Networking Chapter 6 – Questions – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
How many bits are the source and destination IPv4 addresses?
answer
Both are 32 bits
question
What is the name for the decimal representation of the binary IP address called?
answer
Dotted decimal notation
question
How many bits are there between each "dot"?
answer
8 bits
question
Define the network portion of an IP address?
answer
Some portion of the most significant bits, or high-order bits represent the network portion
question
What is the host portion of the IP address?
answer
The remaining amount of available network addresses after the network portion is determined
question
What does the number of bits assigned to host determine?
answer
Determines the number of total hosts within the network.
question
What is the binary range in decimal of a byte?
answer
128-0
question
Define a network address.
answer
A special address that refers to the network
question
Define a broadcast address
answer
A special address used to send data to all hosts in the network.
question
Define a host address.
answer
The unicast addresses assigned to the end devices in the network.
question
What is the range where host addresses are assigned?
answer
Between the network address and the broadcast address.
question
What is assigned to determine how many bits are in network bits?
answer
A prefix length written in slash format
question
Do the number of hosts that can be assigned stay the same when prefix changes?
answer
No
question
How do you calculate the network value?
answer
All host bits are 0
question
How do you calculate the first host value?
answer
By taking how many remaining bits you have from the prefix length and using the 2 to the power of that value minus 2.
question
How do you calculate the broadcast address?
answer
The broadcast address uses the highest address in the network range, this is the address in which all of the bits in the host portion are all 1's.
question
How do you calculate the last host address?
answer
Using the remaining amount of available bits from the prefix length will allow you to calculate the last host address by setting all of the remaining bits to 1.
question
Define unicast, broadcast, and multicast
answer
Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to an individual host Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one host to all hosts in the network Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to a selected group of hosts
question
What is another name for a unicast address?
answer
Source address
question
How does a host process a broadcast transmission?
answer
It processes the packet as it would a packet to its unicast address.
question
What is a broadcast transmission used for?
answer
The location of special services/devices for which the address is not known or when a host needs to provide information to all the hosts on the network.
question
What are the three examples of broadcast transmissions?
answer
Mapping upper-layer addresses to lower-layer addresses, requesting an address, exchanging routing information by routing protocols.
question
When does a host send a broadcast?
answer
When a host needs information or needs to send information
question
How do hosts with the information usually respond to the broadcast?
answer
One or more of the hosts will respond typically using unicast.
question
What is a directed broadcast?
answer
Useful for sending a broadcast to all hosts on a nonlocal network
question
What is a limited broadcast used for?
answer
Used for communication that is limited to the hosts on the local network
question
What forms the boundary for a broadcast domain?
answer
Router
question
What is multicast designed to do?
answer
To conserve the bandwidth of the IPv4 network, it reduces traffic by allowing a host to send a single packet to a selected set of hosts.
question
What are the 4 examples of multicast transmissions?
answer
Video and audio broadcasts, routing information exchange by some routing protocols, distribution of software, news feeds
question
How are multicast addresses assigned?
answer
They use services initiated by a client program to subscribe to the multicast group.
question
What is the range for multicast addresses?
answer
224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
question
What is the range for experimental addresses?
answer
240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.254
question
List the three private address blocks? (This is incredibly important for network administrators to know)
answer
The private address block are: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255, 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
question
What happens if a packet with a private IP address was sent to the Internet?
answer
The routers would not have routes to forward them to the appropriate private network.
question
What is NAT Network Address Translation services used for?
answer
Changes the private space addresses in the IPv4 packet header to a public space address
question
How does NAT allow a host with a private address to access the Internet?
answer
Allows the hosts in the private network to borrow a public address to communicate to outside networks.
question
What is the range for local-link addresses?
answer
169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255
question
When is a local link address assigned to a device?
answer
Automatically assigned to the local host by the operating system in environments where no IP configuration is available.
question
What is the first octet range of Class A? B? C? D? E?
answer
A - 1-127/ B - 128-191/ C - 192-223/ D - Multicast / E - Experimental
question
What is the limitation of classful routing?
answer
Often wasted many addresses which exhausted the availability of IPv4 addresses
question
What is the address system used today called?
answer
Classless addressing
question
Why should the allocation of addresses inside the networks be planned and documented for the purpose of?
answer
Preventing duplication of addresses, providing and controlling access, monitoring security and performance
question
What are the different examples of types of hosts?
answer
End devices for users, servers and peripherals, hosts that are accessible from the Internet, Intermediary devices
question
What considerations should be used about where private IP addresses should be used?
answer
If private addresses require access to the Internet, is the network capable of providing a Network Address Translation service or (NAT)
question
Which devices should have a static IP address? Why?
answer
Printers, servers, and other networking devices that need to be accessible to clients. Because if hosts typically access a server at a particular IP address, it would cause problems if that address changed.
question
What does DHCP provide for an end device?
answer
Automatic assignment of an IP address including subnet mask, and default gateway.
question
What is the block of addresses a DHCP server use called?
answer
An address pool.
question
What does almost all traffic pass through when going between networks?
answer
An intermediary device like a router.
question
Which IP addresses are used for router interfaces?
answer
Usually the lowest or the highest address in the network but it should be uniform across all networks in a corporation.
question
What is the organization that assigns IP addresses in the US?
answer
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
question
What are the advantages of having a Tier 1 ISP?
answer
Reliability and speed, only one connection away from the Internet, fewer opportunities for failures or traffic bottlenecks.
question
What is the focus of a Tier 2 ISP?
answer
Focus on business customers and usually offer more services than the other two tiers of ISPs
question
What is the focus of a Tier 3 ISP?
answer
Focus on retail and home markets in a specific locale.
question
What was the main issue to be addressed by IPv6?
answer
Creating expanded addressing capabilities
question
What were the other issues that were considered when developing IPv6?
answer
Improved packet handling, increased scalability and longevity, quality of service (QoS) mechanisms, integrated security.
question
List the added features of IPv6.
answer
128-bit hierarchical addressing to expand addressing capabilities, header format simplification to improve packet handling, improved support for extensions and options, flow-labeling capabilities as QoS mechanisms, authentication and privacy capabilities to integrate security
question
How is the subnet mask created?
answer
You turn the network portion of the address into all 1s.
question
What is true if the octet of the subnet mask is 255?
answer
Then the binary form of that octet is all 1s.
question
What is true if the octet of the subnet mask is 0?
answer
Then the binary form of that octet is all Os
question
What is the result of the ANDing process?
answer
The network address
question
What is the only case in which ANDing results in a 1?
answer
The subnet mask
question
What is ping?
answer
A utility for testing IP connectivity between hosts.
question
What happens when the destination host receives an echo request?
answer
It responds with an ICMP echo reply datagram
question
What is the address to ping the local host?
answer
127.0.0.1
question
What does a response from the local host tell you?
answer
Indicates that IP is properly installed on the host
question
What doesn't the response from the local host tell you?
answer
It doesn't tell you an indication that the addresses, masks, or gateways are properly configured.
question
What does it tell you if a ping to the gateway is successful?
answer
Indicates that the host and the router's interface serving as that gateway are both operation and on the local network.
question
What does it tell you if a ping to the remote host is successful?
answer
You will have verified the operation of a large piece of the internetwork.
question
What does the traceroute utility do?
answer
Allows you to observe the path between these hosts, generates a list of hops that were successfully reached along the path.
question
Define Round Trip Time (RTT).
answer
The time a packet takes to reach the remote host and for the response from the host to return, an asterisk is used to indicate a lost packet.
question
Define Time to Live (TTL).
answer
A field in the IP header that prevents a packet from indefinitely looping around an IP internetwork.
question
What does ICMP provide for the TCP/IP protocol stack?
answer
Provides control and error messages and is used by the ping and traceroute utilities
question
List the 5 ICMP messages that may be sent.
answer
Host confirmation, Unreachable destination or service, Time exceeded, Route redirection, Source quench.
