NTDT Exam 2 – Flashcards
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Storage forms of glucose in living things include ________
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glycogen and starch
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Total fiber refers to the sum of ________
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dietary and functional fibers
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The action of bacterial enzymes on fiber in the large intestine results in the ________
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release of short-chain fatty acids
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What composition applies to the storage of glycogen in the body?
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1/3 in the liver and 2/3 in the muscle cells
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A person with prediabetes has a fasting blood glucose level of ________
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100 - 125 mg/dL
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Low blood glucose stimulates which organ to release glucagon into the bloodstream?
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the pancreas
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A typical serving of fruits contains an average of about ________ grams of carbohydrates
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15 grams of CHO
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The warning label that appears on products containing NutraSweet (aspartame) is necessary to prevent problems ________
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for individuals with phenylketonuria
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Fructose and galactose are mostly metabolized in which organ?
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the liver
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People on strict lactose - free diets need to read labels and avoid foods w/ these four ingredients.
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milk, milk solids, whey, casein
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Which is an acceptable food for a strict lactose-free diet?
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gluten
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What acidic compounds are produced by the liver during the breakdown of fat when carbohydrates are not available?
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ketone bodies
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Which food ranks low on the Glycemic Index?
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barley
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High - fructose corn syrup is composed of fructose and glucose in an approximate ratio of ________
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50:50
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Research studies suggest that a high - fiber diet protects against ________
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colon cancer
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Dietary fibers is found in good amounts in these four foods:
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whole-wheat crackers, apples, carrots, beans
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When a fatty acid is described as being saturated, it means that it ________
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contains only single bonds between its carbon atoms
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The shorthand used by chemists to denote fatty acids is based on which guideline?
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1st # indicates number of carbon atoms and 2nd # indicates the number of double bonds
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The position of the double bond closest to the methyl (CH3) end of a fatty acid is described by an ________ number
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omega
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The appearance of trans fatty acids in a food product indicates the presence of ________
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hydrogenated fats
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When examining a molecule of lecithin, chemists note that a phosphate group and a molecule of ________ occupy the third attachment site
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choline
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What members of the lipid family are soluble in both water and fat?
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phospholipids
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What happens to the bile that is reabsorbed by the small intestine?
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the bile is recycled via the liver to the gallbladder
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What blood lipid is linked most directly to heart disease?
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LDL cholesterol
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When food is consumed, any excess energy is stored as fat in the _____
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adipose cells
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What is the primary role of triglycerides?
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they provide the cells w/ energy
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A desirable blood lipid profile would include a(n) ________
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LDL cholesterol of 30 mg/dL
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Atherosclerosis is the main cause of ________
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cardiovascular disease
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In general, mercury is relatively high in ________ (marine life)
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sharks
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If a fat source is considered to represent discretionary kcals, this means...
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the source is high in saturated fats and intake should be limited
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Olestra is an example of an ________
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artificial fat
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The action of hydrochloric acid in the stomach on protein results in ________
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denaturation
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What is the simplest amino acid?
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glycine
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Essential amino acids are those that ________
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the body does not create in sufficient amounts, so must be in diet
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What substance converts the inactive pepsinogen to its active form, pepsin?
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hydrochloric acid
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Transcription
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The process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA
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The average life span of a skin cell is about ________
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30 days
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Urea is the body's principal vehicle for excreting unused ________
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nitrogen
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A person who regularly eats a high - protein diet needs to make sure they ________
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drink plenty of water
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The digestibility of most animal proteins is ________
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90-99%
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The value of a protein in a diet is determined by these four factors:
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digestibility, amino acid composition, quality, comparison w/ a reference protein
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Protein-energy Malnutrition
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condition that occurs when there is too little protein in a diet
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Evidence suggests cancer of the colon, pancreas, and ovaries is connected with high consumption of ________
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red meats and processed meats
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What percentage of total food energy should protein provide?
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10-35%
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An ounce of most protein foods delivers about ________
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7 g of protein
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Whey protein is a waste product from the manufacturing of ________
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cheese
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1 lb of fat =
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3500 kcals
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if we exercise continuously, our glycogen stores would last...
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only a few hours
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Aspirin works to reduce the symptoms of infection or pain by retarding the synthesis of _____
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certain eicosanoids
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polysaccharides
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chains of monosaccharides; include glycogen, starches, and dietary fibers
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soluble fibers
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dissolve in water to form gels and are easily digested by bacteria in the colon
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insoluble fibers
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do not dissolve in water or form gels and are less readily fermented.
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Lactose intolerance occurs when
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there is insufficient lactase to digest the disaccharide lactose found in milk and milk products. Symptoms include GI distress.
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insulin function
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move glucose from the blood into the cells when levels are high
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glucagon function
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free glucose from glycogen stores and release it into the blood when levels are low
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unsaturated (monounsaturated or polyunsaturated) fatty acids
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are missing hydrogens and have double bonds
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saturated fatty acids
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fully loaded with hydrogens
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Hydrogenation
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protects against oxidation; alters texture by making veggie oils more solid; makes polyunsaturated fats more saturated and creates trans-fatty acids
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phospholipid functions
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soluble in water and fat; part of cell membranes; emulsifiers to mix fats with water
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Sterols
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multiple-ring structure; include cholesterol, bile, vitamin D, and some hormones
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cholesterol is found in _________
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animal-derived foods
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Bile _______ fats, making them accessible to the ______ that dismantle triglycerides to _________ and fatty acids for absorption
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emulsifies; lipases; monoglycerides
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chylomicrons (lipoprotein)
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largest lipoprotein and contain mostly dietary triglycerides
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LDLs
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lipoprotein; smaller than chylomicron; contain mostly cholesterol
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HDLs
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densest and protein-rich lipoproteins
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Linoleic acid
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(18 carbons, omega-6); essential fatty acid
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Linolenic acid
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(18 carbons, omega-3); essential fatty acid
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The Dietary Guidelines recommend replacing saturated fats with ___________
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monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids from foods such as fatty fish
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A person consuming 2200 kcalories a day who wants to meet health recommendations should limit daily fat intake to:
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50 to 85 grams.
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Each amino acid contains
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an amino group, an acid group, a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive side group, all attached to a central carbon atom
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Cells link amino acids together by a _______
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peptide bond
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nitrogen balance should be ______ during growth and development and ________ in adulthood
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positive; steady
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High-quality proteins
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deliver all of the essential amino acids in adequate amounts, which ensures protein synthesis
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Mixtures of foods containing ____________________ can each supply the amino acids missing in the other
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complementary proteins
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Which part of its chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another?
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its side group
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Protein turnover describes the amount of protein:
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synthesized and degraded
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Marasmus
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lean and shriveled Inadequate food intake Children 6 to 18 months old Development impaired
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kwashiokor
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swollen belly and skin rash Severe acute malnutrition Fluid imbalance
