrenal cortex |
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| apoenzyme |
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| enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound |
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| Catalytic site |
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| active site portion of the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo reaction |
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| cholesterol |
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| A diet high in carbohydrates will lead to acetyl CoA formation, and that can increase cholesterol synthesis Butter and eggs have a high level of cholesterol can move right through cell membrane w/o a protein channel |
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| cortisone |
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| steriod hormone released by adreanal gland suppresses the immune system |
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| cortisol |
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| steriod hormone produced by adreanal gland increase blood sugar, suppress immune system, aid in metabolism |
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| holoenzyme |
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| an apoenzyme with its cofactor |
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| lactic acid |
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| milk acid carboxylic acid can become lactate ion sours milk |
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| Lactose |
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| disaccharide sugar galactose and glucose |
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| lecithin |
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| phospholipids in animal and plant tissue |
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| milk |
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| lactose lactic acid |
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| myelin |
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| myelin sheath on neurons lipids |
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| niacin |
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| vitamin B3 nicotinic acid dificiency causes pellagra increases levels of HDL |
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| Pantothanic acid |
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| vitamin B5 water-soluble vitamin essential nutrient to synthesize coenzyme-A |
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| peptide bond |
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| covalent chemical bond carboxyl group reacts with amino group to release water |
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| phospholipase |
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| enzyme hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids |
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| Proenzymes |
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| inactive enzyme precursor |
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| prostaglandins |
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| synthesized in the cell only when it is needed made from fatty acid found in cell membranes very potent in small quantities they act like hormones |
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| Riboflavin |
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| vitamin B2 micronutrients component of cofactors FAD and FMN role in energy metabolism and metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates, and proteins |
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| thiamine |
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| vitamin B1 water-soluble vitamin |
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| Vitamin A |
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| Lipid-soluble |
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| Vitamin C |
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| Vitamin D |
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| Lipid-soluble |
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| Vitamin E |
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| Lipid-soluble |
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| Vitamin K |
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| Lipid-soluble |
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| Whey |
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| milk serum liquid from curdled and strained milk Whey protein (globular protein) |
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| Zymogens |
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| inactive enzyme precursor |
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| Saturated fats melting point |
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| High |
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| unsaturated fats melting point |
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| Low |
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| Unsaturated physical state at room temp |
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| liquid |
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| saturated physical state at room temp |
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| solid |
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| esterification |
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| fatty acids react with alcohols to form esters and water |
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| acid hydrolysis |
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| produce fatty acids from esters |
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| cell membranes |
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| bilayer with the hydrophilic end on the outside contains protein channels to allow small polar molecules and ions to move through polypeptides cannot pass through |
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| allosteric enzymes |
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| quaternary structure |
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| ___ levels of LDL are associated with cardiovascular diease |
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| High |
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| exercise helps ____ the LDL valuses |
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| Lower |
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| a healthy adult should have a ___ LDL value |
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| Low |
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| Butter and eggs have a ___ level of cholesterol |
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| High |
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| A diet high in carbohydrates will lead to ___, and that can increase cholesterol synthesis |
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| Acetly CoA formation |
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| Which type of bond connecting amino acids is found in the tertiary structure of proteins |
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| salt bridges disulfide bonds hydrogen bonding of side chains |
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| Polar (neutral) amino acids can bond with what groups? |
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| Polar neutral, acidic, and basic |
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| Steroid hormones |
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| can move right through cell membrane w/o a protein channel |
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| CO2 |
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| can move right through cell membrane w/o a protein channel |
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| Once one molecule of O2 is bound to the heme of hemoglobin, hemoglobin’s ability to bind more oxygen is enhanced. |
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| true |
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Enzymes usually react only with one compound in a pair of enantiomeric drugs. |
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| true |
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| The higher the turnover rate, the more efficient the enzyme. |
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| true |
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| A cofactor can be either an organic molecule or an inorganic metal, which is necessary for biological activity of an enzyme. |
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| true |
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| Proteins in solution are actually colloids not really solutions. |
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| true |
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| Sphingolipids contain a sphingosine backbone instead of glycerol. |
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| true |
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| Iodine test is the same as the iodine number |
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| false |
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| Cortisol regulates the conversion of amino acids into carbohydrates |
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| true |
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| Dilated blood vessels are less permeable |
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| false dilated blood vessels are permeable |
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| Globular proteins are much more easily denatured than tough fibrous proteins. |
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| true |
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| Salt bridges are the strongest interaction in the tertiary structure of proteins. |
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| False disulfide |
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| Alcohol is a diuretic because it inhibits the secretion of vasopressin, (vasopressin increases water retention of the kidney) |
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| true |
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| A very high pH will permanently denature enzymes but a very low pH will not. |
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| False both will |
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| Aldosterone and vasopressin have similar effects on water retention in the kidneys. |
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| true |
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| The diseases Gaucher’s, Niemann-Pick and Tay-Sachs all involve the lack of enzymes needed to control lipid degradation. |
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| true |
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| Lipids that are saponifiable all have an ester linkage. |
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| true |
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| Hydrophilic interaction is the weakest interaction in the tertiary structure of proteins. |
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| false hydrophobic |
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| The redness associated with inflammation is due to the dilated blood vessels, which bring more blood into the area. |
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| true |
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| High temperatures will permanently denature enzymes but low temperatures will not. |
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| true |
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| Women tend to have a lower LDL value than men. |
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| true |
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| Naturally occurring carbohydrates are usually “D”, while amino acids are usually “L” |
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| true |
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| Acid solutions will turn red litmus paper blue |
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| false base solutions |
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| Anti-coagulant which is always found in the blood in small quantities |
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| heparin |
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| Prescription drug given to patients after heart attacks as a blood thinner |
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| coumadin |
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| Precipitates calcium ions, thus preventing blood clotting |
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| oxalate |
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| Found in Spinach and Broccolli |
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| Vitamin K |
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| Analgesic which is not an anti-coagulant |
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| acetaminophen |
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| What compound causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin? |
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| thrombin |
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| Which is the actual blood clot? |
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| fibrin |
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| Which destroys the blood clot after it is no longer needed? |
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| plasmin |
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| Which is found in blood plasma but not blood serum? |
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| fibrinogen |
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| Calcium ions are needed for the conversion of what compound to what compound? |
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| prothrombin to thrombin |
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| Classify: Elastin |
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| fibrous proteins |
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| Classify: cortisol |
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| non-saponifiable lipids |
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| Classify: cellulose |
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| carbohydrate |
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| Classify: aldosterone |
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| non-saponifiable lipids |
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| Classify: Enzymes |
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| globular proteins |
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| Classify: Phospholipids |
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| saponifiable lipids |
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| Classify: hemoglobins |
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| globular proteins |
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| Classify: prostaglandin |
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| non-saponifiable lipids |
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| Classify: collagen |
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| fibrous proteins |
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| Classify:serotonin |
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| other |
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| Components of lecithin |
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| glycerol Fatty acids phosphate and amine alcohol |
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| Components of pepsinogen |
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| amino acids |
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| Components of glycogen |
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| glucose |
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| Components of maltose |
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| glucose |
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| Components of maltase |
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| amino acids |
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| Components of Beeswax |
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| Fatty acids |
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| Components of estrogen |
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| steroid structure |
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| Components of arachidonic acid |
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| Fatty acids |
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| Components of Vasopressin |
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| amino acids |
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| Components of cornflower oil |
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| glycerol Fatty acids |
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| Components of triglycerides |
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| glycerol Fatty acids |
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| Components of polysaccharide |
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| glucose |
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| It is one of the most abundant proteins in humans |
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| Collagen |
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| Compound in egg yolks |
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| lecithin |
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| Compound in egg whites |
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| ovalbumin |
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| Protein in milk |
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| casein |
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| Carbohydrate in milk |
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| lactose |
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| Protein found in connective tissue |
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| collagen |
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| protein in nails, hair, hoofs |
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| keratins |
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| blood protein used to maintain osmotic pressure |
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| serum albumin |
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| common name for immunoglobulins |
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| antibodies |
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| protein found in LDLs and HDLs |
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| serum globulins |
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| A clot that breaks loose and moves is called |
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| embolism |
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| protein in muscle of marine mammals that contains the heme group that binds O2 for storage |
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| myoglobin |
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| protein in muscle fiber |
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| myosin or actin |
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| protein that stores iron in the spleen |
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| ferritin |
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| Polypeptide used to increase water retention of the kidneys |
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| Vasopressin |
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| Polypeptide used to induce labor |
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| Oxytocin |
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| The same reaction in different tissues will have similar but slightly different enzymes. What are these enzymes called? |
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| isoenzyme |
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| What is the enzyme (found in saliva and tears) that destroys a bacteria’s cell wall? |
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| lysozyme |
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| The drug that prevents a bacteria from making its cell wall |
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| Penicillin |
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| The drug or poison that blocks the receptor site for acetylcholine on a muscle. |
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| Curare |
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| The drug or poison that permanently inhibits acetylcholinesterase |
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| Nerve gas |
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| The drug or poison that prevents acetylcholine from being released on the original nerve cell |
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| Botulism |
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| Which drug inhibits the enzyme phospholipase from releasing aracadonic acid from the cell membrane? |
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| Cortisone (or cortisol) |
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| The drug added to penicillin to prevent the bacteria from destroying the antibiotic |
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| Clavulinic acid |
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| What is the cofactor made from Riboflavin |
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| FAD |
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| What is the cofactor made from Niacin |
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| NAD |
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| What is the enzyme without its cofactors called? |
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| Apoenzyme |
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| What active peptidase is found in the small intestines |
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| Trypsin |
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| What is referred to as the “feast” hormone? |
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| insulin |
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| What is referred to as the “famine” hormone? |
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| glucagon |
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| If an enzyme’s turnover rate is very low, it is a very efficient enzyme. |
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| false it is a efficient enzyme |
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| Enzymes and substrates are usually held together by disulfide bonds. |
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| false enzymes and substrates are not usually held together by disulfide bonds |
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| Hormones and enzymes can sometimes be proteins and sometimes non-proteins. |
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| false enzymes can only be proteins |
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| All enzymes can be affected by substrate saturation. |
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| true |
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| Doubling the concentration of the substrate will always double the rate of the reaction. |
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| false not at the point of saturation |
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| All proteins have a quaternary structure |
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| false not all proteins have a quaternary structure |
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| All enzymes are globular proteins |
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| true |
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| Proteins are most soluble at their isoelectric point |
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| false proteins are soluble at their isoelectric point |
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| Bacteria in milk will cause the milk to become more acidic |
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| true |
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| Denaturing with heavy metals affects the salt bridges in the globular protein |
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| true |
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| aldosterone is a __ hormone |
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| steroid |
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| glucagon is a ___ hormone |
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| protein |
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| keratin is a hormone T/F |
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| false |
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| what hormone can slide right through the cell membrane? |
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| steroid hormone |
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| what hormone takes minutes to affect the cell |
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| protein hormone |
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| ____ hormone attaches to a receptor site on the outside of the target cell |
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| protein hormone |
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| chemical messengers that are produced in one place in the body and affect other parts of the body |
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| hormones |
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| maltase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction |
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| hydrolases |
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| A tripeptide to three seperate amino acids needs _____ enzyme for the reaction |
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| hydrolases |
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| Lactic dehydrogenase needs ____ enzyme |
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| oxidoreductases |
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| Phosphofructokinase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction |
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| transferases |
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| alanine transamiinase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction |
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| transferases |
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| Acetoacetate decarboxylase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction |
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| lyases |
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| glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate needs _____ enzyme for the reaction |
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| isomerase |
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| phosphoglucomutase |
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| isomerase |
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| Citric acid synthetase needs _____ enzyme for the reaction |
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| ligase |
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| Oxaloacetate & acertyl-CoA to citric acid needs _____ enzyme for the reaction |
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| ligase |
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| What vitamin is converted into the coenzyme NAD or NADH |
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| niacin |
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| What vitamin is converted into coenzyme A |
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| Pantothenic acid |
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| What vitamin is converted into the coenzyme FAD |
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| Riboflavin |
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| What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis |
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| Vitamin C |
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| what vitamin is converted into the coenzyme TPP |
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| thiamine |
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| Scurvy is caused by the deficiency of what vitamin |
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| Vitamin C |
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| the rate at which an enzyme will convert substrates to products is called |
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| Turnover rate |
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| specific area on the enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place |
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| Catalytic site |
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| specific area on the enzyme where the substrate binds |
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| Contact site |
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| inactive protein part (without the cofactors) of an enzyme is called |
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| Apoenzyme |
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| what is the cofactor plus the protein part called |
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| holoenzyme |
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| what is the cofactor that is organic but not a protein called |
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| coenzyme |
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| What fiborous protein has a triple helix structure |
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| collagen |
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| what protein is found in muscle fiber (2) |
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| actin or myosin |
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| What protein is found in artery walls and ligaments |
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| elastin |
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| what protein is used to store iron in the spleen |
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| ferritin |
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| protein found in bones and connective tissue |
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| collagen |
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| Protein used to store oxygen in heart muscles (humans) and marine mammal muscles |
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| myoglobin |
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| what is milk "curds", what has precipipated out? |
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| casein |
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| Which is the most abundant protein in the human body |
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| collagen |
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| Protein found in nails and hoofs and hair |
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| keratin |
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| Bacteria in milk can convert the lactose into what compound |
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| lactic acid |
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| Enzyme found in tears and saliva that kills invading bacteria |
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| lysozyme |
