question

In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction? a. mutualism b. parasitism c. commensalism d. pathogenesis

answer

a. mutualism

question

An axenic environment is on that a. exists in the human mouth b. contains only one species c. exists in the human colon d. both a and c

answer

b. contains only one species

question

Which of the following is false concerning microbial contaminants? a. Contaminants may become opportunistic pathogens b. Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm c. contaminants may be part of the transient microbiota d. contaminants may be introduced by a mosquito bite

answer

b. most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm

question

The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is a. the respiratory tract b. the skin c. the conjunctiva d. a cut or wound

answer

a. the respiratory tract

question

The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells is a. infection b. contamination c. disease d. adhesion

answer

d. adhesion

question

Which of the following are most likely to cause disease? a. opportunistic pathogens in a weakened host b. pathogens lacking the enzyme kinase c. pathogens lacking the enzyme collagenase d. highly virulent organisms

answer

d. highly virulent organisms

question

The nature of bacterial capsules a. causes widespread blood clotting b. allows phagocytes to readily engulf these bacteria c. affects the virulence of these bacteria d. has no effect on the virulence of bacteria

answer

c. affects the virulence of these bacteria

question

When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesions, they typically a. become avirulent b. produce endotoxin c. absorb endotoxin d. increase in virulence

answer

a. become avirulent

question

A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed a(n) a. sub acute disease b. acute disease c. chronic disease d. latent disease

answer

d. latent disease

question

Which of the following statements is the best definition of a pandemic disease? a. it normally occurs in given geographic area b. it is a disease that occurs more frequently than usual for a geographical area or group of people c. it occurs infrequently at no predictable time scattered over a large area or population d. it is an epidemic that occurs more than one continent at the same time

answer

d. It is an epidemic that occurs on more than once continent at the same time.

question

Which of the following types of epidemiologists is more like a detective? a. a descriptive epidemiologist b. an analytical epidemiologist c. an experimental epidemiologist d. a reserve epidemiologist

answer

an analytical epidemiologist

question

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases? a. incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence b. incubation, decline, prodromal period, illness, convalescence c. prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline, convalescence d. convalescence, prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline

answer

a. incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

question

Consider the following case. An animal was infected with a virus. A mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector? a. animal b. virus c. mosquito d. person

answer

c. mosquito

question

A patient contracted athlete's foot after long-term use of a medication. His physician explained that the malady was directly related to the medication. Such infections are termed a. nosocomial infections b. exogenous infections c. iatrogenic infections d. endogenous infections

answer

d. endogenous infections

question

Which of the following phrases described a contagious disease? a. a disease arising from fomites b. a disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols c. a disease that arises from opportunistic, normal microbiota d. both a and b

answer

b. a disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols

question

A microbe that causes disease is called __________

answer

pathogen

question

Infections that may go unnoticed due to the absence of symptoms are called __________ infections.

answer

asymptomatic or subclinical

question

The study of the cause of disease is __________

answer

etiology

question

The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations is __________

answer

epidemiology

question

Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are called __________

answer

zoonoses

question

Nonliving reservoirs of disease, such as a toothbrush, drinking glass and needle, are called __________

answer

fomites

question

__________ infections are those acquired by patients or staff while in health care facilities.

answer

nosocomial

question

The total number of cases of a disease in a given area is its __________.

answer

prevalence

question

An animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for the pathogen is a __________ vector.

answer

biological

question

Endotoxin, also known as __________, is part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

answer

lipid-A

question

What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?

answer

Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism

question

Mutualism

answer

type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from the relationship Example: Trichonympha (protozoan) in Termite intestines; and Vitamin-synthesizing bacteria in the human colon

question

Commensalism

answer

type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship and the other neither benefits nor is harmed Example: Staphylococcus epidermidis

question

Parasitism

answer

type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship (parasite) and the other is harmed (host). Example: Pathogenic organisms in the body

question

Three Conditions that provide opportunities for Pathogens.

answer

Immune Suppression, Reduction in Microbial Antagonism, and introduction of Normal Microbiota into an unusual site in the body

question

What are the three major types of portals of entry into the body?

answer

skin, mucous membranes, placenta a fourth is when the 3 are circumvented and entry is gained directly into the tissue by puncture or surgery.

question

List the four steps of Koch's postulates:

answer

1) Pathogen is found in every case of the disease 2) Pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture 3) Introduction of culture into a new host causes the same disease 4) Original pathogen is re-isolated from the new host

question

List the 4 exceptions to Koch's Postulates

answer

1.Some pathogens have NEVER been grown on artificial media 2.Some disease conditions(pneumonia, meningitis) have more than one pathogens that cause it 3.Some pathogens can cause more than one disease Ex: Staphylococcus. aureus Strp. pyogens mycobacterium tuberculosis

question

stages of infectious diseases 1.incubation period 2.prodromal period 3.period of illness 4.period of decline 5.period of convalescence

answer

1 incubation: time between infection, signs and symptoms 2 prodromal: mild symptoms 3 Illness: Severe symptoms 4 Decline: normal signs and symptoms 5 Convalescence: returns to its predeceased state healing

question

What are the 3 modes of infectious disease transmission?

answer

1) Contact transmission - direct, formite, droplet 2) Vehicle Transmission - airborne, waterborne, fecal oral, foodborne, bodily fluids 3) Vector Transmission - Biological, Mechanical

question

describe the parenteral route of infection

answer

Punctures, injections, bites, cuts, wounds, surgery, and splitting due to swelling or drying can all establish parenteral routes. (Blood, biting arthropods, needles/syringes)

question

Define transient microbiota Define Resident (Normal) Microbiota

answer

microorganisms that may be present for several days, weeks, or months and then disappear (contaminants) resident microbes (normal flora) those microbes normally found in or on the human body, and which under normal conditions do not cause infection or disease

question

Define infection Define Morbidity

answer

the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic MO the incidence of specific notifiable diseases

question

Iatrogenic infections Healthcare Associated Diseases (HAIs)

answer

induced by treatment or medical procedures acquired by a healthcare environment

question

The growth of Staphylococcus aureus on human skin is an example of _____. commensalism antagonism mutualism parasitism

answer

commensalism

question

M protein, produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, is an example of a(n) _____. extracellular enzyme antiphagocytic chemical toxoid antitoxin

answer

antiphagocytic chemical

question

A human might contract a zoonosis from which of the following? A used tissue A dirty plate A cat A medical procedure

answer

A cat

question

A Gram-negative infection could be more serious due to the presence of which of the following in the Gram-negative cell wall? Teichoic acid Exotoxin Phospholipids Endotoxin

answer

endotoxin. (Lipid A, also known as endotoxin, is the most dangerous part of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall.)

question

Biological vectors of diseases affecting humans are typically which of the following? Biting arthropods Food crops Livestock Household pets

answer

biting arthropods. (Biting arthropods such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes are the primary biological vectors of diseases affecting humans.)

question

In the zoonoses infection of Hantavirus, which causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), which of the following is the animal reservoir? Deer Deer mice Dogs Monkeys

answer

Deer mice

question

The genus Clostridium is associated with which of the following diseases? Botulism and tetanus Leprosy and tuberculosis Tetanus and anthrax Gonorrhea and leprosy

answer

Botulism and tetanus

question

Which of the following is regarded as a part of the body's normal microbiota? Bacillus anthracis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pyogenes

answer

Staphylococcus epidermidis

question

Nosocomial infections can be contracted in which of the following settings? A shopping mall A hospital A school A military base

answer

A hospital Nosocomial infections are infections acquired by patients or health care workers

question

Pasteurization of milk is designed to kill which of the following? Endospores Pathogenic microbes Parasitic worms All microbes

answer

Pathogenic microbes

question

What is meant by the term normal microbiota? The microbes that grow from an inoculum Naturally occurring pathogens Microbes associated with a certain area of the body Drugs that can be used against most microbial infections

answer

Microbes associated with a certain area of the body

question

Which of the following would NOT be considered a communicable disease? Tuberculosis Herpes Tetanus Flu

answer

Tetanus

question

Portals of exit are completely different from portals of entry associated only with biological vectors the same as portals of entry essentially the same as portals of entry

answer

the same as portals of entry

question

John Snow contributed which of the following ideas to the science of microbiology? The study of the occurrence and spread of diseases in human populations The use of chemical substances to control microbial infections The study of the chemical reactions occurring in cells The use of special stains to help identify bacterial cells

answer

The study of the occurrence and spread of diseases in human populations

question

Etiology is the study of the chemical reactions that occur inside cells the causes of disease the body's defense mechanisms the use of chemicals to cure diseases

answer

the causes of disease

question

The fact that Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces fimbriae means that one would expect this bacterium to __________. attach to body cells or tissues exhibit chemotaxis kill cells and tissues invade immune cells

answer

attach to body cells or tissues

question

The term __________ refers to the mere presence of microbes in the body. aseptic contamination infection sterilization

answer

contamination

question

The competition for space and nutrients that occurs between different populations of microbes is known as __________. selective toxicity resistance microbial antagonism synergism

answer

microbial antagonism

question

The capsule of a bacterial cell __________. provides it with nutrients protects it from destruction by the immune system enhances its binary fission allows it to move from one place to another

answer

protects it from destruction by the immune system

question

Why are Koch's postulates an important aspect of the germ theory of disease? They show how a disease can be transmitted from one individual to another. They are a way to demonstrate how an infection can be cured. They can be used to prove that a particular microbe causes a disease. They are a way to quickly isolate bacteria

answer

They can be used to prove that a particular microbe causes a disease. (Koch's postulates provided significant support for the germ theory of disease because they were the first means of demonstrating the pathogenic nature of a bacterial isolate.)

question

Which portal of entry is associated with premature births Placenta Skin Mucous membrane Parenteral

answer

Placenta

question

All of the following encourage the development of opportunistic pathogens except __________. immune suppression in the host invasion of an unusual body site by the normal microbiot exposure to a nonliving reservoir changes in the host's normal microbiota

answer

exposure to a nonliving reservoir

question

The growth of Staphylococcus aureus on human skin is an example of commensalism parasitism mutualism antagonism

answer

commensalism

question

A(n) __________ disease is one present at birth. hereditary immunological congenital endocrine

answer

congenital

question

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of a pathogen? A parasite that kills its host A microbe that causes disease in humans A parasite that causes disease A virus that harms its host

answer

A parasite that causes disease

question

Which of the following is associated with vector transmission? Houseflies Droplet nuclei Fomites Kissing

answer

Houseflies

question

Which of the following affects the function of cells lining the gastrointestinal tract? Endotoxin Coagulase Enterotoxin Staphylokinase

answer

Enterotoxin

question

Which of the following types of bacterial toxins can be produced by BOTH Gram-positive AND Gram-negative bacteria? Both exotoxin and endotoxin Only exotoxin Neither exotoxin nor endotoxin Only endotoxin

answer

Only exotoxin Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, secrete exotoxins that are central to their pathogenicity in that they destroy host cells or interfere with host metabolism.

question

All of the following are examples of non-communicable diseases except influenza acne tooth decay tetanus

answer

influenza

question

Creation of __________ is an important component of airborne-transmitted diseases. adhesions fimbriae biofilms aerosols

answer

aerosols Aerosols may contain pathogens either on dust or inside droplets.

question

A(n) __________ is a group of signs and symptoms that characterize a particular disease. symptom sign syndrome pathogen

answer

syndrome

question

Which of the following might be a source of a zoonosis? Fomites Aerosols Animals Improperly-cooked food

answer

Animals

question

A disease that develops rapidly and lasts a short time is called a(n) __________ disease. subacute acute chronic latent

answer

acute

question

Most of the members of the resident microbiota are classified as commensals pathogens parasites mutualistic

answer

commensals

question

Why do many pathogens prefer the mucous membranes over the skin as a portal of entry? Mucous membranes are generally thinner than the skin. Mucous membranes provide better attachment molecules because they are dry. Mucous membranes are not as contaminated as the skin. Cells of mucous membranes are dead cells.

answer

Mucous membranes are generally thinner than the skin.

question

Another term for an asymptomatic infection is a(n) __________ infection. avirulent chronic acute subclinical

answer

subclinical

question

The number of new cases of a disease in a given population during a given period of time is called __________. incidence virulence prevalence morbidity

answer

incidence

question

Which of the following would be classified as a sign of a disease? chills nausea headache diarrhea

answer

diarrhea

question

Which of the following is the most severe stage of an infectious disease? Incubation period Decline Illness Prodromal period

answer

Illness

question

In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction? Commensalism Pathogenesis Mutualism Parasitism

answer

Mutualism

question

An axenic environment is one that __________. exists in the human colon Both a and c is free from any microbes, contains only one species exists in the human mouth

answer

is free from any microbes * contains only one species

question

When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesions, they typically __________. become avirulent increase in virulence absorb endotoxin produce endotoxin

answer

become avirulent

question

An infection caused by surgery or by the use of devices such as catheters is called a(n) __________ infection. exogenous endogenous endemic iatrogenic

answer

iatrogenic

question

The nature of bacterial capsules __________. causes widespread blood clotting allows phagocytes to readily engulf these bacteria has no effect on the virulence of bacteria affects the virulence of these bacteria

answer

affects the virulence of these bacteria

question

Which of the following phrases describes a contagious disease A disease that arises from opportunistic, normal microbiota A disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosol A disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols and a disease arising from fomites A disease arising from fomites

answer

A disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosol

question

Which of the following are most likely to cause disease Highly virulent organisms Pathogens lacking the enzyme collagenase Opportunistic pathogens in a weakened host Pathogens lacking the enzyme kinase

answer

Highly virulent organisms

question

Which of the following is FALSE concerning microbial contaminants? contaminants may become opportunistic pathogens most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm contaminants may be a part of the transient microbiota contaminants may be introduced by a mosquito bite

answer

most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm

question

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases? incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence incubation, decline, prodromal period, illness, convalescence prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline, convalescence convalescence, prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline

answer

incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

question

Which of the following statements is the best definition of a pandemic disease? it normally occurs in a given geographic area it is a disease that occurs more frequently than usual for a geographical area or group of people it occurs infrequently at no predictable time scattered over a large area or population it is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent at the same time

answer

it is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent at the same time

question

Which of the following is NOT an activity associated with public health agencies in their work to limit disease transmission? Screening of health care workers for latent infections Enforcement of standards in the preservation of foods Monitoring sewage treatment and water supplies Proper inspection of meats

answer

Screening of health care workers for latent infections

question

Which of the following types of epidemiologists is most like a detective? a descriptive epidemiologist an analytical epidemiologist an experimental epidemiologist a reservoir epidemiologist

answer

an analytical epidemiologist

question

Consider the following case. An animal was infected with a virus. A mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector? Mosquito Animal Person Virus

answer

Mosquito

question

Which of the following virulence factors helps a bacteria establish colonies in a host? Adhesins Lipid A Collagenase Mucinase

answer

Adhesins

question

A disease that occurs more frequently than expected for a given population would be considered __________. pandemic endemic sporadic epidemic

answer

epidemic

question

A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed a(n) __________. chronic disease subacute disease Latent disease acute disease

answer

Latent disease

question

The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is __________. the respiratory tract the conjunctiva a cut or wound the skin

answer

the respiratory tract

question

The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells is contamination disease adhesion infection

answer

adhesion

question

A patient contracted athlete's foot after long-term use of a medication. His physician explained that the malady was directly related to the medication. Such infections are termed nosocomial infections exogenous infections iatrogenic infections endogenous infections

answer

endogenous infections

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