Nutrition In the Life Cycle Exam 4 Quiz 3 – Flashcards
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What are the two major risk factors for oral and laryngeal cancer?
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tobacco use and alcohol consumption
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Case control studies have suggested that a diet emphasizing _____ and ______ may protect against oral cancer, even after statistically adjusting for alcohol and tobacco use.
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fruits and vegetables
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A protective effect of ____ and ______ consumption against esophageal cancer is support by a large body of evidence. Intervention study from China with high incidence of esophageal cancer suggest that micronutrient supplementation may modestly reduce risk.
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fruit and vegetable
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high ____ has been associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer
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salt
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Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that _______ is inversely related to stomach cancer mortality, however, the data is not strong for carotene, vitamin E, or selenium.
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vitamin C
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What is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women?
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Lung cancer
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_____ is the dominate risk factor of lung cancer
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Smoking
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Increased _____ and ________ intake is strongly associated with reduced risk of lung cancer in smokers, former smokers, and those who have never smoked.
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fruits and vegetables
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Diet high in fat and energy, low in fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber predisposes animals and humans to _______ cancer.
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colon
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as meat consumption increases, the risk of colon cancer ______. However, this is not explained solely by fat content of meat. Dietary _______ may play a protective role
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increases calcium
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what is the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in women?
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breast cancer
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risk of breast cancer increased with _____ and _____
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age and adiposity
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Role for dietary fat has been controversial. Low intake of vegetables modestly ______ risk of breast cancer.
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increases
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_______ found in soy, whole grains, seeds, etc. is related to decreased breast cancer risk and death from prostate cancer
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Phytoestrogens
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What are the dietary factors that have been suggested to increase cancer risk?
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-high intake of dietary fat -obesity -excessive alcohol consumption -high red and processed meat consumption
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What are the dietary factors that have been suggested to decrease cancer risk?
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-adequate vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, fiber, calcium, and folate intakes -adequate vitamin D status -increased carotenoids from foods, soy products, and intake of cruciferous vegetables
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What is the age range of the elderly?
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65-100+
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What is the age range of young old? What about old old?
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young old= 65-84 old old= over 85
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The elderly is the ________ growing group in the U.S. as a percentage.
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fastest
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study of problems and diseases of aging
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geriatrics
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the study of aging
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gerontology
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One of the important goals of aging is to Maintain ______ of life of these people. This is going to become increasingly important.
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quality
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The elderly are a _____ powerful group because they vote
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politically
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Aging is NOT ______ from chronic disease!!!
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death
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Life expectance has _____ over the years. This is due mostly to improvement in sanitation , discovery of antibiotics, and better medical care 1900- 45 years 1990- 75 years
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increased
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What is the maximal life span?
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about 120 years
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What are the goals for the elderly?
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-minimizing declines -maintaining quality of life
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The fundamental processes that control the rate at which people age and how growing old leads to the diseases of aging are essentially ________.
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unknown
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The factors that are known to affect _________ do so by their influence on disease development.
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longevity
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a theory of aging that is an inherited mechanism that is programmed to cause cell death
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programmed aging (genetic theory)
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In programmed aging, _________ (caps on the ends of chromosomes bundles) become too short, the bundles unravel and DNA function, cell division, protein synthesis can no longer occur.
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Telomeres
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In programmed aging, we have ______ that turn on that cause aging. Or we have other genes that turn off that promote aging.
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aging genes
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Theory of aging that states that aging is a result of changes (damage) to body cells at random.
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Somatic mutation theory
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Theory of aging that states that free radicals are released from exposure to radiation, chemicals, etc. These free radicals then damage cellular organelles, eventually resulting in decreased organ function and death.
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Free radical theory
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With aging, the adaptive physiological range is _____
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narrowed
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Resting heart rate is ______ in young and old
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the same (65-70 bpm)
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Max heart rate is _____ in young than old?
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Higher young- 200bpm old- 140 bpm
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Total body water _____ by 8% from 20-80 years.
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decreases
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Plasma volume ____ 17% from 20-80 years
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decreases
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lean body mass _____ in the elderly
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decreases
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a decrease in muscle mass is called _______
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Sarcopenia
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about 2-3% decreases in muscle mass per _____
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decade
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percent fat _____ in the elderly
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increases
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With the decline in ____________ after age 30, there is a gradual, but accelerating decrease in basal metabolic rate.
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lean body mass
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early on, the decrease in the basal metabolic rate may contribute to ______. However over time, dietary intake decreases and underweight becomes more common. this further decreases lean body mass
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obesity
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At 80 years, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is about 50-60% of that at age 30. Partly due to______ plasma flow
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decreased
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After age 40, ability to regenerate ________ cease and number of functional nephrons decline.
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nephrons
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Ability of kidney to form either very dilute or very concentrated urine declines, thus ______ and ______ become more important.
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hydration and osmotic load
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in the elderly, kidney mass _______
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decreases
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in the elderly, there is a _____ in the kidneys response to stress such as high protein diets and high sodium diets
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decrease
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in the elderly, the renal system _____ its ability to excrete wastes and drugs
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decreases
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in the elderly, the lungs become less ______
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elastic
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in the lungs of the elderly, residual volume _______
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increases
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in the lungs of the elderly, vital capacity _______
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decreases
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in the lungs of elderly, _____ in diffusion ability of gases
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decrease
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overall pulmonary capacity ____ 40% throughout life (20-80 years)
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decreases
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the thickness of the left ventricle ____ in the elderly, which ____ stroke volume
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increases decreases
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cardiovascular response to exercise ______ 20% between 20-80 years of age
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decreases
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there is a ____ in maximal heart rate. This along with the decrease in stroke volume will _____ cardiac output
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decrease decrease
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How do you calculate maximal heart rate?
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220 minus age
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in the elderly, immune function _____, which increases susceptibility to ______
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decreases infection
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in the elderly, there is a ____ number of autoimmune diseases
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increased
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in the elderly, number of neurons _____
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decreased
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in the elderly, _____ in neurotransmitter synthesis
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decrease
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in elderly, _______ or alterations in taste, smell, mouthfeel sensations.
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decrease
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in elderly, _____ in hearing and vision
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decrease
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in elderly, reaction times become _____, especially for complex tasks
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longer
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in general, performance _____ in the elderly, especially in stressful situations
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declines
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Digestive- despite many complaints in elderly group of GI dysfunction, it appear that the anatomical and physiological integrity of the GI tract remains at a ______________ levels.
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satisfactory
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in the elderly, _____ is harder to maintain. However, certain changes do occur with time
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homeostasis
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in elderly, ______ in saliva production, called __________ - dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing, fear of choking, may ? intake of some types of foods.
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decrease xerostomia
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in elderly, _____ in salivary amylase
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decrease
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in elderly, _____ in taste sensations
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decrease
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in the espophagus there is an increased incidence of _______. Etiology is not clear, related to general muscle weakness, straining at BM, wearing constricting clothes. May cause esophagitis, stricture, bleeding, ulceration. Treatment usually involves, ? body weight, small bland meals, antacids, no tight clothes, elevation of head at bedtime.
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hiatal hernia
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in elderly, _____ gastric motility with age
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decrease
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in elderly, ____ gastric volume and HCL
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decreased
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in elderly, ____ pepsin activity by 1/3
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decrease
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in the atrophy of stomach wall lining in the elderly, there is a _____ in the intrinsic factory
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decrease
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in elderly _____ in incidence of gastric bleeding and ulcers
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increased
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in elderly, ____ pancreatic amylase and lipase activity
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decreased
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in elderly, _____ fat absorption
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decreased
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in elderly ______ in absoprtion of thiamine, B12, and folate
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decrease
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in elderly, _____ in calcium absorption
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decrease
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Other factors such as gastrectomy, diverticulosis, restriction of blood flow to certain areas of SI will result in _________ absorption in the small intestine in the elderly
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decreased
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large intestine function is ______ in elderly population
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improtant
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with age, there is a _____ in diverticulosis of large intestine
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increase
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in elderly, ______ thickness of muscular layers and ____ weakness of circular muscles. This leads to constipation
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increased increased
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there is a _____ use of laxatives in the elderly
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increased
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what are the factors that contribute to constipation in the elderly?
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-low fluid and fiber intake -decreased muscle tone in large intestine -some medications
