MT2 Prelims – Flashcards
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Ecology
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is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and the interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their environment
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Environment: Physical Properties
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-Insolation (sunlight) -Climate -Geology
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Environment: Biotic Factors
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Other organisms that share its habitat
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Human Ecology
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-explores not only the influence of humans on their environment but also the influence of the environment on human behavior, and their adaptive strategies as they come to understand those influences better -interdisciplinary applied field that uses a holistic approach to help people solve problems and enhance human potential within their near environments -clothing, families, home, communities
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Demography
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-is the statistical study of all populations -encompasses the study of the SIZE, STRUCTURE and DISTRIBUTION of populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, death, migration and aging.
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Crude Birth Rate
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The annual number of live births per 1000 people
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General Fertility Rate
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The annual number of live births per 1000 women of child bearing age (15-49)
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Age-specific fertility rates
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-annual number of live births per 1000 women in particular age groups
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Crude Death Rate
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Annual number of deaths per 1000 people
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Infant Mortality Rate
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annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1000 live births
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Expectation of Life (Life expectancy)
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number of years which an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels
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Total Fertility Rate
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number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life
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Gross reproduction rate
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number of daughters who would be born to a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility rates
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Net production ratio
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is the expected number of daughters, per newborn prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and through the ages of child bearing
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Population
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collection of peple or organisms of a particular species living in a given geographic area or mortality or migration
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Processes that affect population change
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1. Fertility 2. Mortality 3. Migration
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Population Growth
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is the increase in a region's population
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Biotic Potential
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-is the maximum reproductive capacity of a population under optimum environmental conditions -inherent power of organisms to reproduce and survive (chapman) -species at its highest birth rate and lowest mortality rate
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Population control
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is the practice of curtailing population increase, usually by reducing the birth rate
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Epidemiology Etymology
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"epi" - on, upon "demos" - people "logos" - study
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Epidemiology: American Society of Epidemiology
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The science or knowledge of the natural history of disease
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Epidemiology: Frost (1931)
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The science o the MASS-PHENOMENON of infectious diseases, or as the natural history of infectious diseases; concerned not merely with describing the distribution of disease, but equally or more fitting into a consistent philosophy
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Epidemiology: Stallybrass (1931)
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The science of the infective diseases, their PRIME CAUSES, PROPAGATION, and PREVENTION
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Epidemiology: MacMahon
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The study and distribution and determinants of disease frequency in man.
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Epidemiology: Leavell and Clark
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A field of science which is concerned with the various factors and conditions that determine the occurrence and distribution of health, disease, defect, disability and death among a group of individuals
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Epidemiology: Lillienfield (1976)
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The study of the distribution of disease or physiologic condition in human populations and of the factors that influence this distribution components: human populations factors agent
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History of Epidemiology
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Early application examples: 1. Great plague/bubonic plague in Europe and Asia 2. Cholera epidemic in London as investigated by John Snow 3. Typhoid fever as studied by William Bud 4. Smallpox
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Hippocrates
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The father of medicine, also recognized te influence of environment and expressed his idea that diseases may be connected with a person's environment
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Fracastorious
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Italian doctor and poet, used epidemiologic metod of reasoning expressed in his book (DE RES CONTAGIOSA) and stated that disease results from specific contatgious or seeds of disease.
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John Graunt (1620-1674)
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Famous for his uses of statistics specifically his notes on high IMR, excess deaths of males over females. He was believed to have made the first life table.
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Farr (1807-1883)
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Also noted for his work on statistics notably MORTALITY among cornish metal workers, prisoners, married-unmarried, organized first vital statistical systems
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Epidemiology from 1950s+
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Epidemiology has been applied to chronic disease and other conditions (smoking and lung cancer, etc)
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Epidemiology Objective: Etiology
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the cause of disease and the risk factors "How is the disease transmitted?"
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Epidemiology Objective: Extent of Disease
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"What is the burden of the disease in the community?"
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Epidemiology Objective: Natural History and Prognosis of the disease
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Define the baseline natural history of a disease
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Epidemiology Objective: Evaluation of new PREVENTIVE and THERAPEUTIC measures
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"What is the impact of length of hospital stay on health outcome or quality of life?" "What is the impact of new approaches to health care delivery on health outcome?"
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Epidemiology Objective: Foundation for developing public policy and regulatory decisions
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"Which occupations are associated with increased risk of disease in workers?" "What is the effect of ozone depletion in human populations?"
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Aims of Epidemiology
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1. Prevention of Disease 2. Maintenance of Health 3. Promotion of Health
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Epidemiology Component: Human Populaton
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-group of people - sick or healthy --defined by: ---geographic boundaries ---characteristics or attributes
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Epidemiology Component: Distribution
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1. Epidemic - outbreak in a community 2. Endemic - constant presence of disease/agent in a place 3. Pandemic - Epidemic of worldwide proportion 4. Sporadic - few, unrelated cases in several areas
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Epidemiology Component: Factors - Host
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1. Host - State of th ehost at any given time is a result of the interactions of genetic endowment with environment over the entire lifespan Genetic Factors: ABO blood groupings, enzyme deficiencies, G6PD deficiency Result of past environmental exposures: specfic immunity to infections like Measles or Hepatitis B Personality: Type A personality is predisposed to CHD Social Class membership: Lifestyle
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Epidemiology Component: Factors - Agent
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1. Characteristic useful in classification and specific identification of the organism - Morphology, Chemical Composition (RNA/DNA/Lipoprotein), Antigenic Properties (basis for specificity) 2. Properties which relate to perpetuation -Viability - spores in Bacillus Anthracis -Growth Requirements -Host Range -Vulnerability to Chemotherapy -Evolution of drug resistant strains -Changes in antigenic character - Flu Viruses 3. Host - related properties -Infectivity -Pathogenicity - Ability to cause disease, depends on rapidity and extent of multiplication, tissue damage, elaboration of toxin, etc -Virulence - Severity of the disease that occurs, Criteria (permanent or serious sequelae, death) -Immunogenecity - Ability to induce specific immunity in the host which depends on the amount of antigen in the host, site of multiplication, and extent of dissemination
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Epidemiology Component: Environment
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A. Biological -Infectious Agent: Presence of Plasmodium Falciparum in Palawan -Reservoirs of infection: Presence of infected individuals -Vectors: Presence of Anopheles mosquito in Palawan -Plants/Animals: rich vegetation where mosquitoes thrive B. Social Economic, Politics, Social customs, level of receptivity to changes C. Physical Heat/Light, Air/Atmosphere pressure/oxygen supply, water, radiation, chemical agents, living spce
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Ecologic Models: The Epidemiologic Triangle
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Implies that each of the 3 factors must be analyzed and understood for comprehension and prediction patterns of a disease Agent - Host - Environment
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Ecologic Models: The Lever
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The interaction of the factors compared to a lever balanced over a fulcrum. (see ppt)
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Ecologic Models: The Wheel
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The model consists of a hub (host or human) which has genetic make-up as its core. Surrounding the host is the environment, schematically divided into three sectors - biological, social and physical. (see ppt)
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Ecologic Models: Web of Causation
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The essence of the concept is that effects never depend on a single isolated cause, ut rather develop as the result of chains of causation at which each link itself is the result of a "complex genealogy of antecedents" (see ppt)
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Health (WHO)
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A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, not merely by the absence of disease or infirmity
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Public Health (Dr. C. E. Winslow)
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The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort
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Medicus Titulares
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equivalent to provincial health officers since 1876
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Department of Public Works Education and Hygiene
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June 23, 1898
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Health Sector Reform Agenda
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1999-2004 *organizational policy changes major strategies *public investments needed to improve the health care care system delivery, regulated and financed.
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Determinants of Health
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1. Income and social status 2. Education 3. Physical environment 4. Employment and working conditions 5. Social support networks 6. Culture 7. Genetics 8. Personal behavior and coping skills 9. Health services 10. Gender
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Core Business of Public Health
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-disease control -injury prevention -health protection -healthy public policy including those in relation to environmental hazards such as in the workplace, housing, food & water. -promotion of health and equitable health gain
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Essential Public Health Fnctions
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1. Health situation monitoring and analysis 2. Epidemiological surveillance 3. Development of policies and planning in public health 4. Strategic management of health systems and services for population health gain 5. Regulation and enforcement to protect public health 6. Human resources development and planning 7. Health promotion, social participation and empowerment 8. Ensuring the quality of personal and population based health services 9. Research development and implementation of innovative public health solutions
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Components of Primary Health Care
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1. Health Education 2. Treatment of Locally Endemic Diseases 3. Expanded program on immunization 4. Maternal and child health and family planning 5. Provision of Essential Drugs 6. Nutrition 7. Treatment of communicable and non communicable disease 8. Environmental Sanitation
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External Factors affecting Health
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-Political -Cultural, representation of nonphysical traits such as values, beliefs, attitudes, customs -Socioeconomic, production activities, distribution and consumption of goods of an individual
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Health (Medical Model), M.B. Belloc and L. Breslow 1972
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Health is the state of being free from signs or symptoms of disease
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Health (Health-Illness Continuum), Mc Cann/Flynn and Heffron 184
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Health is constantly changing
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Health (Role Performance Model), Parsons 1958
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Health is the ability to perform all those roles from which one has been socialized
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Health (High-Level Wellness Model), Dunn 1961
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Functioning to one's maximum potential while maintaining balance and purposeful direction in the environment
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Health (Needs-fulfillment Model)
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Health is a state in which needs are being sufficiently met that allow an individual to function successfully in life with the ability to achieve the highest potential
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Community Organizing
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Stage, 1. Community Analysis 2. Design and initiation 3. Implementation 4. Program maintenance-Consolidation 5. Dissemination-Reassessment
