Nutrition chapter one – Flashcards
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it produces sharp pains. (what it actually includes: develop slowly, last a long time, progresses gradually)
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Features of a chronic disease include all of the following except
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it progresses slowly (what it actually includes: it causes sharp symptoms, runs a short course, develops quickly)
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Characteristics of an acute disease include all of the following except
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when made over just a single day, they exert great harm to your health. (Actually results: Over the long term, they will reduce lifespan in some people and will not affect lifespan in some people. They can promote heart disease and cancer.)
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All of the following are results of making poor food choices except
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Negative association
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A child who developed a strong dislike of noodle soup after consuming some when she was sick with flu is an example of a food-related
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Positive association
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A parent who offers a child a favorite snack as a reward for good behavior is displaying a food behavior known as
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Habit
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A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day would be displaying a food choice most likely based on
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An elderly gentleman who refuses a peanut butter and jelly sandwich because he deems it a child's food
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Which of the following represents a food choice based on negative association?
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Values
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The motive for a person who alters his diet due to religious convictions is most likely his
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Emotional comfort
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A person viewing an exciting sports match of her favorite team and eating because of nervousness would be displaying a food choice behavior most likely based on
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60%
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Excluding fast-food establishments, approximately what percentage of restaurants in the United States show an ethnic emphasis?
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phytonutritional food (Terms that do describe it neutraceutical, designer food,functional food)
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Terms that describe a food that provides health benefits beyond its nutrient contribution include all of the following except
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Functional Food
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What is the term that defines foods that contain nonnutrient substances whose known action in the body is to promote well-being to a greater extent than that contributed by the food's nutrients?
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phytochemicals
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Nonnutrient substances found in plant foods that show biological activity in the body are commonly known as
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3-5 days
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The complete lining of a person's digestive tract is renewed approximately every
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Water
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By chemical analysis, what nutrient is present in the highest amounts in most foods?
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72 lbs
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Approximately how much water (lbs) would be found in a 120-lb person?
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Fiber ( 6 classes = water, protein, minerals, vitamins, fats & carbohydrates)
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Which of the following is not one of the six classes of nutrients?
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Essential nutrient
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A nutrient needed by the body and that must be supplied by foods is termed a(n)
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Calcium (macronutrients= carbohydrate, protein & fat)
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All of the following are classified as macronutrients except
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Protein
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Which of the following is an example of a macronutrient?
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Iron
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Which of the following is classified as a micronutrient?
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Vitamin C
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Which of the following is an organic compound?
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made in sufficient quantities by the body.
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An essential nutrient is one that cannot be
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Substances with carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
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Which of the following most accurately describes the term organic?
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Fat (not organic nutrient= water, oxygen, calcium)
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Which of the following is an organic nutrient?
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40
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Approximately how many nutrients are considered indispensable in the diet?
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inorganic nutrients
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Which of the following cannot add fat to the body?
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Vitamin C
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Which of the following is an example of a micronutrient?
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Vitamins (yields energy= fat, protein, carbohydrates)
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Which of the following nutrients does not yield energy during its metabolism?
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1 kilocalorie
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How much energy is required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (liter) of water 1° C?
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fats
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Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy?
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Kilojoules
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Food energy is commonly expressed in kcalories and in
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kilojoules
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International units of energy are expressed in
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120
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Approximately how many milliliters are contained in a half-cup of milk?
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100
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A normal half-cup vegetable serving weighs approximately how many grams?
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19
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A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories, which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?
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220
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A diet provides a total of 2200 kcalories, of which 40% of the energy is from fat and 20% from protein. How many grams of carbohydrate are contained in the diet?
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755
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What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol?
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Plant fats
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Which of the following nutrient sources yields more than 4 kcalories per gram?
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Energy is released
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Which of the following is a result of the metabolism of energy nutrients?
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They contain mixtures of the three energy nutrients, although only one or two may predominate
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Which of the following statements most accurately describes the composition of most foods?
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Light energy (can be converted to =mechanical, chemical, heat)
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In the body, the chemical energy in food can be converted to any of the following except
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Vitamin C
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When consumed in excess, all of the following can be converted to body fat and stored except
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13
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How many vitamins are known to be required in the diet of human beings?
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inorganic (characteristics= essential, destructible, K-calorie free)
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of the vitamins?
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Some become dissolved in body fluids
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Which of the following is a feature of the minerals as nutrients?
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16
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How many minerals are known to be required in the diet of human beings?
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Unstable to light (Characteristics= Yield no energy, Stable in cooked foods, Structurally smaller than vitamins)
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of the minerals?
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Minerals
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Overcooking a food is least likely to affect which of the following groups of nutrients?
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Ancedote
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Your friend Carrie took a daily supplement of vitamin C and stated that she felt a lot better. Her experience is best described as a(n)
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nutritional genomics.
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The study of how a person's genes interact with nutrients is termed
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Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group
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What is the meaning of a double-blind experiment?
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Hypothesis
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In the scientific method, a tentative solution to a problem is called the
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The results cannot be applied to human beings
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Among the following, which is the major weakness of a laboratory-based study?
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The subjects are similar in all respects except for the treatment being tested
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What is the benefit of using controls in an experiment?
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Chance variation is ruled out
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What is the benefit of using a large sample size in an experiment?
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human beings as subjects.
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A clinical trial must involve
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All subjects receive a treatment
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What is the benefit of using placebos in an experiment?
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epidemiological studies.
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In nutrition research, observations of the quantities and types of foods eaten by groups of people and the health status of those groups are known as
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Prevented yourself from knowing what was in the pill bottles, and distributed the bottles randomly to the subjects
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You have been asked to help a top nutrition researcher conduct human experiments on vitamin C. As the subjects walk into the laboratory, you distribute all the vitamin C pill bottles to the girls and all the placebo pill bottles to the boys. The researcher instantly informs you that there are two errors in your research practice. What steps should you have done differently?
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positive correlation.
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Overeating and gaining body weight is an example of a
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negative correlation.
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An increase in exercise accompanied by a decrease in body weight is an example of a
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peer review.
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Before publication in a reputable journal, the findings of a research study must undergo scrutiny by experts in the field according to a process known as
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LUT (included=AI, RDA, EAR)
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All of the following sets of values are included in the Dietary Reference Intakes except
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Estimated Average Allowances
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Which of the following is not a set of values within the Dietary Reference Intakes?
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requirement.
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The smallest amount of a nutrient that is consumed over a prolonged period that maintains a specific function is called the nutrient
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50
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If a group of people consumed an amount of protein equal to the average requirement for their population group, what percentage would receive insufficient amounts?
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The Recommended Dietary Allowances because they represent the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people.
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A health magazine contacted you for your expert opinion on what measure best describes the amounts of nutrients that should be consumed by the population. Your reply should be:
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assess dietary nutrient adequacy for individuals.
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Recommended Dietary Allowances may be used to
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Estimated Average Requirement.
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Recommended Dietary Allowances are based on the
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Recommended Dietary Allowance.
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The amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of about 98% of a population is termed the
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designed to meet the needs of almost all healthy people.
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The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for nutrients are generally
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High, to cover virtually all healthy individuals
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How are the RDA for almost all vitamin and mineral intakes set?
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The percentage of people covered is known for both values
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Which of the following is not a feature of the Adequate Intake (AI) and the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?
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neither is useful for evaluating nutrition programs for groups of people.
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All of the following features are shared by the RDA and the AI except
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Setting nutrient goals for individuals
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Which of the following is a purpose of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake?
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70 g fat, 156 g protein, 313 g carbohydrate
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Bob consumes about 2500 kcalories per day, which is apportioned as 150 g of fat, 140 g of carbohydrate, and 150 g of protein. What would be the appropriate revisions to help Bob adjust his nutrient intake so that it matches the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges?
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Because a margin of safety would result in excess energy intake for a large number of people, the figures are set at the average energy intake
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Which of the following represents a rationale for setting the recommendation for energy?
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The maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people
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What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of a nutrient represent?
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Estimated Energy Requirement
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What set of values is used to recommend the average kcalorie intake that maintains population groups in energy balance?
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges.
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The percentage of kcalorie intakes for protein, fat, and carbohydrate that are thought to reduce the risk of chronic diseases are termed the
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45-65%
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What is the AMDR for carbohydrate?
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50%
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Which of the following figures falls within the carbohydrate range of the AMDR?
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10-35%
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What is the AMDR for protein?
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35%
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What is the upper range of fat intake in the AMDR?
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20%-35%
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What is the AMDR for fat?
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219
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If a person consumed the upper AMDR limit for protein as part of a diet containing 2500 kcalories, approximately how many grams of protein would be ingested?
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154
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What is the weight (lbs) of the "reference" adult male?
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126
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What is the weight (lbs) of the "reference" adult female?
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the recommendations also apply to sick people.
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All of the following describe features for application of the recommended nutrient intakes except
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plan and evaluate diets for healthy people.
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The Dietary Reference Intakes may be used to
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Assessment techniques
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Which of the following is used to detect nutrient deficiencies?
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Historical information, anthropometric data, physical examinations, laboratory tests
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As a registered dietitian at Jones Hospital, you are instructed to write a policy statement on nutrition assessment procedures for all new patients. Which of the following are the most useful parameters for the nutrition assessment of individuals?
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Body weight
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Which of the following is an anthropometric measure?
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physical examination.
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Inspection of hair, eyes, skin, and posture is part of the nutrition assessment component known as
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Laboratory tests
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Which of the following is used to determine the presence of abnormal functions inside the body due to a nutrient deficiency?
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Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs
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Which of the following represents the usual sequence of stages in the development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake?
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Inadequate nutrient intake
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Which of the following would most likely lead to a primary nutrient deficiency?
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Secondary
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What type of deficiency is caused by inadequate absorption of a nutrient?
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is in the early stages.
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A subclinical nutrient deficiency is defined as one that
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Headaches
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Which of the following is an overt symptom of iron deficiency?
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Laboratory tests
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To identify early-stage malnutrition, a health professional would use which of the following parameters?
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The National Nutrition Monitoring program
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What entity coordinates nutrition-related activities of federal agencies?
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set goals for the nation's health over the next 10 years.
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The goal of Healthy People is to
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We eat more high-fiber foods
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Which of the following does not describe a national trend in eating habits of Americans?
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tuberculosis. (Most common causes = cancer, diabetes, heart disease)
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The most common causes of death today in the United States include all of the following except
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4
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Of the ten leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition?
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Pneumonia and influenza (does have a relationship with diet= cancer, diabetes mellitus, heart disease and cancer)
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Which of the following leading causes of death in the U.S. does not bear a relationship to diet?
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risk factors.
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Factors known to be related to a disease but not proven to be causal are called
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The more risk factors for a disease, the greater the chance of developing that disease
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Which of the following statements defines the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease?
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Tobacco
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Which of the following factors makes the greatest contribution to deaths in the United States?
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Tobacco use
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What behavior is the major cause of death in the United States?
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Registered dietitian
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Who would be the most appropriate person to consult regarding nutrition information?
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completing up to a three-week clinical internship or the equivalent.
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All of the following are minimum requirements for becoming a registered dietitian except
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A license to practice as a nutritionist or dietitian is required by some states
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Which of the following describes the legal limitations, if any, for a person who disseminates dietary advice to the public?
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Certified Nutritionist
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Which of the following individuals is most likely to possess the least amount of nutrition training?
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Registered Dietician
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For which of the following titles, by definition, must the individual be college educated and pass a national examination administered by the American Dietetic Association?
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Registered dietitian
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Which of the following best describes a college-educated nutrition and food specialist who is qualified to make evaluations of the nutritional health of people?
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dietetic technician.
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A person who assists registered dietitians has the formal title of
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Who's Who in Nutrition.
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All of the following are recognized, credible sources of nutrition information except
