question

the tools of communication children use to form their understanding of the word

answer

reading, writing, listening, and speaking

question

Competency 1

answer

demonstrate an understanding of the foundations of language development, oral language skills, listening comprehension skills, and phonological and phonemic awareness.

question

Informal conversations

answer

Time to talk about things that interest and excite children.

question

Language play

answer

Exploring rhythms, sounds, and tones that young children delight in as they work and play.

question

Rhymes and song

answer

Experiences rich in rhythm and rhyme encourage children to play with words.

question

Stories

answer

Children discover new words and meanings as they listen to good stories — either told or read aloud.

question

Group talk

answer

Times during the day when conventions of shared conversations are learned and practiced.

question

Because this entire period between birth and the early elementary school years helps prepare children with the skills important for conventional literacy, we refer to this critical stage of language development as _____ _____.

answer

Emergent Literacy

question

The key is to make reading and writing _____ to the everyday life of the classroom and to make literacy activities _____ to each child.

answer

fundamental, relevant

question

_____ and _____ to what the children have to say and they will learn to do the same.

answer

listen, respond

question

LEA

answer

Language Experience Approach

question

Dictated Stories

answer

LEA

question

alliteration

answer

use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse

question

language delay

answer

There are many factors that cause language delay, both environmental and physical. Common conditions include inadequate language stimulation (neither talking to nor playing with the child); delayed general development; parents/guardians or siblings who often talk for the child; medical and physical problems; family history of language delay; learning disabilities; and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

question

ASD

answer

Autism Spectrum Disorders

question

Listening can be described as part of an active communication process that involves _____, _____, and _____ to verbal input.

answer

receiving, interpreting, responding

question

The three steps in the listening process are _____, _____, and _____ meaning.

answer

receiving, attending, assigning meaning

question

Students can be given opportunities to develop and practice listening skills during three phases of the listening process: _____, _____ and _____ .

answer

pre-listening, during listening, after listening

question

discriminative listening

answer

distinguishing beginning consonant sounds, for example

question

aesthetic listening

answer

for enjoyment

question

critical listening

answer

to evaluate a message

question

efferent listening

answer

to understand a message

question

phonological

answer

the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes

question

phoneme

answer

(linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language

question

Phonological awareness

answer

an understanding that words are composed of sound units and that sound units can be combined to form words.

question

graphemes

answer

a written symbol that is used to represent speech

question

orthography

answer

a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols

question

Phonological awareness

answer

the awareness that language is composed of sounds and the understanding of the relationship of these sounds, such as rhyming and identifying sound units such as words in sentences, syllables, onsets, and rimes.

question

A ______ is a basic unit of speech sounds that can be divided into two parts—onsets and rimes.

answer

syllable

question

onset

answer

the consonant sound that precedes the vowel of the syllable

question

rime

answer

the vowel and any consonant sound that follows the onset.

question

Phonemic Awareness

answer

refers to the ability to focus on, hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes, or the individual sounds that make up spoken words.

question

Phoneme segmentation

answer

is a child's ability to recognize the separate sound units of words

question

phoneme blending

answer

is a child's ability to string together phonemes in a meaningful way to create words.

question

Standard American English contains about _____ basic phonemes, although differences in regional pronunciation and dialect can generate more.

answer

42

question

One would expect that since there are 26 letters in the alphabet that there would be only _____ phonemes.

answer

26

question

Phoneme isolation

answer

—recognizing the individual sounds in words. For example, "Tell me the first sound you hear in the word top (/t/)."

question

Phoneme identity—

answer

recognizing the common sound in different words. For example, "Tell me the sound that is the same in pig, pot, and pie (/p/)."

question

Phoneme substitution—

answer

turning one word into another by substituting one phoneme for another. Phoneme substitution can take place for initial sounds (top-mop), middle sounds (top-tap) or ending sounds (top-tot).

question

Oral segmenting—

answer

identifying the individual sounds of a word. For example, knowing that the word top is composed of the phonemes /t/, /o/, and /p/.

question

Oral blending—

answer

being able to blend phonemes into words. For example, if the teacher says the phonemes /t/, /o/, /p/, the children respond with the word top.

question

Phoneme deletion—

answer

being able to identify a sound that has been deleted from a word. For example, the teacher says the word top and asks the children to repeat it. Then he or she instructs the children to repeat the word without a sound.

question

_____ _____ _____ is a term used to characterize the knowledge that emergent readers have about how printed language works and how print can be used to represent language.

answer

Concepts of print

question

Concepts of print are fundamental understandings important to becoming literate and include literacy conventions such as

answer

Holding a book the right way Turning the pages from right to left Knowing where to begin reading on a page Moving one's eyes from left to right and then to going back to the beginning of the next line down Knowing that pages are read from top to bottom Understanding that books have a front and back

question

Teachers can promote emergent literacy skills when they:

answer

Model what readers do when they read a text aloud. Point to words as they read. Explain what the punctuation is for. Encourage students to take part in the reading activity (pointing to the words, or turning the pages).

question

_____ _____ _____, the idea that written letters and letter patterns can be used to represent speech sounds.

answer

the alphabetic principle

question

Learn letter names.

answer

Children learn letter names by singing songs and by reciting rhymes. They also learn letter names as they see them in their own names, in the names of family members, and in familiar contexts such as signs, t-shirts, cereal boxes, television commercials, and other environmental print.

question

Learn letter shapes.

answer

Children learn letter shapes as they play with blocks, plastic letters, alphabet books, and computer games.

question

Learn letter sounds.

answer

Children best learn the sounds letters represent (individual phonemes) in relationship to letters. Activities that ask children to segment beginning sounds can be played with puppets, I Spy riddles, or identifying objects that have certain beginning sounds. Teachers typically exaggerate beginning letter sounds and ask students to listen for and mimic those sounds. Follow up activities ask children to match letter sounds to pictures.

question

Reading Fluency

answer

the ability to decode a printed text easily, accurately, expressively, and at an appropriate rate

question

phonics

answer

teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values

question

syllabication

answer

forming or dividing words into syllables

question

automaticity

answer

the ability to recognize words quickly, effortlessly, and accurately

question

Competency 2

answer

requires an understanding of effective instruction in phonics and word analysis skills to support the development of reading fluency.

question

prosody

answer

the study of poetic meter and the art of versification

question

Systematic sight word instruction

answer

is focused on promoting students' automatic recognition of words that occur with the highest frequency in texts, including words that follow regular phonics patterns as well as those that do not.

question

Phonics knowledge

answer

is knowledge of the correspondences in an alphabetic language between letters or letter patterns and the sounds of spoken language represented by those letters (i.e., grapheme-phoneme relationships).

question

suffix

answer

an affix that is added at the end of the word

question

prefix

answer

an affix that added in front of the word

question

affix

answer

attach or become attached to a stem word

question

A reader's _____ _____ _____ represents the words the reader recognizes almost instantly and with little conscious effort, or automatically.

answer

sight word vocabulary

question

—words that appear most frequently in print—are the focus of sight word instruction during the elementary grades.

answer

high-frequency words

question

It has been estimated that _____ English words make up _____ percent of all words in typical English-language books or newspapers, perhaps more in books for young children.

answer

100, 50

question

modalities

answer

(e.g., speaking, listening, writing, reading)

question

orthographic chunks

answer

word parts

question

morphology

answer

*the admissible arrangement of sounds in words. * the study of the internal structure of words and of the rules by which words are formed.

question

morpheme

answer

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g., in, come, -ing, forming incoming).

question

inflections

answer

the patterns of stress and intonation in a language

question

Basic syllable patterns (7)

answer

closed (bad), open (hi), vowel-consonant-silent e (bike), vowel teams (loan), r-controlled (car), consonant - le (table), others (sion, tion, ture, etc)

question

Spelling and Reading Patterns (5)

answer

Emergent Speller/Reader, Letter Name-Alphabetic Spelling/Beginning Reader, Within Word Pattern Spelling/Transitional Reader, Syllables and Affixes Spelling/Intermediate Reader, Derivational Relations Spelling/Advanced Reader

question

prosodic

answer

of or relating to the rhythmic aspect of language or to the suprasegmental phonemes of pitch and stress and juncture and nasalization and voicing

question

_____ _____ is accurate, at a natural pace, and mimics speech in its phrasing and expressiveness.

answer

Fluent reading

question

Automaticity

answer

is defined as fast, accurate, and effortless word identification at the single word level.

question

_____ involves not only fast and accurate word identification (reflecting automaticity) but also entails reading in phrase-length chunks and reading with expression, or "prosodic reading."

answer

Fluency

question

Prosodic Reading

answer

Reading with expression

question

Teachers can use three key indicators of fluency to assess students' fluency development

answer

Accuracy. The student's ability to identify words in a text correctly. Rate. The student's ability to read at a rate appropriate for comprehension. Prosody. The student's ability to read in phrases and with expression that both supports and reflects comprehension of the text.

question

Choral Reading

answer

All students, directed by the teacher or another student, read aloud together as a choir would sing together.

question

Echo reading.

answer

The teacher or a skilled student partner reads a text aloud sentence-by-sentence or line-by-line (in poetry), and has students chorally mimic his or her style.

question

Repeated reading.

answer

Students read a passage several times as their teacher offers suggestions of areas for improvement (e.g., accuracy, rate, rhythm, intonation, phrasing).

question

Paired reading.

answer

One student reads the text silently and then reads the passage aloud to his or her partner. The listener offers constructive feedback and the reader reads the text a second time.

question

Buddy reading.

answer

An upper-grade student or a more proficient reader takes turns reading aloud with a less skilled reader or listens to the less skilled reader read aloud and then offers constructive feedback or discusses what is happening in the text.

question

Teachers should also be familiar with intervention or _____ _____ for addressing students' demonstrated needs in these areas.

answer

differentiation strategies

question

Comprehension

answer

can be succinctly defined as the process of interpreting and making meaning from what is being read; it has long been considered the primary goal of reading instruction.

question

Competency 3

answer

addresses the instructional strategies and skills that research identifies as effective in teaching reading comprehension and vocabulary.

question

Literal comprehension.

answer

Literal comprehension requires students to locate and recognize information that is stated explicitly in the passage such as facts, stated main ideas and supporting details, the sequence of events, or cause-and-effect relationships. A reader's background knowledge facilitates the ability to glean literal information from the text and connect it to known information.

question

Inferential comprehension.

answer

Inferring ideas and cause-and-effect relationships that are not explicitly stated in the text are examples of inferential comprehension activities. Inferring and making predictions based on those inferences requires students to "read between the lines" or "beyond the lines" to suggest meanings that are not explicitly stated in the text. Once again, a reader's background knowledge can help the reader make inferences based on previous experiences and prior knowledge that support the visualization and interpretation of implicit information shared in the text.

question

Evaluative comprehension.

answer

Evaluating text may mean distinguishing between fact and opinion and drawing conclusions about a text's meaning. Evaluating as a part of the comprehension process also requires students to detect faulty reasoning or bias, construct a personal opinion about the information in the text, and make personal connections to the text. During the evaluative reading process, readers judge the quality and validity of the written material and the effectiveness of the message.

question

Skilled readers are both _____ (they read with a goal in mind) and _____ (they work hard to understand what has been read).

answer

purposeful, active

question

Research has identified six reading comprehension strategies that benefit students in learning to comprehend what they read (Duke & Pearson, 2002). They include:

answer

Predicting, Think-alouds, Text Structure, Visual Representation in Texts, Questions and Questioning, Summarization

question

Comprehension Monitoring

answer

Good readers not only use comprehension strategies but constantly monitor their comprehension so they recognize when they need to use particular strategies to help them understand what they are reading. Comprehension monitoring is "thinking about thinking" and is self-reflective. Comprehension monitoring instruction has positive effects on standardized reading comprehension test performance (Summary of National Reading Panel Report, 2002).

question

_____ _____ words are basic words which are usually learned at home or in a student's community (e.g., floor, deep, people). Teachers—particularly primary grade teachers—may choose to teach some words from Tier I to support beginning readers and English language learners.

answer

Tier I

question

_____ _____ words are a large group of high frequency words which often appear in different contexts and can serve students in important ways. Tier II words have the potential to allow students to build visual representations and illustrate connections to other words. Tier II words richly contribute to students' conceptual understanding helping to further develop students' background knowledge. Examples of Tier II words include sustain, requirement, and probability.

answer

Tier II

question

_____ _____ words are used with lower frequency but are important in the context of content areas or are domain-specific words (e.g., multiplicand, divisor, or equation). Content area words have traditionally been the focus of upper elementary teachers and, while important to supporting the study of certain disciplines, content specific words should not become the focus of all vocabulary learning.

answer

Tier III

question

Competency 4

answer

addresses the idea that there are different types of texts and graphic resources. Different texts and graphic resources are used for a variety of and teachers must offer experiences with a wide assortment of text in reading instruction to help students develop into capable readers.

question

_____ works most often include a plot, setting, characters, theme, conflict, and resolution.

answer

Fictional

question

_____ _____ most often include plot, setting, characters, dialogue, and also use a specific form (or script) that organizes the work into acts and scenes.

answer

Dramatic works (or plays)

question

Characterization.

answer

The way an author creates, develops, and presents characters.

question

Rising action.

answer

Events in a story that move the plot forward. Rising action involves conflicts and complications and usually builds toward the climax.

question

Simile.

answer

A figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things, usually with the words like or as. Example: Stop it! You're acting like a baby.

question

Alliteration.

answer

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in close succession. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

question

Traditional literature.

answer

Traditional literature encompasses stories originally shared in an oral tradition through storytelling. Thus, traditional literature includes stories that have been passed down from generation to generation, sharing cultural traditions and values. Stories included in this genre can be further broken down as

question

Fables are most popularly associated with _____

answer

Aesop (6th century BC).

question

Informational Text

answer

Expository or informational texts enlighten readers by imparting factual information with verifiable knowledge, promoting critical thinking about that knowledge. Examples of informational texts include some picture and chapter books, content area textbooks, newspapers, journal articles, and photographic essays.

question

There are five organizational patterns common to information texts:

answer

description, sequence, comparison, cause-and-effect, and problem-solution.

question

QAR.

answer

Question-Answer-Relationships (Raphael, 2006) guide students to generate a number of questions when reading informational text. The student differentiates between the types of questions asked and seeks answers that satisfy literal, inferential, or evaluative comprehension questions.

question

Raphael's four types of questions are:

answer

Right there questions. These are answers to literal questions students will find right in the text. Think and search questions. Answers that students will find in the text but will need to hunt for them. Often, these are inferential questions. Author and me questions. These questions are a combination of ideas the author shares and some the reader thinks of. These questions are inferential and applied. On my own questions. Answers for these questions require that readers critically analyze what is read, draw some conclusions, and come up with applied, evaluative responses.

question

Snob appeal.

answer

In contrast to plain folks, this propaganda technique suggests that the use of the product makes the customer part of an elite or exclusive group.

question

Competency 5

answer

requires that you understand the processes, conventions, and key elements of both written and oral communication.

question

recursive

answer

characterized by recurrence or repetition, in particular

question

This technique has several different names, including concept webs or maps. The students write many different terms and phrases associated with their topic onto a sheet of paper in a random fashion and later go back to link the words together into a sort of "map" or "web" that forms groups from the separate parts. After students write down several ideas, they can start grouping them and drawing linking lines as connections become apparent.

answer

Clustering.

question

This is a method that many writers use to warm up to generate ideas. The students write down whatever comes into your head during a specified time period (5-10 minutes) without concerning themselves with sentence structure, spelling, grammar, or punctuation. They simply write rapidly about anything that comes to their minds before the time elapses.

answer

Free-writing.

question

Communication

answer

occurs on three general levels: the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and academic levels.

question

Intrapersonal

answer

communication is communicating with oneself. It encompasses such activities as thought processing, personal decision making, self-talk, listening, and determining self-concept.

question

Interpersonal communication

answer

refers to communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communicative relationship. Forms of interpersonal communication include face-to-face or mediated conversations, interviews, and small-group discussions.

question

Academic communication

answer

is formal classroom talk intended to inform or persuade.

question

_____ _____ is the process of sending messages intended to share concepts, skills, or knowledge. Also called instructional (or _____) communication, academic communication is distinguished from interpersonal communication in that academic communication is focused on instructional content while interpersonal communication is generally more informal and spontaneous.

answer

Academic communication, efferent

question

chrysalis

answer

pupa of a moth or butterfly enclosed in a cocoon

question

Register, or _____ _____, is the level of formality used when speaking or writing formal language, familiar language, or slang.

answer

social variation

question

The primary functions of _____ are to maintain order, settle conflicts, and protect the community.

answer

govt

question

America's first national government was based on the _____ _____ _____.

answer

Articles of Confederation

question

_____ _____ of the Constitution defines the legislative branch and vests power to legislate in the Congress of the United States.

answer

Article 1

question

The executive powers of the President are defined in _____ _____. The executive branch of government enforces the laws of the land.

answer

Article 2

question

_____ _____ defines the judicial branch as the Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Congress sees necessary to establish.

answer

Article 3

question

The Constitution establishes a government based on the principle of "_____," or the sharing of power among the national, state, and local governments.

answer

federalism

question

Education for _____ in a constitutional democracy has been a long-standing goal of schools in the United States.

answer

citizenship

question

EU capital in _____ _____

answer

EU capital in Brussels, Belgium.

question

Opportunity Cost

answer

Whenever limited resources are used to satisfy one want or need, there are other wants and needs that remain unsatisfied. Opportunity cost is the next best alternative that must be given up when a choice is made. Opportunity Cost

question

Interdependence

answer

Interdependence Decisions by Business A affect the decisions of other businesses and the decisions of other businesses affect the decisions of Business A.

question

Factors of Production.

answer

The four basic factors used to produce goods and services- labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship.

question

All economic systems answer three basic economic questions:

answer

What will we produce with our resources? How will we produce these goods? For whom will we produce these goods?

question

Traditional Economy.

answer

In traditional economies, answers to three basic economic questions are based on how they were addressed in the past. There is little difference from generation to generation about who will do what and how it will be done; if your family grows wheat, you will be a wheat farmer, too. New ideas or ways of doing things are generally rejected. Traditional economies are most often found in rural regions with high levels of subsistence farming.

question

Command Economy.

answer

In command economies, government provides all the answers to the three basic economic questions state planners decide which goods and services are produced and how they are distributed. The state owns all property and controls all resources, including land, labor, and capital. Consumer needs receive little attention in this type of economy. The former Soviet Union is an example of a command economy.

question

Market Economy.

answer

In market economies, the three basic economic questions are answered by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. The exchange of goods, services, and information takes place in a free market governed by the law of supply and demand, which determines the price of goods and services.

question

Mixed Economy.

answer

In mixed economies, both government and the marketplace answer the three basic economic questions. Individuals and firms enjoy varying degrees of economic freedom, but they are also subject to a range of government regulation. Common examples of mixed economies include the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy.

question

Stone age

answer

(subdivided into Paleolithic—a span beginning more than a million years ago in which several Homo species used crude rock tools; Mesolithic—about 12000 to 7000 years ago; Neolithic—7000 to about 5500); the Bronze Age (5500 to 3200 years ago); and the Iron Age (starting about 3200 years ago).

question

Paleolithic—

answer

a span beginning more than a million years ago in which several Homo species used crude rock tools;

question

Mesolithic—

answer

about 12000 to 7000 years ago;

question

Neolithic—

answer

7000 to about 5500);

question

the Bronze Age

answer

(5500 to 3200 years ago);

question

the Iron Age

answer

(starting about 3200 years ago).

question

the collapse of Rome in _____,

answer

496 CE

question

From about 500 CE to 1000 CE, Western Europe was politically divided, rural, and largely cut off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and India. This period in Europe has often been called the _____ _____

answer

Dark Ages.

question

China, too, broke apart when the _____ dynasty collapsed in 220 CE and remained divided for almost 400 years.

answer

Han

question

China was not restored to its earlier glory until the emergence of the _____ Dynasty in 618 CE.

answer

Tang

question

The earliest American civilization, that of the _____, emerged in the tropical forests along the Gulf Coast of Mexico from about 1500 BCE to 400 BCE.

answer

Olmecs

question

Mesoamerica,

answer

a geographic region made up of Mexico and Central America.

question

Before the birth of Prophet Mohammad in the northern Arabian trading city of Mecca between _____ and _____ CE,

answer

570-580

question

The _____ are believed to have originated from West Africa, in present day Cameroon and Nigeria.

answer

Bantu

question

Era 1

answer

Era 1: The beginnings of human society

question

Era 2

answer

: Early civilizations and the emergence of pastoral peoples (4000-1000 BCE)

question

Era 3

answer

: Classical traditions, major religions, and giant empires (1000 BCE-300 CE)

question

Era 4

answer

: Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE)

question

Era 5

answer

: Intensified hemispheric interactions (1000-1500 CE)

question

Era 6

answer

: The emergence of the first global age (1450-1770 CE)

question

1487

answer

: Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

question

1492

answer

: Italian mariner Christopher Columbus reached the Bahamas on October 12. Later, he visited Cuba and Hispaniola.

question

1497

answer

: John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), an Italian explorer, navigated the coast of Newfoundland.

question

1498

answer

: Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama founded colonies in India.

question

1499

answer

: Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian maritime explorer, discovered the mouth of the Amazon River. The continent of America was named after Vespucci.

question

1500

answer

: Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral became the first European to enter Brazil.

question

1512

answer

: Juan Ponce de Leon, a Spanish explorer and governor of Hispaniola, discovered Florida.

question

1519

answer

: Spanish conquistador Herman Cortes crushed the Aztec Empire and its capital, Tenochtitlán.

question

1519-22

answer

: The Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

question

1535

answer

: French navigator Jacques Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River.

question

Era 7

answer

: Colonization and settlement (1585-1763)

question

Samuel de Champlain

answer

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

question

Henry Hudson

answer

English navigator who discovered the Hudson River

question

Mayflower Compact

answer

The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the Separatists, also known as the "Saints", fleeing from religious persecution by King James of Great Britain. They traveled aboard the Mayflower in 1620 along with adventurers, tradesmen, and servants, most of whom were referred to as "Strangers".

question

Roger Williams

answer

English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism

question

William Penn

answer

Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)

question

Triangular Trade

answer

Triangular trade, or triangle trade, is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. Triangular trade thus provides a method for rectifying trade imbalances between the above regions.

question

James Edward Oglethorpe

answer

James Edward Oglethorpe (22 December 1696 - 30 June 1785) was a British general, Member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World.[1]

question

Era 8

answer

: Revolution and the New Nation (1754-1820s)

question

Era 9

answer

: Expansion and reform (1801-1861)

question

Era 10

answer

: Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877)

question

The Dred Scott Case

answer

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether slave or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court,[2][3] and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

question

With the election of Abraham Lincoln in _____, seven southern states seceded from the Union.

answer

1860

question

Compromise efforts failed and a crisis developed at _____ _____ in South Carolina, which resulted in the secession by four more southern slave states.

answer

Fort Sumter

question

Era 11

answer

: The development of the industrial United States (1870-1900)

question

Era 12

answer

: The emergence of modern America (1890-1930)

question

The turn of the century witnessed the emergence of a national reform movement known as _____. It included advocates of women's suffrage, municipal reform, temperance, immigration reform, and a host of other social reforms.

answer

Progressivism

question

Era 13

answer

: The Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945)

question

The United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in _____ _____

answer

December 1941.

question

Era 14

answer

: Postwar United States (1945-early 1970s)

question

When North Korea forces attacked South Korea in _____, the United States intervened.

answer

1950

question

Era 15

answer

: Contemporary United States (1968-the Present)

question

Sometime around 2600 BC, an Egyptian king named _____ summoned his chief adviser, _____, to design his tomb.

answer

Zoser, Imhotep

question

Mohenjo-Daro

answer

India's first civilization arose in the Indus Valley 2500 - 1500 BC. The Indus River stretches across the northwestern part of India from its source high in the snowy Himalayan peaks. Its frequent floods left behind a fine-grained soil called silt in which the crops grew very well. A number of towns were neatly laid out along the Indus, indicating that a strong central government engaged in planning activities. One of the most impressive of these towns was Mohenjo-Daro, a busy city of over 35,000 people, filled with craft shops operated by beadmakers, potters, shell workers, and metal workers. In the center of the cities were huge grain storage rooms called citadels.

question

China's earliest civilizations started along a river, the _____ _____in north central China.

answer

Huang He

question

c.3500 BC

answer

Invention of the wheel and plough in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq); invention of the sail in Egypt: three fundamental inventions for trade, agriculture, and exploration.

question

c.3200 BC

answer

Invention of writing in Mesopotamia: the means to record and understand human history.

question

c.3000 BC

answer

Founding of the first cities in Sumeria (present-day Iraq): origin of modern social and administrative structures.

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c.1600 BC

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Modern alphabet invented: the essential means of communication of complex concepts and culture.

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c.1600 BC

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Beginning of Greek civilization: essential to Western heritage and the root of mathematics, philosophy, political thinking, and medicine.

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753 BC

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Foundation of Rome: the Roman Empire is a pillar of the modern age, producing ideas on justice, law, engineering and warfare.

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c.670 BC

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Invention of ironworking: metallurgy is the key to further technical, economic, and military developments.

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c.551 BC

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Birth of Confucius, the founder of one of the world's major philosophical systems.

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486 BC

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Birth of Buddha, founder of one of the world's major religions.

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27 BC Founding of the Roman Empire: this is the start of the classic period of Roman domination in Europe and the Mediterranean.

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Founding of the Roman Empire: this is the start of the classic period of Roman domination in Europe and the Mediterranean.

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c.5 BC

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Birth of Jesus Christ, founder of the many branches of Christianity. The exact date is disputed.

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AD 105

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First use of modern paper: this replaced stone, slate, papyrus and vellum as a cheap and convenient medium.

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AD 280

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Unification of China under the Western Chin dynasty creates the political shape of modern China.

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AD 312

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Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity: this made it possible for Christianity to spread across Europe.

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AD 476

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Fall of the Roman Empire in the West ends 800 years of Roman hegemony. The creation of modern Europe begins.

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c.AD 570

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Birth of Muhammad, founder of one of the world's great religions.

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c.AD 730

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Printing invented in China: an essential step in mass communication/ administration/cultural dissemination.

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AD 800

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Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the new Western Empire. This marked the point at which Europe began to reintegrate. The Holy Roman Empire lasts for 1,000 years.

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1206

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Genghis Khan begins his conquest of Asia. This has a major impact on Asian development and the movement of peoples.

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1215

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Magna Carta signed by King John at Runnymede: this is the origin of the modern concept of constitutional rule.

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1453

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Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks: Almost 500 years of Turkish domination of the Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa and the Middle East begins.

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1455

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First book printed with moveable type: Johannes Gutenberg's revolution in printing technology makes mass-market reading possible.

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1492

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Christopher Columbus discovers the New World, bringing the Americas into a global trading/cultural system.

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1509

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Invention of the watch: essential to a modern economy and administration, this introduces the concept of regular timekeeping.

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1517

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Martin Luther launches the Reformation. It is the start of Protestant Christianity and the idea of religious individualism.

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1519

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Cortes begins his conquest of South America, which becomes part of the wider world economic and political system.

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1687

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Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, the foundation of modern physics.

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1776

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American Declaration of Independence determines the political evolution of the New World and the rise of American power.

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1789

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French Revolution marks a fundamental break with the tradition of monarchy; the "rights of man" are enshrined.

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1825

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Rocket steam locomotive built, marking the start of the railway age of cheap, fast land transport.

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1885

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Benz develops first gasoline-driven car, starting the most profound technical and social revolution of the modern age.

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1893

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New Zealand introduces unrestricted women's suffrage. At this point women win the principle of full political equality.

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1905

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Einstein's theory of relativity published. It transforms the nature of modern physical knowledge.

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1917

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Russian Revolution creates the first successful, long-term revolutionary state

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1918

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End of the First World War. The Habsburg and Ottoman empires collapse; maps of Europe and the Middle East are redrawn.

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1939

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Outbreak of Second World War: 50 million die worldwide from 1939-45 in the world's largest and most deadly conflict, which ends the long age of imperialisms.

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1945

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End of Second World War; when the first nuclear bomb is detonated, mankind develops the means to destroy itself.

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1949

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Communist China founded: China is created as a single territorial unit with a common administration and a modernizing economy.

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1959

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Invention of the silicon chip is the major technical invention of the past century, making possible the computer age.

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1989-90

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Collapse of Communist regimes in Europe: marks the end of the long communist experiment; Asian communism is also transformed.

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1066:

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The Norman conquest of England began with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy, and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. This resulted in Norman control of England.

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1095-1291:

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The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe and the Holy Roman Empire to restore Christian control of the Holy Land.

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1190-1227:

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Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khan) is one of history's most dynamic leaders. During his lifetime, he conquered more territory than any other conqueror, and his successors established the largest contiguous empire in history.

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1337-1453:

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The Hundred Years' War was a series of separate wars between two royal houses for the French throne, which was vacant with the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. When Edward III of England, whose mother had been a French princess, claimed the French crown in 1337, war broke out between the rival powers.

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1453:

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The Fall of Constantinople brought about the defeat of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.

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1532-1544:

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The Conquest of Peru was the military conquest of the Inca Empire by Spanish conquistadores.

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1618-1648:

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The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. It resulted from power struggles between the Kings of France and Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. War was fueled by conflicts between Calvinism and Catholicism.

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1756-1763:

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The Seven Years' War was a major military conflict that involved all of the major European powers of the period. The war arose out of the attempt of the Austrian Habsburgs to win back the rich province of Silesia, which had been wrested from them by Frederick II the Great of Prussia. But the Seven Years' War also involved overseas colonial struggles between Great Britain and France in the New World and Far East.

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1792-1802:

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The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states hostile to the Revolution.

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1800-1815:

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The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between France under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte and a number of European nations. They arose from the French Revolutionary Wars and engaged nearly all European nations in a bloody struggle that spilled into Egypt, North America, and South America.

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War of 1812

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This is sometimes called the second American war of independence. During the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain sought to restrict French trade. The Americans had been supplying many needed goods to France, so the British blocked all trade between the French and the United States. Only vessels that had first passed through a British port were allowed to sail unimpeded to the United States. Also, the British government in Canada was actively supporting Native American uprisings in the continental U.S. and her western territories. The resulting conflict between Great Britain and the United States ended in a draw; there were no territorial concessions made by either side. Relations between the United States and Britain would remain peaceful throughout the 19th century.

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Korean War

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On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces moved without warning across the 38th parallel. The United States and the United Nations came to the aid of the South Koreans in repelling the communist invasion. The Korean War demonstrated that the United States would be willing to do everything possible to prevent the spread of communism. South Korea afterward became an important military base for the United States with thousands of American troops stationed there.

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Vietnam War

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As in Korea, U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict represented an effort to prevent the spread of communism. Despite the deaths of more than 58,000 U.S. soldiers, the war ended in the defeat of South Vietnam and the reunification of the country in 1975. The United States suffered a significant blow to its reputation as a world superpower, and the cost of the war damaged its economy.

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The discipline of geography is divided into two major branches: _____ _____ and _____ _____. Physical geographers study the landscapes, surface processes, and climate of Earth, much as earth scientists do. They are interested in the dynamics of the four spheres of our planet (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere). Human (cultural) geographers, on the other hand, study ways in which human populations interact with each other and with the physical environment. They examine such topics as the spread of ideas and beliefs through cultural diffusion, the effects of different models of population distribution and urban development, and the framework of beliefs and traditions that shape a culture's relationship to its environment.

answer

physical geography, human (cultural) geography

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_____ _____ study the landscapes, surface processes, and climate of Earth, much as earth scientists do. They are interested in the dynamics of the four spheres of our planet (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere).

answer

Physical Geographers

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atmosphere

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the mass of air surrounding the Earth

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hydrosphere

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the watery layer of the earth's surface

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biosphere

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the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist

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lithosphere

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the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle

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Concepts of culture

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Traits Diffusion Acculturation Cultural regions

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acculturation

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the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

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diffusion

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the spread of social institutions (and myths and skills) from one society to another

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Technology.

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This area considers how the development and use of tools affect the ability of people to control and adapt to their natural environment. Major technological developments include the printing press (1454), light bulb (1848), telephone (1876), television (1925), microchip (1958), laser (1960), fibre optics (1966), Internet (1969), and personal computer (1977). Despite their benefits, many technological innovations have produced unwanted pollution, depleted natural resources, and caused other negative consequences.

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agronomy

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the application of soil and plant sciences to land management and crop production

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According to the United Nations, there are more than 190 million migrants in the world today, constituting approximately _____% of the world's population.

answer

3

question

People migrate for many reasons. Natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes, poor medical care, poverty, famine, war, fear of torture and mistreatment, or religious and political repression may push people out of their homes. The attraction of more food or better jobs, better living conditions, education, and security may pull people to a new place. In human geography, this is called the _____ _____ of migration; the _____ factor involves a force which drives people away from a place and the _____ factor is what draws them to a new location.

answer

push-pull, push, pull

question

One degree of latitude covers about _____ miles (111 kilometers).

answer

69

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