Microbiology Exam 4 Terms – Flashcards
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| Give an example of a communicable or contagious disease |
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| Measles, colds, influenza |
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| Give an example of noncommunicable disease |
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| Pneumonia, botulism, staphylococcal food poisoning |
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| Define endemic rate. |
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| Diseases that occur in any population at a normal rate |
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| When is a disease classified as an epidemic? |
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| If the number of disease cases increases above its endemic rate |
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| What is a local epidemic called? |
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| An outbreak |
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| What is a pandemic? |
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| A worldwide epidemic |
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| In what rate is epidemiologic data expressed? |
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| the number of cases (numerator) per unit of population (denominator) |
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| What is the attack rate? |
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| Cases per exposed population |
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| What is the morbidity rate? |
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| Nonfatal cases per population |
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| What is the mortality rate? |
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| Fatal cases per population |
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| Define incidence. |
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| New cases per population over a time period (day, week, month, year) |
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| Define prevalence. |
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| Total cases per population at one point in time |
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| What must all infections disease have? |
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| A reservoir |
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| Describe direct transmission |
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| Contact between the source and case |
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| Describe indirect transmission |
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| Through fomites |
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| Describe droplet (respiratory tract) transmission |
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| Organism is in a droplet of saliva and mucous; settles quickly and spreads about 3 feet |
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| Describe airborne transmission |
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| Organism stays suspended in air (tuberculosis) |
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| Describe vertical transmission |
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| Transfer of infection from the mother to the fetus before or during birth or breastfeeding. Can be transplacental or ascending,through the vagina |
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| What is the an incubation period? |
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| The period between exposure and disease. |
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| Does a lower or higher infectious does cause more cases? |
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| Lower |
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| What are some epidemiologic factors that contribute to the contraction of a disease |
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| Physiologic factors and general health: stress, malnutrition, crowding, underlying disease. Age, gender Cultural factors: exposure to risk by behavior Genetic factors |
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| What type of information do Infection disease investigators collect? |
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| Where and when each case occurred (person, place, and time) |
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| What are nosocomial infections? |
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| Infections acquired while staying at a hospital |
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| What percent of nosocomial infections are acquired through the: urinary tract, surgical wound, lower respiratory, bloodstream. |
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| 50%, 25%, 12%, 6% |
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| List 3 infection prevention strategies |
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| Handwashing, Barrier precautions, cleaning, disinfection, sterilization |
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