Mongol Empire Flashcards
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What was Ghenghis Khan's original name?
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Temujin
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Who were the Mongols?
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The Mongols were among the numerous nomadic tribes who lived in Central Asia
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What type of geographical feature did Mongol's live in?
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The Mongols lived in the Asian steppes
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What were/are steppes?
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Steppes are dry, windy grasslands; harsh climates and extreme temperatures of the steppes were the main features of Mongolia's geography
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Could you be weak and live in Mongolia?
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Mongolia was a region where only the strong survived
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How much of Mongolia's land was good for farming?
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Only one percent of Mongolia's land was good for farming
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What were most Mongols occupation?
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Mongols were pastoralists
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What is a pastoralist?
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Shepherds and livestock farmers who herded animals
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When the summer herds thinned out during the winter, making milk and meat scarce, what was the only way for Mongols to survive?
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the only way for Mongols to survive was by raiding other neighboring clans and stealing their herds
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What type of clans did Mongols live in?
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Nomadic Clans
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How did the Mongols travel?
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They traveled on horseback.
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Were the member of clans related? Explain
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Yes, they descended from a common ancestor.
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What ability was highly valued by the Mongols?
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The ability to fight.
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What would it take to unite all of the warring Mongol clans together into one group?
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A strong leader
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When was Temujin born?
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1162
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After what did Temujin change his name?
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He became the undisputed leader of all Mongol tribes after a series of battles
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What does Ghenghis Khan mean?
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Universal Rulers
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Name two characteristics of Genghis Khan
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Intelligent and Vicious
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What would Genghis Khan create?
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Genghis Khan would lead the creation of the largest land empire in human history
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What would Genghis Khan do during his ruling?
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From 1200 to 1206, Genghis united all of the Mongol clans under his rule
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What did Genghis Khan build?
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Genghis Khan built a powerful army out of the Mongols
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What did Genghis Khan begin?
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He began a 21 year long conquest of Asia and parts of Europe
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Mongols began taking what in 1207?
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New territory
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What current country did Genghis Khan go after first?
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China?
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What did Genghis want control over?
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Genghis wanted control of the Silk Road, the valuable trade routes between Asia and Europe
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What did the Mongols do in Xia?
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The Mongols conquered the kingdom called Xia in northern China
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What did the Mongols do after they captured Xia?
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They attacked the Jin Dynasty, bringing all of China under Genghis Khan's control
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What did did Genghis do after he conquered China?
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After conquering China, Genghis took over most of Central Asia
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Did future Mongol leaders after Genghis increase Mongol borders to its greatest extent?
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Yes
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What is the Mongol Empire known as?
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The largest land empire in history
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As a result of their lifestyle and environment, what were Mongols?
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the Mongols were natural horsemen and extremely tough and skilled warriors
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What weapon were the Mongols skilled with?
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Bows and arrows
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What made the Mongols an unstoppable enemy?
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Their speed on horseback, weapons, and fighting skill made the Mongols an unstoppable enemy
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What was the super weapon of the time?
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The extremely strong and flexible compound bow was the super-weapon of its time
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What could the compound bow do?
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It could shoot arrows faster and more accurately than any bow before it; fired properly, it could pierce armor at 190 MPH
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What could groups of archers do?
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Groups of archers could rain arrows on the enemy from 300 yards away
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Since Genghis was a highly intelligent military commander, what would he often do? What were the Mongol's referred to as?
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He would often trick enemies into attacking, using small forces to lure them into traps, where the rest of the Mongol army would appear and destroy them The Mongols were a very organized war machine
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Why else were the Mongols so effective in war?
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From each group of people they conquered, the Mongols would pick up new tactics and weapons, such as Chinese siege weapons and gunpowder
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What would Genghis Khan's reputation? Give examples.
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Genghis Khan's army quickly gained a reputation for extreme cruelty during battle If an enemy refused to surrender, Genghis would order the death of the entire population , torturing and killing every soldier and civilian after the Mongols took a Persian city that resisted, the governor of the city was brought alive to Genghis; he ordered molten gold to be poured down the governor's throat
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What was Genghis Khan's greatest weapon?
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His spread of terror.... Many villages would surrender to him without a fight
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Even though they were merciless in battle, how were they toward the captured?
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They were tolerant in times of peace and adopted cultures from the captured
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What type of religion and culture did the East and West Mongols follow?
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West- converted to Islam East- Embraced Chinese Culture
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In order for the conquered people to live, what must they do?
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They must have paid tribute.
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In order to rape and plunder, what must Genghis Warriors do?
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They must get permission from Genghis.
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Did Genghis rule solely? Elaborate
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Genghis also shared his power; he gave his finest warriors leadership positions throughout the Mongolian Empire
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Where did Interaction between Mongols and conquered Muslims happen?
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Mostly happened in Persia and Western China
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How were Muslims treated?
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After initial brutality, the Mongols showed much religious toleration towards the Muslims
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Why were muslim merchants invited to China?
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Muslim merchants were invited to China to promote trade between the Mongols' empire and the Middle East
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Where did Interactions between Mongols and conquered Christians happen?
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Interactions between Mongols and conquered Christians mostly happened in Russia
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Why did Mongols kill many Christians?
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the reason was because of Christian resistance to Mongol rule
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When Genghis died, did the empire grow, stay the same size, or shrink?
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It grew (expanded)
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What current countries did the conquer?
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Russia, Korea, Central Asia, CHina, the Islamic Empire
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How far did the Mongol Empire stretch?
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The Mongol Empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe
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When Genghis Khan died, what did the Mongol Empire do?
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After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into four major sections called khanates, each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis
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What was the most important Khanate?
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The Khanate of the Great Khan
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The Khanate of the Great Khan is located where?
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China
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Who was the first ruler of The Khanate of the Great Khan? What was he the first to do?
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Grandson, Kublai Khan became the ruler of "The Khanate of the Great Khan" and as such, the first foreign leader to reside within China as he ruled it
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What era did Kublai Khan start?
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Yuan Dynasty
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Where did Kunlai move the Mongolia Capital? Why?
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Kublai enjoyed Chinese culture so much that he moved the Mongolian capital to China
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Were Chinese people allowed to serve in leadership positions?
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No, he excluded the Chinese from serving in leadership positions; he relied on non-Chinese people to serve in his government
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Was Kublai Khan a good emperor? What did he do under his rule?
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Yes: foreign trade with China increased; he built roads and extended the Grand Canal to improve transportation
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What happened from the mid-1200s to the mid-1300s?
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"Pax Mongolica" which mean Mongol Peace It was a time of peace and stability
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What increased during Pax Mongolica? Why?
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There was enormous trade between Asia and Europ because of the seafet.
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Safe passage was granted for who?
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Trade caravans, traveler, and missionaries
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What Chinese technologies reached Europe from the trade routes? What would they end up doing?
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Chinese technologies like gunpowder and the magnetic compass reached Europe; this would later help the Europeans when they began exploring and conquering other parts of the world
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What made its way from Asia to Europe along the trade routes?
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Diseases like the Plague that killed millions
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Who visited Kublai Khan in 1275? What was he impressed by?
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Marco Polo The riches in display in China
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What did Kublai Khan do with Marco Polo?
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Kublai Khan was impressed with Marco, so the emperor employed him in the Yuan government for 17 years
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What did Marco Polo do when he returned to Italy? What did this increase?
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When Marco Polo returned to Italy in 1292, he wrote a book about his travels; his stories of China increased European demand for Asian products
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What land did Kublai Khan try to invade twice? What happened the second time?
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Japan Massive storms swept the Mongols' ships away
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What did the Japanese say saved them from invasions? What is the Japanese word for this? What would the failed invasions lead to?
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Divine Wind Kamikaze Decline of the Mongol Empire b/c the failed invasions cost the Mongols men and money
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By the time of Kublai Khan's death what happened? In 1330, what did the Mongols lose control of?
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The Mongol Empire was growing weak. Persia
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What did the Chinese do in 1368?
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Overthrew the Mongols and started the Ming Dynasty.
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What did Russia do in 1480?
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Under Czar Ivan III, Russia gained independence from Mongol rule and started the Romanov Dynasty
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What happened in 1370?
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The Mongols lost control of Central Asia
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What happened to the Mongol Empire?
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The Mongols' empire was gradually reduced until all they had left was the territory they originally had in the early 1200s
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How did the Mongol's create the largest land empire in human history?
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Genghis Khan's military genius Organized, fast-moving, tough warriors Using new tactics and weapons from conquered people Spreading terror to make enemies surrender without a fight Fear, along with tolerant rule, kept the conquered people from rebelling against the Mongols for a long time
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How did the Mongols' power decline?
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Leaders after Genghis and Kublai were not as capable Attempted invasions of Japan and Southeast Asia failed; they cost a lot of money and soldiers The conquered people would use the Mongols' own fighting tactics against them and eventually overthrow them
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What were the theories of the Mongol Dynasty?
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1: All religions were equal 2: Religions were an "insurance policy" in case you picked the wrong one and angered G-d
