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Microbiology

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A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, archae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses,

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Microscopic

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Invisible to the naked eye

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Microorganisms/or microbes

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a living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, an organism of microscopic size

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There are several groups of microbes

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bacteria, archae, protozoa, fungi, helminths, and viruses. and algae (but they do not infect human directly)

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3 types of organisms that arouse from original

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Bacteria, Arhae, and eukaryote

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Prokaryotic microorganisms

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bacteria and archae

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Eukaryote.
Bigger or smaller? More or less?

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bacteria and archae are smaller in size about 10X more than eukaryotes, but there are more in amount. Eukaryotes are larger in size, but fewer in amount.

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Are all eukaryotes single-celled?

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No. Some are single-celled. Some are not

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Are all eukaryotes microorganisms?

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No. Only some like humans and larger helminths are not microorganisms because they can be seen by the naked eye.

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Do all three types of microorganisms that arouse from the original have nucleus?

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No. Only eukaryotes have a true nucleus. Bacteria and archae are prokaryotes (pre-nucleus) meaning they do not have a nucleus.

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single-celled microbes

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bacteria, arhchae and hence

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viruses

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are non-living/not independently living particles/organisms with parasitic tendencies

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alexander fleming

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discovered penicillin in 1928

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louis pasteur

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discounted abiogenesis.
Came up with Germ Theory of Disease proposing that microorganisms can be the cause for disease

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francisco redi

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discredited the spontaneous generation

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joseph lister

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introduced aseptic techniques to reduce wound infection for surgery

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ferdinand cohn

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German botanist. discovered heat-resistant bacterial responses. Heat would sometimes fail to eliminate all microbes

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70% of earth's photosynthesis comes mainly from

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bacteria and algae

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anoxygenic photosynthesis

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bacteria

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oxygenic photosynthesis

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plants

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photosynthesis that was more efficient extracting energy from sunlight

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oxygenic photosynthesis

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single-celled microbe responsible for changing the atmosphere from one without oxygen to one with oxygen

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Hence

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biotechnology

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the intentional use by humans of living organisms or their products to accomplish a goal related to health or environment. i.e. clean human contamination or clean a wound

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genetic engineering

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is an area of biotechnology that manipulation the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

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recombinant DNA technology

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this technology makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and to deliberately alter DNA

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bioremediation

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the ability of microorganisms-one already present or those introduced intentionally-to restore stability

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pathogens

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any agent (usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or heminths) that causes disease
i.e. gastric ulcers, schizophrenia, diabetes, multiple sclerosis

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organelles

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small, double-membrane bound structures in the eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions and include the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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spontaneous generation
(mid 1600s)

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early belief that living organisms arose from vital forces present in non-living, or decomposing matter

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abiogenesis

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the belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life

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biogenesis

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the belief that living things can only arise from other of the same kind

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First microoscope from a trailor

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anthony van Leeeuwenhoek's

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a theory from 1800s proposing that microorganisms can be the cause of disease, he also disproved abiogenesis which is the belief in spontaneous generation which was the belief that living things arouse from nonliving decomposing matter

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Louis Pasteur

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5 basic techniques to manipulate, grow, examine, and characterize microorganisms

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inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification,

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inoculation

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a tiny sample (inoculum) is put into a container of nutrients (medium) so it can grow and multiply

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incubation
1 day to several weeks

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once the container of medium has been inoculated, it is placed in a temperature controlled chamber (incubator) to encourage multiplication

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pure culture

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a container of medium that grows only one single known species or type of microorganism.

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mixed culture

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a contained that molds two or more identified, easily differentiated species of microorganisms

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contaminated culture

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a container that was once pure or mixed but was left open too long and airborne settled in

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appearance of microbial growth in liquid medium is

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cloudy, sediment, scum, or color

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appearance of microbial growth in solid medium is

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colonies appear
i.e. bacteria and fungi

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3 properties of types of media

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physical state
chemical composition
functional type(purpose)

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agar

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a polysaccharide found in seaweed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media

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enriched medium

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a nutrient medium supplement with blood, serum, or some growth factor to promote the multiplication fastidious microorgaanisms

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growth factors

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an organic compound such as vitamin /amino acids that must be provided in the diet to fascilitate growth. n essential nutrient

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fastdious

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bacteria that require growth factors and complex nutrients to grow

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selective media

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nutrients media designed to favor the growth to certain microbes and to inhibit undesirable competitors

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differential media

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a single substrate that discriminates between groups of microorganisms on the basis of differences in their appearance due to different chemical reaction
all grown but have different reactions e.i. different colors, or sizes

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miscellaneous media

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reducing media
carbohydrate fermentation media
transport media
assay media
enumeration media

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reducing media

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a growth medium that absorbs oxygen and allows anaerobic bacteria to grow

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carbohydrate fermentation media

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a growth medium that contains sugar that can be fermented (converted to acids) and a pH indicator to show this reaction

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transport media

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microbiological mediumm that is used to transport specimens
used to maintain and preserve specimen

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assay media

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microbiological medium used to test the effects of specific treatments to bacteria, such as antibiotics or disinfectant treatment

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enumaration media

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microbiological medium that does ot encourage growth and allows or the counting of microbes in food, milk, water, soil, or other samples

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isolation

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the separatation of microbial cell by serial dilution or mechanical dispersion on solid media to create discrete colonies

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colony

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a microscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium

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methods to isolate

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streak plate
loop dilution/pour plate
spread plate

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steps in a streak plate method to isolate

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a small droplet of culture or sample is spread over the plate from different directions with inoculating loop tool which has t be re-steralized after each step/stride

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steps in a loop dilution method to isolate

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sample is cooled in agar tubes to dilute number of cells, then poured into sterile petri dishes an allowed to solidified. By the second or third plate the end result is that the number of cells per volume is so decreased that cells have ample space to grow into separate colonies

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steps in a spread plate method to isolate

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one difference between the streak plate method and the loop dilution method of isolation?

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in the loop dilution method of isolation some of the colonies will develop deep in the medium itself and not just on the surface

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Carbohydrate fermentation media

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a growth medium that contains sugar that can be fermented(converted into acids) and a pH indicator to show this reaction

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transport media

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microbiological medium that is used to transport specimens used to maintain and preserved specimens

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assay media

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microbiological medium use to test the effects of specific treatments to bacteria, such as atb or disinfectant treatment

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enumeration media

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microbiological medium that does not encourage growth and allows for the counting of microbes in food, milk, or other samples

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isolation

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the separation of microbial cells by serial dilution or mechanical dispersion on solid media to create discrete colonies.

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colony

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a microscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium

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methods to use for isolatation

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streak plate, loop dilution, and spread plate

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streak plate method

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a small droplet of culture or sample is spread over the plate from different directions with an inoculating loop tool. which has to be re-sterilized after each step

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loop dilution

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sample is cooled in agar tubes to dilute number of cells. they grow deep into the medium and not just in the surface as in streak plate

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spread plate

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a volume of liquid is spread around evenly by a hockey stick, cells are pushed into separate areas of the plate so that they can form individual colonies

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The study of evolutionary relationshipa among organisms is called

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Phylogeny

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The scientist (s) that proposed organisms to be assigned to one of three domains is/are

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Carl Woese and George Fox

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All microorganisms are parasite
TF

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False

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The imoortant solvent associated with living things is

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Water

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The building blocks of an enzyme

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Amino acids

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The alpha helix is a type ______ protein structure

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Secondary

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What type of bonds are formed between adjacent amino acids

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Peptide

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ATP is best described as

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Energy molecule of cells

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During protein systhesis, ______ RNA is made to be a copy of a gene from the DNA

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Messenger

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The purine ______ always binds with the pyridoxine _______ in DNA and RNA

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Guanine, cytosine

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Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids are the 4 Main families of biological molecules referred to as

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Macromolecules

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The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called

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Decomposers

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The number one world wide infectious diseases are

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Respiratory infections

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Helminths

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Parasitic worms

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Organisms called parasites are

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Always harmful to their hosts

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Robert Koch

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Verified the germ theory. Koch used an experimental system to show that anthrax was caused by bacteria: Bacillus anthracis

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Robert Hooke

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Earliest record of microbes

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If a microbiologist wanted to check for motility of bacteria, he would choose a medium that was

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Semi-solid

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What type of medium has a composition that is chemically defined?

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Synthetic

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Of the three categories of media classification, which of the following refers to the chemical composition of the mediumA)general purpose
B)selective
C)differential
D)nonsynthetic

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D nonsynthetic

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Broths, milks, and infusions are all examples of

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Liquid media

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A _____________ medium promotes the growth of a specific microbe while inhibiting the growth of certain other microbes.
A)differential
B)selective
C)general purpose
D)nonsynthetic

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B selective

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Dyes are often added to growth media to aid in the identification of microbes. What could be the purpose of a dye in this caseA)to make the plate prettier
B)to color key the type of plate being used
C)to act as a growth enhancer
D)to act as a pH indicator

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D to act as a pH indicator

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Blood agar is often used to differentiate between
A)salt sensitive and non-salt sensitive microbes.
B)bacteria that absorb oxygen and those that do not.
C)types of hemolysis the bacteria may produce.
D)All of the choices are correct.

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C Types of hemolysis the bacteria may produce

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Most bacterial species grown in the laboratory are grown at temperatures betweenA)5° and 10° C.B)10° and 20° C.C)20° and 45° C.D)40° and 90° C.

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C

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Media can be either selective or differential, but they cannot be both.A)TrueB)False

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B false

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A stain technique that uses only one dye is termed a __________ stain.A)positiveB)differentialC)simpleD)Gram

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Simple

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What type of microscope is specially modified with an ultraviolet radiation source and a filter?A)bright-fieldB)dark-fieldC)phase-contrastD)fluorescent

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D

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A/n __________microscope has a higher resolution, or ability to see small things, than a light microscope by creating an image using beams of negatively charged particles.A)confocalB)electronC)fluorescentD)dark field

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B

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The most widely used light microscope transmits light through a live specimen to produce an image where the specimen is darker than its surroundings. What type of microscope is this?A)bright-fieldB)dark-fieldC)differential interferenceD)electron

answer

A

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The degree of bending exhibited by a light ray as it passes through a medium such as a lens is known as the ___.A)revolvingB)refractive indexC)magnificationD)resolution

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B

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When delivering patient samples to the clinical laboratory, this type of medium should be used to maintain and preserve that sample until analysis:A)transport.B)reducing.C)selective.D)differential.

answer

A

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Identify the individual who disproved spontaneous generation by using a swan-neck flask to show that air and dust were the source of microbes.A)Carl WoeseB)Theodore SchwannC)John NeedhamD)Louis Pasteur

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D

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The first scientist to clearly link a specific microorganism to a specific disease wasA)Robert Koch.B)John Tyndall.C)Francesco Redi.D)Joseph Lister.

answer

A

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ECT
Initially, organisms were classified into only two kingdoms (by Darwin and Haeckel). The individual who developed the five-kingdom system, which is considered traditional today, wasA)Carl Woese.B)Louis Pasteur.C)Stephen Hawking.D)Robert Whittaker.

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D

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Polysaccharides are formed by linking monosaccharides into a macromolecule. What is the most common process that links each subunit together?A)complexation reactionB)saturation linkageC)dehydration synthesisD)hydrogen bonding

answer

C

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Membranes areA)thin walls around cells.B)double-layers of phospholipids.C)dual layers of amino acids.D)made up of waxes and sterols.

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B

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RNA contains the following nitrogenous bases EXCEPTA)cytosine.B)uracil.C)thymine.D)adenine.

answer

C

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The "primary" structure of a protein refers to itsA)nucleic acid sequence of the DNA.B)messenger RNA.C)sequence of amino acids.D)way of folding.

answer

C

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Cholesterol adds strength to the cell membrane in animal cells.A)TrueB)False

answer

True

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Enzymes are lipids that function as catalysts.A)TrueB)False

answer

False

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__________ is an important molecule in biological systems because it is the building block of many polysaccharides, including starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It is the most common and universally important monosaccharide.A)TriglycerideB)GlucoseC)GlycerolD)Sucrose

answer

B

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