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A collection of tissues that support the body and enable it to move, thermoregulate, and transport materials

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Muscle Tissue

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muscle

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Myo-

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muscle cells

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Sarco-

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a belly, two or more attachment sites

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Muscles have

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Fibrous connective tissue bands that attach skeletal muscles to bones at both ends

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Tendons

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broad sheet of fibrous connective tissue that attaches certain muscles to bones or to other muscles

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Aponeuroses

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white line: runs lengthwise between the muscles of an animal's ventral midline; connects the abdominal muscles from each side together

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Linea alba

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more stable of the attachment sites, does not move much when a muscle contracts, provides stability

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Origin of the Muscle

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more moveable of the attachment sites, when a muscle contracts it exerts traction on ____ and usually produces movement of bone or other structures

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Insertion of the Muscle

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agonist, A muscle or muscle group that directly produces a desired movement

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Prime mover

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A muscle group that directly opposes the action of a prime mover

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Antagonist

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A muscle that contracts at the same time as the prime mover and assists it in carrying out its action

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Synergist

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Stabilize joints to allow other movements to take place

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Fixator muscles

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flex (bend) a joint

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Flexor muscles

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extend (straighten) a joint

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Extensor muscles

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means triangular

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Deltoid

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brachial (upper arm)

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Brachii

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means straight

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Rectus

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In the connective tissue (fascia) just beneath the skin thin, broad, superficial muscles used to twitch the skin

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Cutaneous Muscles

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In the cheek, closes the jaw, chewing muscle

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Masseter muscle

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triangular flat, originates along the dorsal midline, inserts on the spine of the scapula, raises head and neck (3)

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Trapezius muscles

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in the dorsal part of the neck

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Splenius muscle

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large, strap-like muscle that runs from the proximal area of the humerus up to the base of the skull (3), extends the head and neck and pulls the front leg forward

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Brachiocephalicus muscle

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smaller strap-like muscle that extends from the sternum to the base of the skull, lowers head and neck

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Sternocephalicus muscle

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an aponeurosis that extends from the xiphoid process (caudal end) of the sternum to the cranial brim of the pubis (4)

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linea alba

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Fibers run in a caudoventral direction (1)

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External abdominal oblique

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Fibers run in a cranioventral direction (1)

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Internal abdominal oblique

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Fibers run directly downward in a ventral direction to insert on the linea alba (2)

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Transversus abdominis

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Two strap-like muscles on either side of the linea alba that run from the ribs and sternum back to the brim of the pubis (3)

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Rectus abdominis

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Broad, triangular muscle that extends from the spinal column down to its insertion on the humerus, flexes the shoulder (1)

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Latissimus dorsi muscle

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Extend from the sternum to the humerus, Act as adductors (inward movers) of the front leg (1&2)

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Pectoral muscles

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Triangular muscle that extends from the lateral portion of the scapula down to the humerus, abducts (moves outward) and flexes the shoulder joint

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Deltoid muscle

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Extends from the distal end of the scapula to the proximal end of the radius, bends the elbow (8)

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Biceps brachii

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Extends from the distal scapula and proximal humerus down to the olecranon process of the ulna (the point of the elbow), straightens the elbow

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Triceps brachii

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located over the radius, straightens the carpus

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Extensor carpii radialis

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Located beneath some of the other digital flexor muscles, bends the digits

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Deep digital flexor

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Extends from the bones of the pelvis down to the trochanters of the femur, help extend the hip joint

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Gluteal muscles

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main flexor of the stifle joint, propel and animal forward when they walk: Biceps femoris muscle Semimembranosus muscle Semitendinosus muscle

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Hamstring muscles

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main extensor of the stifle joint, point of insertion is the tibia, (1&2)

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Quadriceps femoris muscle

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extends the hock, called the calf in humans, attaches to the achilles tendon

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Gastrocnemius muscle

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A thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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Diaphragm

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between the ribs, fibers are directed in an oblique direction so that when they contract, they rotate the ribs upward and forward, increase the size of the thoracic cavity and causes air to be drawn into the lungs

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External intercostal muscles

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Fibers run at right angles to those of the external intercostal muscles, rotate the ribs backward, which decreases the size of the thorax and pushes air out of the lungs

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Internal intercostal muscles

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Large, narrow, thin, long cells, Can be several inches long, Have many nuclei per cells

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Skeletal muscle cells

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Microscopic, fiber-like structures that occupy most of the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) in the skeletal muscle cells. Composed of filaments of the contractile protein actin and myosin and are packed together longitudinally in the muscle cells

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Myofibrils

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The two contractile proteins of muscle that slide over each other to produce the shortening of the muscle cell that we refer to as muscle contraction

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Actin filaments and Myosin filaments

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The organelle in a muscle cell that is equivalent to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells, It stores calcium ions necessary to initiate the muscle contraction process

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Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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A system of tubules in a skeletal muscle cell that extends from the sarcolemma (cell membrane) into the depths of the cell, Help carry an impulse caused by nerve stimulation of the muscle cell into its interior

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Transverse tubules (T tubules)

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Large, dark bands in skeletal muscle fiber that alternates with lighter I bands to give a striped appearance to the skeletal muscle fibers under a microscope, are composed of the contractile protein myosin

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A band

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Large, light bands in a skeletal muscle fiber that alternates with darker A bands to give a striped appearance to skeletal muscle fibers under a microscope, are composed of thin filaments of the contractile protein actin

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I band

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The dark line in the center of the light band (I band) of skeletal muscle, disks to which the actin filaments are attached

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Z line

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basic contracting unit of the skeletal muscle, consists of the actin and myosin filaments between the Z lines in a muscle cell,

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Sarcomere

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The thin, delicate layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual skeletal muscle fiber

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Endomysium

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A group of skeletal muscle fibers bound together by a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the perimysium

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Fascicles

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The fibrous connective tissue layer in skeletal muscle that surrounds groups of muscle fibers and binds them into groups called fascicles

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Perimysium

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The tough connective tissue layer that covers and delineates individual muscles. It surrounds groups of skeletal muscle fascicles

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Epimysium

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Sites where the ends of motor nerve fibers to connect to muscle fibers

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Neuromuscular Junction

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a space between the end of the nerve fiber and the sarcolemma

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synaptic space

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tiny sacs within the end of a nerve fiber in a neuromuscular junction

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synaptic vesicles

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chemical neurotransmitter

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acetylcholine

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one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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motor unit

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enzyme in the synaptic space that quickly removes the acetylcholine molecule from its receptor and splits it apart

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acetylcholinesterase

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muscle contracts completely or not at all

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All-or-Nothing Principle

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a large protein molecule that can store and release large quantities of oxygen

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Myoglobin

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The type of metabolism in muscle in which the supply of available oxygen is sufficient to keep up with the energy needs of the muscle fibers

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Aerobic metabolism

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The type of metabolism in muscle that occurs when the need for energy to produce muscular activity exceeds the available oxygen supply, creates lactic acid

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Anaerobic metabolism

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Smaller than skeletal muscle cells, Longer than they are wide and have multiple branches

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Cardiac muscle

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securely fasten the cells together and also transmit impulses from cell to cell to allow large groups of cardiac muscle cells to contract in a coordinated manner

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Intercalated disks

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located in the wall of the right atrium, the heart's pacemaker

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sinoatrial (SA) node

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stimulates the heart to beat harder and faster

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Sympathetic nervous system

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cause the heart to beat more slowly and with less force

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Parasympathetic nervous system

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sheets of cells in the walls of some hollow organs, as small discrete groups of cells

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Smooth muscle

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Found in the walls of many soft internal organs: Sympathetic nervous system stimulation decreases visceral smooth muscle activity and Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation increases visceral smooth muscle activity

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Visceral smooth muscle

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Small and delicate muscle, Made up of individual smooth muscle cells or small groups of cells

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Multiunit smooth muscle

Muscular System Vet. Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards

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