Flashcards with Answers on Nuclear Chemistry
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atomic nuclei are made of _____________
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protons and neutrons
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protons and neutrons are collectively called _______
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nucleons
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in nuclear chemistry, an atom is referred to as a(n) _________
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nuclide
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the nuclide is identified as the number of ________________ in its nucleus
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protons and neutrons
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the difference of the masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom
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mass defect
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the mass defect is caused by the ____________________________________
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conversion of mass energy upon formation of the nucleus
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the mass defect can be converted to energy using _______
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e=mc²
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energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons or energy required to break apart the nucleus
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nuclear binding energy
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a measure of the stability of a nucleus
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binding energy
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the more energy lost=
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stronger nucleus is held together
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dalton thought that atoms were ________
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unchangeable
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the process by which materials emit particles and energy __________
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radioactivity
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emissions of radioactivity
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radiation
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elements that give off radiation are said to be ____________
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radioactive
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scientists show that radioactive elements changed into other elements after _______ _______
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emitting radiation
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some nuclei are unstable and gain stability by emitting radiation through a process called __________________
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radioactive decay
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during __________, atoms tend to attain stability by transferring or sharing electrons; the nuclei remain unchanged
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chemical reactions
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during _________, the nuclei of unstable isotopes gain stability by undergoing changes. theses changes are accompanied by the emission of large amounts of energy
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nuclear reactions
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nuclei of unstable isotopes:
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radioisotopes
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nuclear reactions cannot be _________,_______,_______
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sped up, slowed down, turned off
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not chemically different from other isotopes of that element
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radioisotopes
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chemical reactivity depends on what?
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electron structure
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illustrates the interconnected nature of matter and energy
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nuclear decay
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matter is related to energy according to ___________
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e=mc²
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in e=mc², c=?
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speed of light
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[alpha particles] have a(n) _______________ nucleus
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helium-4
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[alpha particles] contains ____ protons and ___ neutrons
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2,2
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[alpha particles] ________ from nucleus
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ejected
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[alpha particles] charge of ...
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+2
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[alpha particles] restricted almost entirely to ____________
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heavy nuclei
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[alpha particles] low penetrating power bc of _________________
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large mass and charge
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sheet of paper or surface of skin will shield them; dangerous when ingested bc they travel a short distance to penetrate tissue and cause damage
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alpha particles
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a new element is formed when this happens along with the helium-4
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alpha decay
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atomic and mass numbers are shown
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nuclear equation
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[beta particles] _______ _______ electrons
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high energy
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[beta particles] charge of . . .
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-1
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[beta particles] ______ __ _____ when neutron is converted to proton and electron
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emitted from nucleus
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[beta particles] atomic number increases by _____, and the mass number is increased by ____.
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1,0
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[beta particles] less penetrating than alpha particle bc it has __________________
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less charge and mass
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can penetrate paper, but stopped by aluminum foil and thin pieces of wood
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beta particle
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for every particle, there is a(n) __________
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antiparticle
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the antiparticle for electron=
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positron
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an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom; inner orbital electron combines with a proton to form a neutron
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electron capture
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high energy electromagnetic waves emitted from the nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state
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gamma rays
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[gamma rays] possesses _ _______________ ______ ________ _________
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no mass or electrical charge
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[gamma rays] usually accompany ??
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alpha and beta radiation
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[gamma rays] account for most energy lost during ________________.
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radioactive decay
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[gamma rays] can be __________
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dangerous
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penetrate paper, wood, and human body
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gamma rays
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stopped, although not completely- by several meters of concrete or several cm of lead
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gamma rays
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α
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alpha
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β
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beta
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ɣ
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gamma
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the stability of a nucleus depends on what?
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neutron-proton ratio
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displays all stable nuclei
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band of stability
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the band of stability ends at element _______
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83
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all nuclei that have an atomic number greater than 83 are _______________
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radioactive
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an extremely small quantity of mass is converted into ______ released in radioactive decay
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energy
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every radioisotope has a characteristic rate of decay measured by its ___________
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half-life
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the time required for half the atoms of a radioactive isotope to decay
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half-life
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series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is produced
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decay series
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the heaviest nuclide of each decay series
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parent nuclide
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nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclide
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daughter nuclides
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the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element
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transmutation
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transmutation can occur when...
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radioactive decay particles bombard the nucleus
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many transmutations occur in __________
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nature
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the earliest artificial transmutation was performed by ________
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rutherford
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the elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers above 92, the atomic number of uranium, are called ____________
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transuranium elements
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[transuranium elements] all undergo ______
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transmutation
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[transuranium elements] none occur in _______
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nature
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[transuranium elements] all are ______
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radioactive
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[transuranium elements] have been synthesized in nuclear _________ and ________
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reactors and accelerators
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are radioactive nuclides not found naturally on earth
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artificial radioactive nuclides
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bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles
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artificial transmutations
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a very heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of intermediate mass
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nuclear fission
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fission produces enormous amounts of ________
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energy
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the only 2 fissionable isotopes
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uranium-235 and plutonium-239
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a reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction
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chain reaction
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the minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction
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critical mass
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uncontrolled chain reactions provide the explosive energy of ________
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atomic bombs
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use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides
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nuclear reactors
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light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus
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nuclear fusion
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fussion releases _______ ______ ____ ______ of fuel than fission
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more energy per gram
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used to provide the heat and pressure necessary to trigger the fusion of the nuclei
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fission reaction
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radiation emitted by radioisotopes is called______
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ionizing radiation
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radiation with enough energy to knock electrons off some atoms of the bombarded substance to produce ______
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ionizing radiation
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charged atoms
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ions
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devices used to detect radiation:
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geiger counters, scintillation counters, film badges
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procedure used to detect trace amounts of elements in samples; used by museums to detect art forgeries; used by crime labs to analyze gun-powder residues
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neutron activation analysis
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radioisotopes used in agriculture to test the effects of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers; also monitored in animals that consumes the plants
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tracers
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_______ are used to diagnose medical problems
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radioisotopes
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iodine-131 is used to detect...
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thyroid probs
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technetium-99 is used to detect...
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brain tumors and liver disorders
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phosphorus-32 us used to detect...
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skin cancer
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used to kill cancerous cells (gamma rays)
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radiation therapy
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narrow beam of gamma rays is directed at cancerous tissue
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teletherapy
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salts of radioisotopes are sealed and implanted in _______
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tumors
