Minimally Invasive Robotic Laser Surgery in 2028 Essay Example

resulting in precise incisions and cuts [2]. However, current technology is still relatively invasive for robotic surgery. Additionally, the FDA has expressed unease regarding the da Vinci system [8]. While the system allows for increased surgical precision, the FDA has raised concerns.

Expressing concern for potential malfunctions, there are reservations about the safety of the da Vinci surgical system, as it could lead to unfixable complications. Nonetheless, the FDA sanctioned its safety on July 11, 2000, which allowed hospitals to leverage its advanced capabilities for minimally invasive surgeries. To enhance future outcomes, continued emphasis on safety is warranted. Ancestral surgical practices originated during the Neolithic Age around 8000 BC, primarily through trepanation, where perforation of the skull was employed to alleviate cranial intensity. Hieroglyphs discovered in Egypt dating back to 2500 BC includes inscriptions of contemporary techniques such as surgical circumcision, emasculation, lithotomy, and amputation.

Ancient medical texts of Egypt and India reveal surgical practices such as fixing broken bones, wound care, bladder stone removal, tumor removal, and tonsillectomies. Hindu medicine is also credited with the innovation of plastic surgery during the 2000s BC. Hippocrates published surgical procedure descriptions in the 4th century BC, which were followed by millennia of research and advancements in surgery. Chirurgia Magna (Great Surgery) by French surgeon Guy de Chauliac in 1316 outlines hernia repair and fracture treatment surgeries.

Chirurgia Magna played a pivotal role in the emergence of surgery as a serious scientific discipline. The 16th to 18th centuries saw numerous surgical discoveries, many of which were pioneered by French surgeon Ambroise Pare, hailed as the father of modern surgery. Pare revolutionized the field by introducing ligature (tying off)

of arteries as a method to control bleeding, which replaced the outdated practice of cauterizing bleeding areas with hot irons. However, surgical procedures that penetrated deeply into the skin were largely avoided due to excruciating pain. In 1846, William Morton, a dentist, brought anesthesia into the surgical setting. Although he's credited with its discovery, Crawford W.

Despite using anesthesia as early as 1842 to remove tumors, Long did not disclose his findings until 1849. In contrast, the Chinese had already been utilizing anesthesia for surgical procedures 1600 years prior to Europeans. One notable example is Hua Tuo, a prominent physician during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms period who performed surgeries with the assistance of anesthesia. Later in the 1800s, surgeons began conducting innovative surgeries on the brain, spinal cord, and abdominal region.

Blood groups A, B, and O were discovered by Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian pathologist, which allowed for transfusions and the establishment of blood banks in 1937. Technological advancements were made to enable surgeons to perform more complex operations. In 1953, American surgeon John Gibbon developed the heart-lung machine to facilitate organ surgeries [3]. Surgeons were provided with a way to operate on body structures like the inner ear and eye when the operating microscope was developed in the 1950s. Microsurgery was made possible, enabling the reattachment of vessels from severed limbs to the body. The first kidney transplants were performed in the 1950s, and surgery became modernized when South African physician Christiaan Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967. While robotic surgery is currently at a very primitive stage, it represents future technology.

Many scientists and roboticists have extensive plans for advancement, with seemingly

limitless boundaries. In the next two decades, surgery advancements will include increased precision and less invasiveness and pain. The Robot Assisted Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery will become increasingly common in hospitals, with affordable materials and more modular systems being developed for the da Vinci system.

Dr. David Yuh is leading current robotic research at Johns Hopkins, aiming to develop robotic sensory feedback capabilities that would enable surgeons to "feel" the organs and result in a more realistic surgical experience. This would enable surgeons to perform delicate operations more safely and with greater efficiency. Dr. Yuh is also working on mathematical modeling methods for training residents in using the da Vinci system, which could improve surgical techniques and ultimately lead to trained robotic surgeons.

2] Laser robotic surgery could improve the effectiveness of surgical procedures. Currently, manual use of laser scalpels is common; however, integrating lasers into the da Vinci system would enhance precision and effectiveness due to the sensory feedback it provides to surgeons. The ultimate surgical technology of the future would involve robots performing tasks with minimal supervision from surgeons [5]. Ongoing research on femtosecond laser technology will be further explored later.

By merging laser pulses and robotic arms in the da Vinci™ system, surgical procedures can become highly effective while minimizing invasiveness. Surgeons benefit from the precision of lasers that allow them to repair individual cells, increasing accuracy during surgeries and promoting successful recovery with less discomfort for patients. President Edward Murphy of Carillion, which was the first medical center to use robotic surgery, advocates investing in innovative technologies like the da Vinci™ system along with advancements from the Carillion Biomedical Institute to establish Roanoke Valley's

leading role in tomorrow's healthcare technology.

Surgeons consider the system a significant breakthrough with potential for even greater capabilities in the future. The University of Southern California (USC) plans to create a Robotic Surgery Institute and Laboratory that will conduct research on robotic surgery in various specialties, such as orthopedics, pediatrics, general surgery, and urology. Dr. Vaughn Starnes, an expert in cardiothoracic procedures, believes USC currently offers the leading program for this technology in Los Angeles and anticipates that robotic surgery will be the next major advancement to revolutionize heart surgeries.

Current research is focusing on the Breakthroughs Femtosecond laser pulse [5], which has potential biomedical applications such as ultrahigh resolution optical diagnostics, gene therapy through optical targeted transfection of cells, and ultraprecise laser therapy. Compact turn-key solutions for low-energy near infrared femtosecond laser pulses are offered by Sapphire lasers [6]. These femtosecond laser pulses have been used by scientists to selectively disrupt the cytoskeletal network of both fixed and live bovine capillary endothelial cells for cell surgery purposes [6]. Initially, femtosecond laser was primarily utilized as a tool for biology imaging [9].

Currently, there is a rise in the utilization of femtosecond laser pulses through aperture objectives to manipulate and remove nanoscale structures in living cells. The laser can induce multiphoton absorption, leading to the generation of extremely concentrated free electrons in the targeted area, resulting in material ablation. Additionally, an ultra short laser wavelength in the near infrared range may allow for high tissue penetration depth.

The absorption of laser radiation outside the focus area is negligible, allowing for possible applications such as cell reconstruction. Furthermore, the da Vinci system's robotic surgeries have recently expanded to include

cardiac surgery, minimizing invasiveness and reducing the risk of complications during surgery and recovery.

Instead of standing at the side of the patient, the surgeon can sit comfortably at a computer where their hand movement is detected and transferred to robotic "hands" for cutting and sewing. This method increases sterility since the surgeon's hands do not come into contact with the patient. Additionally, less skilled surgeons may benefit from this technology as they can control the robotic motion more precisely than their own hand motion. The design process involved rejecting many ideas before arriving at a final technology that focuses on biology and surgery. The team was particularly interested in biotechnology and advances in medicine.

Initially, utilizing nanobots in the field of nanosurgery appeared to be a favourable concept that we ultimately decided against. Nanobots are tiny robots capable of performing multiple functions inside the human body. The possibility of robots that could enter the bloodstream and cooperate with white blood cells for battling against bacteria and viruses seemed very encouraging.

The development of genuine nanobots is still in progress, but there has been significant advancement towards creating them in recent years. These nanobots could potentially deliver medication and perform surgery on individual cells, as well as have the ability to repair cellular structures with their tiny lasers. However, we are hesitant to predict their reach within the next 20 years.

Despite our fascination with various medical technologies like the da Vinci system and a sci-fi laser that can penetrate skin without causing any damage, it seems that nanobots would be impractical due to their high cost and limited impact compared to surgical procedures on a larger scale.

Although

we initially believed that this concept would greatly reduce recovery time, it ultimately seems unattainable and would violate the laws of physics. We also considered integrating Artificial Intelligence into the robotic surgery system. It is possible that a computer program could perform the surgery without any supervision from surgeons, as the robots would be pre-programmed for independent surgical procedures.

The rejection of computer-assisted surgery was due to the potential risks of errors caused by glitches in the program. Surgeons, who are more flexible than a computer program, could mitigate critical medical problems that may arise when the machine is turned off for fixing. Nevertheless, adopting the technology would significantly enhance surgical efficiency, hasten the procedure, and increase accessibility to low-cost surgeries.

Due to safety concerns and doubts about its practicality, we have decided not to pursue the idea of using a program for surgery within the next 20 years, especially considering that there are no functional programs available at present. We agree that a surgeon's judgment is always superior to that of a computer. As such, our preferred solution is to utilize the laser scalpel in the da Vinci system.

The utilization of a laser beam to cut through tissues characterizes the laser scalpel, which exhibits an extraordinary degree of precision and is presently widely employed. Although initially discarded, we ultimately incorporated the concept of the da Vinci system that incorporates the laser scalpel into our report.

The da Vinci surgical system could enhance accuracy by integrating the laser scalpel. This proposal stands out due to its feasibility, potential, and ability to significantly enhance the surgical process. Also, unlike the stem cell approach,

the use of laser scalpel does not raise any ethical concerns. Moreover, unlike nanobots and AI technology, this idea has the potential to bring revolutionary changes in society within the next two decades.

Despite our hopeful expectations, the AI program may result in significant complications, prompting us to choose a different approach. One potential benefit of using the da Vinci robot system is the ability to save lives through less invasive and more successful surgical procedures.

With the continuous improvements in the da Vinci surgical system, surgery will be less painful and recovery time will be significantly reduced. The system's constant advancements contribute to its capacity to effectively perform various types of surgeries. As a result, manual surgery will become less relevant in time as almost all da Vinci-assisted surgeries are expected to succeed. By making appropriate advancements and implementing the right applications, the da Vinci surgical system brings about favorable impacts on the future of surgery.

Despite its potential benefits, there are several arguments against using robotic surgery. One concern is the possibility of a breakdown during a procedure since the system is not infallible. Additionally, the cost of the technology limits its accessibility and it may not be as safe as traditional manual surgery. For this technology to be effective, it would require significant advancements to ensure that it can be relied upon without interruption. As it stands currently, a human surgeon is still more efficient and reliable, as they do not experience mechanical failures during a surgery.

Although robotic surgery is easier for a robot, controlling the system presents a challenge that requires surgeons to undergo more training than manual surgery. Introducing robots can

have a downside as well: surgeons who only have experience with manual surgery may not be prepared to use the new technique, while surgical interns who are trained on the robot may not be ready for manual operation when it's necessary. Consequently, introducing robotic surgery will divide surgeons into two groups: "robot" and "manual."

The concept involves utilizing "robotic" surgeons for critical surgeries and relying on "manual" surgeons for minor ones. Although the system has some limitations, its advantages outweigh them. The system may require a few years to develop further, but once it is enhanced, it could achieve surgical feats that manual surgeons cannot. Currently, it has successfully conducted intricate procedures like prostatectomies and gastric bypasses and could possibly ensure favorable outcomes in all surgeries.

The development of surgical advancements has reached a stage where hospitals would find it difficult to refuse the system. Surgery has progressed significantly since its primitive origins, with notable improvements over the past few centuries. Our goal is to advance surgery even further in the next two decades, with an emphasis on reducing invasiveness, which would decrease pain and greatly shorten recovery time.

Our decision was to integrate the laser scalpel with the da Vinci robotic surgery system in order to enhance the lives of a numerous people substantially over the next two decades. This configuration will simplify surgical procedures for doctors and reduce their physical exertion, allowing them to focus and deliberate with greater clarity during operations. Ultimately, this lessens the likelihood of medical errors happening.

By implementing the da Vinci system with laser scalpel, surgeries can become more efficient and precise, resulting in decreased recovery time for patients.

This not only enhances patient comfort but also frees up hospital space for accepting additional patients. Thanks to the high production rate, more individuals can access medical treatment at an affordable cost. The benefits of this technology extend to both patients and practitioners, making it an essential addition to every hospital in the future. The proposal's non-invasive and dexterous nature guarantees a significant transformation in surgery and overall improvement.

Our proposed ideas are entirely workable, and we anticipate their widespread adoption as common practice by 2028. Refer to Bibliography 1 for details on Da Vinci Surgery, a minimally invasive robotic surgery method utilized by the da Vinci Surgical System: http://davincisurgery.com/index.

The following HTML text contains a link to Johns Hopkins Hospital's Robot-Assisted Minimally-Invasive Cardiac Surgery page:

2.ROBOT-ASSISTED MINIMALLY-INVASIVE CARDIAC SURGERY AT JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL. http://www. hopkinsmedicine.

History of Surgery: http://www.org/CardiacSurgery/PatientCare/robot.html

Visit medicalbooks.com/skin-surgery.html for more information.

The source of the information regarding the Laser Scalpel is an article published in TIME magazine in 1973, which can be found at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904021,00.html.

Information on the future of the University of Southern California's Cardiothoracic Surgery can be found at http://www.cts.usc.edu/rsi-future.

In 2005, Garcia, Martin; Romero, Aldo; and Jeschke, Harald utilized femtosecond laser pulses to perform nanosurgery on carbon nanotubes. Their procedure successfully eliminated pentagon-heptagon defects in the tubes.

Here is a URL for an article: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005APS..MARW27008G.7.

The following is a hyperlink to the Carillion website in 2006 about robotic surgery: Robotic Surgery. Carillion. 2006.The website link for Carilion community page is provided in the following HTML code:

carilion.com/Community/SitePage/SitePage.asp?App=SitePages;docid=18E9EB61EBE44F5CA9EF74950FE50F6D.8.

The FDA released an update in 2005 regarding computer-assisted surgery. The information can be accessed at http://www.fda.