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Innate immunity

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immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup, present at birth.

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Adaptive Immunity

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(specific immunity) aquired ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen or its products after exposure of the immune system to the pathogen

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Humoral Immunity

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a type of immunity that is caused by the circulation of antibodies produced by B cells and differentiated into our blood. These antibodies provide protection from invading pathogens through: neutralization, opsonization, and activating complement. (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile)

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Cellular Immunity

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An immune response that involves T cells binding to antigens presented on antigen-presenting cells; T cells then differentiate into several types of effector T cells

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B Cells

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Lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses. (bursa of fabricius)(humoral)

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T Cells

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The class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; they include both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both branches of adaptive immunity. (cellular immunity)

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Antigen

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any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates the production of antibodies, usually a protien or large polysaccharide

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Epitopes

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Also called an antigenic determinant. A specific region on the surface of an antigen against which antibodies are formed.

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Hapten

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small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen

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Explain the function of antibodies

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1. Antibodies bind to specific molecular configurations 2. Each cell makes only one type of antibody 3. Antibody expression is refined by various mechanisms as cell goes through differentiation to become plasma or memory cells

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List the functions of the five classes of antibodies

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IgG- phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins & viruses, protects fetus IgM- effective against antigens, first antibodies produced in responding to initial infection IgA- localized protection on mucosal surfaces IgD- presence on B cells functions in initiation of immune response IgE- allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms

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Plasma Cell

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a lymphocyte-like cell that develops from a B lymphocyte in reaction to a specific antigen

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Memory Cell

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One of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation. Activated memory cells mount the secondary immune response.

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Name and describe 5 outcomes of an antigen-antibody reaction

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Agglutination-a clumping of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies (agglutinins) Opsonization-process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis Cytotoxicity- the degree to which something is toxic to living cells Neutralization-An immune reponse in which an antibody binds to and blocks the ativity of an antigen Complement system-A group of blood proteins that bind non-specifically to the surface proteins of foreign cells (such as bacteria), ultimately leading to the destruction of the foreign cell

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Apoptosis

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a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself (programmed cell death)

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Function of NK cells

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they produce perforins (pore-forming proteins) that target cancer and virus cells. (Perforins cause the cells to lyse, rupture, or apoptosis)

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Cytokines

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Chemical messengers released by tissue cells to coordinate local activities

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interleukin

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any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system

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chemokine

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Chemokines have a central role in inflammatory responses.

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interferon

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an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus, protects cells from viral infection

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TNF

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a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages) tumor necrosis factor targets tumor cells and causes inflammation

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hematopoetic cytokines

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Influence differentiation in blood stem cells, control stem cells to develop either red or white

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primary immune response

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The first encounter with an antigen, resuling in activated B cells (antibody secretion) and T cells (cellular lysis and lymphocyte proliferation). The primary immune response takes approximately ten days, which long enough for symptoms of the infection to appear (because initial activation takes long time).

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secondary immune response

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The adaptive immune response provoked by a second exposure to an antigen. It differs from the primary response by starting sooner and building more quickly.

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four types of adaptive immunity

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1. Naturally acquired active from actual disease 2. Naturally acquired passive transferred from mother to fetus 3. Artificially acquired active from vaccination and immunization 4. Artificially acquired passive injected antibodies from human or animal donor which are already immune

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Vaccine

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immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies

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why does vaccination work

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injection initiates primary response and leads to formation of antibodies and long term memory cells. when second encounter occurs memory cells are stimulated producing the secondary immune response.

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Hypersensitivity

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antigenic response beyond that which is considered normal (allergy)

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Mechanism of Anaphylaxis

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IgE antibodies attach to mast cells and basophils. When an antigen bridges the gap between two adjacent antibody molecules of the same specificity, the cells undergo degranulation, which releases the mediators histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins

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systemic anaphylaxis

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An extraordinary hypersensitivity reaction throughout the body, leading to hypotension, shock, respiratory distress, edema of the larynx.

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localized anaphylaxis

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-usually associated with antigens ingested by (food)or inhaled(pollen) -hives, hay fever, and asthma -constriction of smooth muscle in bronchiole tubes- becoming epidemic- relation to asthma

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Explain allergy skin tests

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Drops of fluid containing suspected antigens are place on skin and then scratched with a needle for penetration into skin. reddening and swelling at the site identify probable causes of allergic reactions

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ABO blood group system

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used to determine blood type. Under this system, the primary blood types are A, B, AB, and O. The letters A and B refer to antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

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RH blood group system

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based upon the presence or absence of red blood cell antigen called the 'D antigen'

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describe the mechanisms of immune complex reaction

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also known as type III allergy; phagocytosis and lysis cannot clear widespread antigen-antibody complexes from circulation, causing blockage of small blood vessels; includes autoimmunity; occurs 1-3 hours after exposure to allergen

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describe the mechanisms of delayed cell-mediated reaction

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Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction 24-48 hrs. It involves cell mediated responses and are caused mainly by T cells. The response is generally delayed and the response may take a day or more to be apparent. Examples include TB skin test & Allergic contact dermititis

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describe autoimmune disease

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any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases

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describe the mechanism of self-tolerance

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ability to recognize self vs. non-self, which is necessary to prevent healthy body cells from being destroyed, this is acquired through passage through the thymus

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Grave's disease

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condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor

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Myasthenia Gravis

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a chronic progressive disease characterized by chronic fatigue and muscular weakness (especially in the face and neck)

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Systemic lupus erythematosus

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an inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever and weakness and fatigability and joint pains and skin lesions on the face or neck or arms

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

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a chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked deformities

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Multiple Sclerosis

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a chronic progressive nervous disorder involving loss of myelin sheath around certain nerve fibers causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

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Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

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Occurs when antibodies bind insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas, eventually reducing the body's ability to produce insulin.

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Psoriasis

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a chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered with scales

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rejection of transplant

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Diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy Damage to adjacent myocytes and lymphocyte inflammation if acute/subacute, may be reversed with immunosuppressors

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Privileged Site

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Organs of the body where antibodies do not usually circulate, such as the brain and the cornea. These organs are rarely rejected

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Autograft

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tissue that is taken from one site and grafted to another site on the same person

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Isograft

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Tissue graft from identical twin

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Allograft

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tissue or organ transplanted from a donor of the same species but different genetic makeup

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Xenotransplant

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a surgical procedure in which tissue or whole organs are transfered from one species to another species

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Congenital immune deficiencies

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defective or missing gene, selective IgA immunodeficiency, severe combined immunodeficiency present at birth

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acquired immune deficiencies

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Develop after birth and not related to genetic defects - Nutritional deficits (T cell # & function, enzyme cofactor deficiency) - Chemotherapeutic agents - Corticosteroids - Burn victims - Emotional Stress

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Describe the effects of HIV on immune system

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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS. The virus infects a type of lymphocyte that plays a vital role in the antibody production. Over a period of years these lymphocytes are destroyed and cannot then be produced. Without a functioning immune system, the body is vulnerable to pathogens that would normally be controlled easily.

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Immune response to cancer

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1. dendritic cells phagocytize cancer cells and present their antigens. macrophages and natural killer cells attack tumor cells as well 2. cytotoxic T cells lyse tumor cells and secrete interferons and tumor necrosis factors that retard the growth of the tumor

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how do tumor cells evade immune response

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Lack of T cell recognition of tumor via failure to produce tumor antigen (antigen loss variant of tumor cell) or mutations in MHC genes or genes needed for antigen processing, OR inhibition of T cell activation via production of immunosuppressive proteins

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Routes of HIV transmission

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sex, transfusion, needles, transplacental infections, organ transplants vaginal birth, breast feeding, and artificial insemination

Microbiology Chapter 17,18,19 Review

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