Nutrition Chapter 3 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
The process by which food is broken down into absorbable components
answer
Digestion
question
What is mastication
answer
The act of chewing
question
What is the lumen of the GI tract
answer
The inner space
question
In what organ does the digestion process begin?
answer
Mouth
question
What is umami?
answer
The flavor of monosodium glutamate
question
About how many more times sensitive is the sense of smell compared with the sense of taste?
answer
1000s
question
What is not considered a basic taste sensation?
answer
Hot
question
The food flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate is believed by some scientists to promote a unique taste sensation known as?
answer
Umami
question
What describes the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract?
answer
A flexible muscular tube
question
What is not a sphincter muscle?
answer
Duodenum
question
Where is the epiglottis located
answer
Throat
question
What part of the GI tract prevents a person from choking while swallowing?
answer
Epiglottis
question
Which of the following is a characteristic of the appendix?
answer
It stores lymph cells
question
What is a bolus?
answer
Portion of food swallowed at one time
question
A bolus is conducted past the diaphragm through the?
answer
Esophagus
question
What structure functions to prevent entrance of food into the trachea?
answer
Epiglottis
question
What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?
answer
Prevents the contents of the small intestine from backing up into the stomach
question
What structure controls the passage of material from the small intestine to the large intestine?
answer
Illeocecal valve
question
Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?
answer
Duodenum
question
After swallowing, in what order does food pass through the regions of the GI tract?
answer
Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
question
Which of the following is a description of chyme?
answer
A semiliquid mass of partially digested food released by the stomach into the small intestine
question
What is the primary function of the rectum?
answer
Stores waste material prior to evacuation
question
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
answer
Chyme
question
What structure separates the colon from the small intestine?
answer
Ileocecal valve
question
Which of the following is a feature of peristalsis?
answer
It consists of wavelike muscular contractions resulting from alternate tightening and relaxing of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles
question
What structure controls the release of material from the stomach to the small intestine?
answer
Pyloric sphincter
question
What is meant by the term "motility" in reference to the GI tract?
answer
The ability of the GI tract muscles to move
question
During the process of digestion, at what point does the stomach begin to release chyme?
answer
When the chyme is liquefied
question
Among the GI tract organs, which has the strongest muscles?
answer
Stomach
question
Which of the following is a feature of the muscular actions of digestion?
answer
Segmentation in the intestines allows periodic squeezing along its length, resulting in momentary reversal of the movement of intestinal contents
question
Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?
answer
Control the passage of food through the GI tract
question
The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the?
answer
Cardiac sphincter
question
What is reflux?
answer
Backward flow of chyme
question
What types of enzymes are responsible for hydrolyzing the proteins in foods?
answer
Proteases
question
All of the following are characteristics of the process of digestion except
answer
Saliva contains enzymes that digest sugars, fats, and proteins.
question
What is the function of mucus in the stomach?
answer
Protects stomach cells from gastric juices
question
What is a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
answer
Creates an optimum acidity
question
Which of the following best describes the normal pH of the stomach?
answer
Very acidic
question
Why is there little or no digestion of starch in the stomach?
answer
Salivary enzymes do not work in an acid environment
question
What is the fate of any enzymes that are present in the foods we eat?
answer
Hydrolyzed in the GI tract
question
What substance protects the stomach lining from damage due to digestive juices?
answer
Mucus
question
Important functions of hydrochloric acid in digestion/absorption include all the following except?
answer
It activates pancreatic lipase.
question
Which part of the GI tract contains highly acidic digestive juices?
answer
Stomach
question
The usual pH of gastric juice is approximately
answer
2
question
What is an important function of mucus?
answer
Protects the stomach walls from digestion
question
After chewing and swallowing a portion of food, what becomes of the salivary amylase in the stomach?
answer
It is inactivated by gastric juice
question
Enzymes are...
answer
Are proteins and proteins are destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract.
question
Which of the following body organs does not secrete digestive enzymes?
answer
Liver
question
The process by which bile acts on fat so enzymes can attack the fat is known as?
answer
Emulsification
question
A solution with a pH of 7 is how many times more alkaline than one with a pH of 6?
answer
10
question
The purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to?
answer
Raise the pH of chyme
question
After the pancreatic juices have mixed with chyme in the small intestine, which of the following describes the pH of the resulting mixture?
answer
Approximately neutral
question
What would not be acted upon by pancreatic juice secreted into the intestinal tract?
answer
Fiber
question
What is not a component of pancreatic juice?
answer
Bile
question
The colonic fermentation of certain fibers produces all of the following except?
answer
Secretin
question
What is one function of the gallbladder?
answer
Stores bile
question
An example of an important function of the colon would be its absorption of
answer
Salts
question
Which of the following is not a typical component of stools?
answer
Starch
question
What class of nutrients requires the least amount of digestion?
answer
Vitamins
question
What nutrient requires the least amount of digestion?
answer
calcium
question
What is a significant property of dietary fiber?
answer
Promotes water retention of stools
question
What is generally not digested but does stimulate intestinal muscle contractions?
answer
Fiber
question
What is the function of bile?
answer
Emulsifies fats
question
What is an important function of the intestinal villi crypts?
answer
Secretion of juices into the small intestine
question
What is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine?
answer
Villi
question
What is a function of the intestinal microvilli?
answer
Transport of nutrient molecules
question
What is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?
answer
Microvillus
question
What are found on the microvilli and function to break apart small nutrients into the final products of digestion?
answer
Enzymes
question
Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms except?
answer
Transmigration
question
Why is surface area an integral part of the absorption of nutrients?
answer
Through the presence of the enormous number of villi and microvilli
question
To assist the process of digestion and absorption, it is usually best to?
answer
Combine different types of food to enhance the absorption process
question
When nutrients are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the vascular system, what organ is first to receive them?
answer
Liver
question
Which of the following products of digestion is not normally released directly into the bloodstream?
answer
Fats
question
What is the first vessel to receive absorbed water-soluble vitamins?
answer
Hepatic portal vein
question
What vessel carries blood from the liver to the heart?
answer
Hepatic vein
question
The hepatic portal vein empties into the?
answer
Liver
question
Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across the walls of small vessels called?
answer
Capillaries
question
When alcohol and barbiturates are ingested, they are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and transported first to the?
answer
Liver
question
Which of the following conducts lymph into the vascular system?
answer
Subclavian vein
question
Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?
answer
It carries fats away from the intestines
question
What is the first major organ to receive nutrients that are absorbed into the lymph?
answer
Heart
question
What are lacteals?
answer
Intestinal lymphatic vessels
question
Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats?
answer
Lymphatic
question
The living bacteria found in yogurt are known as?
answer
Probiotics
question
Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as?
answer
Probiotics
question
When consumed on a regular basis, which of the following foods promotes healthful changes of the microflora of the GI tract?
answer
Yogurt
question
The intestinal flora are comprised primarily of?
answer
Bacteria
question
What is the primary role of the normal, thriving intestinal bacterial population?
answer
Helps prevent infectious bacteria from attacking the system
question
Which of the following is known to be produced by small intestinal bacteria?
answer
Vitamins
question
The maintenance of the body's constant internal conditions is guided by the principle known as
answer
Homeostasis
question
What two systems coordinate all digestive/absorptive processes?
answer
Nervous and endocrine
question
What is the normal pH of stomach juice?
answer
1.5-1.7
question
Which of the following regulates the pH of the stomach?
answer
Gastrin
question
Which of the following substances functions to control the release of hydrochloric acid to prevent excessive acidity?
answer
Gastrin
question
Which of the following stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juice?
answer
Secretin
question
Which of the following is a characteristic of pancreatic digestive enzyme function?
answer
The pancreas can increase the activity of fat-degrading enzymes in response to more fat in the diet
question
What nutrient requires the greatest time for digestion?
answer
Fat
question
What is/are the primary target organ(s) for the action of cholecystokinin?
answer
Gallbladder and Pancreas
question
The chief functions of cholecystokinin include all of the following except
answer
Triggering release of gastrin
question
What are the usual consequences of removing a diseased gallbladder?
answer
Delivery of bile directly to the duodenum
question
Jenny has just has undergone a cholecystectomy. After recovery, Jenny will no longer
answer
Have an extra reservoir for bile
question
The presence of fat in the intestines stimulates cells of the intestinal wall to release?
answer
Cholecystokinin
question
Nancy is having difficulty digesting fatty foods. After seeing her doctor, who found no evidence of inflammation, she says that she must now see a specialist to determine why she is having trouble releasing bile from her gallbladder. What hormone is most likely functioning improperly for Nancy?
answer
CCK
question
What substance controls the release of bile into the small intestines?
answer
Cholecystokinin
question
What is a zymogen?
answer
An inactive enzyme precursor
question
Which of the following is associated with the presence of fat in the GI tract?
answer
Slowing of the process of absorption and digestion
question
The chief purpose of the gallbladder is to store a substance that is required for the assimilation of dietary?
answer
Fat only
question
All of the following are important enterogastrone hormones except?
answer
Pepsin
question
A decrease in the flow of blood to the intestines is known as?
answer
Intestinal ischemia
question
Which of the following results from reverse peristalsis?
answer
Vomitting
question
What is the very first thing you should do if you suspect someone is choking on food?
answer
Ask the person to make sounds from the throat
question
Choking occurs when a piece of food becomes firmly lodged in the?
answer
Trachea
question
The Heimlich maneuver may be helpful in conditions associated with?
answer
Choking
question
A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?
answer
Dehydration
question
Inflammation of the large intestine is known as?
answer
Colitis
question
What organ is affected by colitis?
answer
Large intestine
question
Which of the following is a feature of irritable bowel syndrome?
answer
Effect treatment usually includes peppermint oil
question
A person on a low-fiber diet is at increased risk for experiencing elevated rectal vein pressure leading to formation of?
answer
Hemorrhoids
question
One of the signs of constipation is?
answer
Fewer than 3 bowel movements per week.
question
People are said to be constipated when they experience?
answer
Painful or difficult bowel movements
question
Colonic irrigation is a popular practice for treatment of?
answer
Constipation
question
Therapy for constipation would include all of the following except?
answer
Decreasing fiber intake
question
Which of the following is most likely to result from insufficient intake of fiber?
answer
Constipation
question
In general, which of the following is associated with the fewest adverse effects from the treatment of constipation in adults?
answer
Ingestion of prunes
question
Which of the following is a common cause of constipation?
answer
Lack of physical activity
question
All of the following dietary measures are known to help relieve constipation except?
answer
Eating less fat
question
What is the primary cause for belching?
answer
Swallowing air
question
All of the following are common causes of heartburn except?
answer
Eating too slowly
question
Jim went for his annual medical check-up and was diagnosed with heartburn. Which of the following actions is most likely causing Jim's condition?
answer
Defective lower esophageal sphincter activity
question
Holding the breath for as long as possible is considered an effective treatment for?
answer
Hiccups
question
People who have frequent, regular bouts of heartburn and indigestion have a medical condition known as?
answer
Gasteroesophogeal reflux
question
Which of the following is a prominent feature of the expulsion of gas from the anus?
answer
It is normal
question
Antacids were originally developed to treat?
answer
Active ulcers in the stomach
question
Which of the following nutrients is most associated with increased production of intestinal gas?
answer
Carbohydrates
question
Untreated gastroesophageal reflux increases the risk for the more serious condition known as?
answer
Barrett's esophagus
question
The primary treatment for ulcer caused by the presence of H. pylori is?
answer
Antibiotics
question
All of the following are features of stomach acid except?
answer
Its potentially destructive action on stomach cells is prevented by the presence of bile
question
All of the following are important issues in the treatment or management of existing ulcers except?
answer
Gastric acid release should be suppressed
question
A peptic ulcer resides in the?
answer
Stomach or duodenum only
question
All of the following are the chief causes of ulcers except?
answer
Excessive caffeine consumption
question
A person with chronic GI bleeding is at risk for deficiency of?
answer
Iron
question
All of the following are major causes of ulcer formation except?
answer
Excessive use of antacids
question
Which of the following is least likely to aggravate an existing ulcer?
answer
Raw carrots
question
The organism H. pylori has been identified as one of the major causes of?
answer
Gastric ulcers
question
The most common cause for the development of ulcers is?
answer
Infection from H. pylori
