Mid term2 331 – Flashcards
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Which scenario demonstrates the behaviorist theory regarding gender development?
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Christine wears a dress, and her parents tell her how pretty she looks.
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You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. Your eyes seeing the flower is a matter of sensation. Your brain determining that the flower is yellow is a matter of _______.
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Perception
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When children are deprived of activity for a long time, they ________.
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Play more virgorously when they get the chance
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Authoritarian parents often ___________.
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Seems stern to their children
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Child centered programs are often influenced by theories of Piaget and _______.
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Vygotsky
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According to traditional behaviorism, personality is __________.
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Molded by one's parents
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A child's typical activity during having the oral stage is ___________.
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Sucking on a pacifier
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Children whose parents use psychological control as a means of discipline are more likely to ________.
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Have low math scores
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One of the benefits of children imaginary friends is __________.
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The imaginary friend helps them to develop strategies for emotional control
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Javier's mother is a native Spanish speaker, and his father is a native English speaker. He hears both languages equally often and is addressed in Spanish by his mother and English by his father. If Javier is a typical toddler, how will his language skills be affected by this early experience?
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He will soon speak both languages
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What is criticism of Baumrind's classification of parenting styles?
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She focused more on parental attitudes that on parental actions.
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Children reach half their adult height by the age of ______ years.
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2
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Children with a parent who does not have an optimal balance between emotional expression and emotional control may be likely to _________.
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Struggle with emotional regulation
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Frued claimed that during the anal stage______.
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Infants find pleasure in elimination of waste and controlling the bowels
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Which hormone is associated with encouraging caregiving behaviors?
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Oxytocin
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Brain scans of children solving the day- night test reveal that ____ depends upon maturation of the prefrontal cortex.
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Telling plausible lies
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The environment offers many opportunities to interact with whatever is perceived. These opportunities are know as ________.
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Affordances
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Universal grammar is Chomsky's term for his observation that _________.
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All young children master basic grammar according to a schedule
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Janie is a 3-month-old infant participating in an experiment. She's lying in her crib with one end of a ribbon tied to her foot and the other end tied to a mobile dangling over her crib. She quickly learns that she controls the movement of the mobile with her kicking. One week later, the researchers return, tie the ribbon to her foot and hang the mobile above her crib. Immediately, Janie starts vigorously kicking her leg. What does this experiment demonstrate?
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Three month old can remember things for at least a week.
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The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called _____.
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transient exuberance
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Jerome clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. Jerome is exhibiting _____ attachment behavior.
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insecure resistant/ambivalent
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Today's children, especially those living in urban areas, spend more time _____ than playing outdoors.
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Using electronic media
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The process through which unused dendrites atrophy and die is called _____.
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Pruning
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Clean water, immunizations, and nourishing food have all had a dramatic impact on _____.
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Infant and child mortality
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"You are your mom's daughter, right?" Grandpa asked Beatriz. "Yes!" Beatriz eagerly answered. "Well, your mom is my daughter," Grandpa replied.
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Centration
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Jessica is reading a story book aloud to her 3-year-old daughter, Abigail. Abigail's father says, "Why are you bothering? It's not like she's going to learn to read from that." What would you tell Abigail's father about reading to preschoolers?
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He's wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school.
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A child who is too short for his or her age due to severe malnutrition is suffering from a condition called _____.
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Stunting
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_____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.
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Object permanence
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A study of 5-year-old children in Milwaukee showed that those who attended a Montessori preschool were more advanced in _____ skills than those who did not attend.
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Math
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On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age.
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12
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Aggression used to obtain a toy or other object is _____.
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Instrumental
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An angry 5-year-old girl might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed _____.
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emotional regulation
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At 6 weeks of age, baby Jessica's newest emotional reaction is likely to be _____.
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Social smile
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Developmentalists who believe that children are genetically programmed to defend and protect their parents subscribe to the belief that moral development predominantly comes from _____.
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Nature
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Compared to children who did not attend an intensive early intervention program, longitudinal studies showed that the children who did participate _____.
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Were less likely to need special educations and more likely to attend college
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Piaget called an infant's first period of cognitive development _____.
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Sensorimotor intelligence
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According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child _____.
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Interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task
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Caitlin, age 4, visited the city zoo, pointed to a zebra, and exclaimed, "Look at the horse with stripes!" In describing the zebra, she used _____.
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Logical extension
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The lasting emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver is called _____.
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attachment
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In the Strange Situation, a sign of secure attachment is _____.
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Smiling at mother when she returns to the room
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Because emotional regulation requires practice, maturation, and work, it is referred to as _____.
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Effortful control
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By the age of _____, children are convinced certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other.
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4
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Which factor fosters learning in young children?
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a warm teacher child relationship
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Children who lack self-control are likely to have parents who have the _____ parenting style.
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permissive
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Synapses are _____.
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Intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron
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Large movements that coordinate many parts of the body are known as _____ motor skills.
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gross
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Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think _____.
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Logically
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Preoperational intelligence _____.
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Allows children to think in symbols
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A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n) _____.
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Neuron
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Genes are most likely to influence which type of language?
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Expressive
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In Freudian theory, a little boy who develops sexual feelings toward his mother and becomes jealous of his father is experiencing _____.
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The Oedipus complex
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Based on research, attachment appears to be _____.
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Universal around the world
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_____ learning takes place by observing others.
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Social
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A few days ago, Hester's parents disciplined her because she refused to eat her green beans. Today when her parents announced that they were going to get a divorce, Hester cried, "Is it because I was bad? I'll be good!" Hester's conclusion that her failure to eat her green beans is the reason her parents are getting divorced displays Hester's _____.
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Theory- theory
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Aaliyah lies in her bed at night, talking out loud. Her parents listen from the hallway and hear her talking about her day as if she's talking to another person. What should her parents conclude about Aaliyah's behavior?
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She's engaging in private speech, and its completely normal.
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Preschoolers try to construct a reason for the things that they see and hear. This tendency is known as _____.
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Theory-theory
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According to Vygotsky, within the context of cognition, language is a tool _____.
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to advance thought
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Joachim lives in the United States. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. His father speaks to him in German. His parents hope that Joachim will _____.
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Because a fluent trilingual
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A newborn's brain weight is _____ an adult's brain weight.
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25 percent of
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Which is a language development that requires the understanding of another person's perspective?
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pointing
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Research has shown that the development of a theory of mind varies according to _____.
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Social interactions with older siblings
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The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is _____.
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Maturation of the prefrontal cortex
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According to the text, sociodramatic play may help children to develop _____.
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Theory of mind
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Susan Beal hypothesized that _____ played a role in SIDS deaths.
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Sleeping positions
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The areas at the very front of the cortex _____.
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Assist with impulse control
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According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses _____.
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Scaffolding
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The desire to pursue a goal that comes from within a person is called _____.
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intrinsic motivation
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At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute?
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at birth
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An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is _____.
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looking for a smile and smiling back
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The sense that is the least functional at birth is an infant's _____.
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Vision
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In terms of early childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then _____.
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a quality preschool is especially beneficial
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Mia and Claire are 3-year-olds at free play in their preschool. Mia has a lacy apron tied around her head like a wedding veil, and Claire has a sheer curtain tied over her shoulders like a cape. Each is holding a wand—one is a stick with a star on the end, and the other is a long Tinker Toy stick with one wheel connector at the end. When asked what they're doing, Mia says, "We're playing fairy. We're both fairies." What kind of play are they engaging in?
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Sociodramatic play
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Compared to mothers, fathers are more likely to make their infants _____.
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Laugh
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Binocular vision appears between _____ months of age.
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2 and 4
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The term holophrase is used to denote _____.
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the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought
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Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing _____.
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Sadness
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Young children usually play best with _____.
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their peers
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The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is _____.
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Reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words
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Greg is 10 months old, and he refuses to crawl across the visual cliff even though his mother is encouraging him to do so. When he was 6 months old, he squirmed across it without hesitation. What has changed for Greg?
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His experience with crawling has led him to understand that crawling over an edge afford failing
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Becky is a 4-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of _____.
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Child directed speech
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Which is an example of reactive aggression?
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Joanie hits Lexie after bumps into her during a game of catch.
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A child's active play during the childhood years correlates with _____.
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Peer acceptance
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Why are breast-fed babies less likely to contract infectious diseases than bottle-fed babies?
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Breast milk contains antibodies
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Research indicates that infants reach the stages of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence _____ Piaget originally predicted.
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Earlier than
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What is the hallmark of prosocial behavior?
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It is done to help another without any benefit for oneself
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Logical extension involves _____.
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linking a newly learned word to other objects in the same category
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The clinical term for an illness or disorder of the mind is _____.
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Psychopathology
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Sunnymont Preschool has plenty of opportunities for the children to play dress-up, dance, build with blocks, finger-paint, and be creative. Sunnymont is most likely a _____ program.
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Child centered
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When children are immunized, they contribute to the protection of others. This is referred to as _____.
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herd immunity
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A child who is unable to read a picture book independently gets help from an adult to accomplish the task. This assistance will only be effective if the _____.
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Skills is within the child's zone of proximal development
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The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is _____.
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Shaping student behavior
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Which theory states that gender role differences are rooted in a basic urge to reproduce?
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evolutionary theory
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A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called _____.
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theory of mind
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Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin "pancake." When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies "Yes" because he has _____.
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not mastered the concept of conservation
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Many Head Start graduates begin elementary school with improved literacy and math skills, but research has shown that these benefits often fade by first grade. Why?
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The elementary schools may have been inadequate, so the Head Start graduates sank back to the norm.
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Newborns prefer _____.
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their mother's language more than any other language
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Which scenario is an example of antisocial behavior?
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Mark intentionally knocks over Simon's blocks.
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Based on the experience of the Romanian children who were institutionalized during the late twentieth century, what might be concluded about attachment?
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A person's attachment style starts to be set by about 6 months of age.
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The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are called _____.
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grammar
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Jared, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. His description demonstrates his developing _____.
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Self- concept
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Overregularization in a child's speech patterns indicates that _____.
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The child can apply grammatical rules to vocalization
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Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be pleased with Juan's father?
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Vygotsky
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Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's tendency to _____.
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Believe that what has been done cannot be undone.
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The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to _____.
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Regulate emotions
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When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting _____.
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separation anxiety
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Many developmentalists are concerned that modern children spend too little time _____.
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engaged in active play
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A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called _____.
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Fast mapping
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The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is _____.
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egocentrism
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Neuroscience has proven true which statement about young bilingual children?
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Even though both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals are able to activate one language and temporarily inhibit the other.
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Developmentalists who focus on children's thinking about sex roles as opposed to the children's observable behaviors are _____ theorists.
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Cognitive
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The four dimensions of a parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and _____.
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expectation for maturity
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What is one of the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?
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Slow to warm up
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A working model, according to cognitive theory _____.
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Can be reorganized
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Jose demonstrates warmth and nurturance toward his children. He does not believe in punishment of any sort and does not have any rules for his children. His parenting style is _____.
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permissive
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Only after a child has developed theory of mind can he or she _____.
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tell a lie
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The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses is the _____ cortex.
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Prefrontal
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Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?
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social awareness
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_____ is a discipline technique that involves the parent talking to the child and helping the child to understand what he or she did wrong.
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Induction
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According to the text, girls are more vulnerable to _____ problems.
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internalizing
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The process that first detects an external stimulus is _____.
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Sensation
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In the DeLoach e et al. (2010) study of word learning in babies after watching DVDs such as "Baby Einstein," parent ratings of how much they thought their children lear ned from the videos ..
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had no relationship to how many words their children learned
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The DeLoache et al. (2010) study of word learning in babies after watching DVDs such as "Baby Einstein" used three experimental conditions. Wh at was the fourth "control" condition
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Baby and parents interacted normally ( no specific word learning instruction of DVD exposure)
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The Radesky et al. (2014) study that looked at the role of infant self - regulation behavior in the amount o f TV viewing found ..
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although infants with self - regulation behavior problems watched only about 9 minutes more of TV per day than infants without self - regulation problems, this might have a significant impact throughout their developmen
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According to the Offit (2015) commentary on the paper by Gadad et al. (2015) on autism and vaccines, Dr. Andrew Wakefield proposed a model , now thoroughly debunked, whereby measles antibodies damaged what part of the body to allow encephalopathic prote ins (brain damaging) proteins enter the brain?
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Gastrointestinal tract
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After the MMR vaccine and thimerosal (vaccine preservative) were dismissed as links between vaccines and autism, what was next listed as a potential link and sho wn to be wrong by the Gadad et al. (2015) paper
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The number of vaccines that children are give. The timing of the vaccines that children are given.
