Test Questions on Micro Final – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| pneumonia |
answer
| what condition is rarely seen in a person who is NOT sufficiently immunocompromised? |
question
| pharyngitis |
answer
| what condition is NOT typically caused by an organism that may be considered normal flora? |
question
| rhinitis |
answer
| what condition occurs most commonly as a result of a primary infection but can lead to secondary infection? |
question
| cerebrospinal fluid |
answer
which of the following should be considered sterile? saliva, feces, urine, CSF |
question
| shiga toxin |
answer
which toxin inhibits protein synthesis? |
question
| enterotoxin |
answer
| which toxin increases fluid and electrolyte secretion by host cell? |
question
| endotoxin |
answer
| which toxin is only produced by gram negative bacteria? |
question
| tetanus |
answer
| which disease of the CNS is associated with spastic paralysis? |
question
| rabies |
answer
| which disease would you treat by administering a vaccination? tetanus, botulism, whooping cough, or rabies? |
question
| botulism |
answer
| which disease is most commonly associated with consumption of contaminated home canned goods? |
question
| whooping cough |
answer
| which disease's symptoms are partially due to loss of ciliated cells? |
question
| tuberculosis |
answer
| which disease is caused by a bacterium that can divide after being engulfed by macrophages? |
question
| salivary glands |
answer
| which accessory organ of the GI tract produces a substance that plays a role in the initial;breakdown of food particles |
question
| gall bladder |
answer
| which accessory organ of the GI tract stores substances used to break down food particles in the small intestine and releases these substances into the small intestine when food begins leaving the stomach? |
question
| fluid and electrolyte production |
answer
| which of the following is NOT a function of normal flora in the intestines? microbial antagonism, digestion, fluid and electrolyte production, or nutrient production? |
question
| mantoux test, chest x-ray, and acid-fast stain |
answer
| what are the tests used to diagnose tuberculosis? |
question
| because of the dormant stage and because of the virulence of the disease |
answer
| why must patients with TB be given long term antibiotic therapy? |
question
| the level of the virus that is present in the blood and the level of T-helpers that are present in the blood |
answer
| what determines the severity of symptoms that an HIV patient has? |
question
| trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
answer
| what are some organs that make up the lower respiratory tract? |
question
| 1. less able to recognize antigens 2. the tight junction vessels of the BBB prevent less from getting through 3. the ones that do get through are not as effective as they would be in other parts of the body |
answer
| how is the nervous system immunologically privileged? |
question
| community-acquired and nosocomial |
answer
| what are the two major types of pneumonia? |
question
| staph induced- you only have to ingest the toxin but for clostridium, the actual bacteria must be present, and it has to reach the stomach before releasing the toxin |
answer
| why does it take longer for a person to get sick from clostridium perfringens induced food poisoning that staph induced? |
question
| the 3 simultaneous drugs affect different pathways and cause there to be less resistance to the drugs |
answer
| what are the benefits of treating a person with 3 different drugs simultaneously (cocktail approach) for HIV? |
question
| contaminated eggs, poultry |
answer
| what is a common source of salmonella enterica infection? |
question
| hepatitis B |
answer
| which hepatitis virus can be prevented with a vaccine? |
question
| virus divides in salivary glands- causing the inflammation of the salivary glands |
answer
| why is parotitis common in mumps? |
question
| CD4 |
answer
| what cell type is preferentially attacked by HIV? |
question
| petichiae |
answer
| what is the hallmark symptom of meningiococacal meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis? |
question
| LPS |
answer
| what is endotoxin? |
question
| antibiotics and antidiarrheals |
answer
| what 2 medications should NOT be used to treat escherichia coli O157:H7? |
question
| attaches virus to host cell |
answer
| what is the function of hemagglutinin? |
question
| in the mucous |
answer
| where is IgA found in the respiratory or GI tracts? |
question
| upper respiratory tract |
answer
| what is the most common source of infectious agents that cause pneumonia? |
question
| pregnant women and patients who have AIDS |
answer
| give two examples of people who would be considered immunocompromised? |
question
| protection |
answer
| what is the function of the BBB? |
question
| through specialized transport proteins |
answer
| how do things move through the BBB? |
question
| indirect ELISA |
answer
| which immunologic test looks for the presence of antibody in a patient sample by seeing if the sample binds to a known antigen that is fixed to a plate? |
question
| precipitation reaction |
answer
| which type of immunologic test relies on the characteristic that the combination of a particular antibody and antigen is insoluble? |
question
| western blotting |
answer
| which type of immunologic test requires that the proteins in a patient's serum first be separated according to size on a gel? |
question
| sulfonamides |
answer
| which antibiotic does NOT inhibit protein synthesis? aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, or sulfonamides? |
question
| inhibition of mitosis |
answer
| what is not a common mechanism of action for antibiotics? |
question
| inhibition of RNA synthesis, inhibition of folic acid synthesis, and alteration of membrane integrity |
answer
| what are common mechanisms of action for antibiotics? |
question
| zoonotic |
answer
| an infection that can be transmitted from an animal to human |
question
| endemic |
answer
| an infectious disease that maintains a steady frequency within a specific population |
question
| antibody production |
answer
| NOT a component of the innate immune response? |
question
| phagocytosis, complement fixation, and interferon production |
answer
| what are the components of the innate immune response? |
question
| mucous droplets |
answer
| which is NOT a means of INDIRECT transmission of an infectious disease? blood transfusion, air, fomites, or mucous droplets? |
question
| MHC class II |
answer
| which immune receptor is found only on antigen presenting cells? |
question
| immunoglobulin |
answer
| which immune receptor can be released from the cell to facilitate pathogen destruction? |
question
| platelet |
answer
| which is not a type of white blood cell? neutrophil, mast cell, platelet, lymphocyte? |
question
| prevention of viral particles from entering host cells, prevention of transcription or translation of viral proteins, and prevention of viral particle maturation |
answer
| what are major mechanisms of action of antiviral drugs? |
question
| destruction of extracellular viral particles |
answer
| what is NOT a major mechanism of action of antiviral drugs? |
question
| blood |
answer
| in which body tissue or fluid would you NOT expect to find normal flora? |
question
| prevalence |
answer
| the term that describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of existing cases of a disease from a specified period of time in a given population? |
question
| mortality |
answer
| the term describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of deaths caused by a disease that occurred in a specified period of time in a given population |
question
| incidence |
answer
| the term that describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of new cases of a disease that occurred in a specified period of time in a given population |
question
| survey the body, recognize the pathogen, and destroy it |
answer
| what are the three major functions of the immune system? |
question
| penicillin and sulfanamide |
answer
| what two antibiotics are most likely to cause an allergic reaction? |
question
| specificity and memory |
answer
| what two major characteristics of the acquired immune response set it apart from the innate immune response? |
question
| they are inserted into the body as a false antigen so that the body will build up an immunity (ex. attenuated virus). their main function if to make memory cells by falsely creating an immune response in the host.. they cause the 1st or 2nd immune response without making the host sick |
answer
| how do vaccinations work? |
question
| a naive one has never seen/been exposed to an antigen; a mature lymphocyte has been exposed to an antigen |
answer
| how does a naive lymphocyte differ from a mature lymphocyte? |
question
| neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages |
answer
| what three cell types can be classified as phagocytes? |
question
| alternative splicing |
answer
| what is the process called that allows cells to express millions of distinct immune receptors even though they only contain a few thousand genes in the entire genome? |
question
| B cells and T cells |
answer
| what two cell types can be classified as lymphocytes? |
question
| mutation and acquisition of new genes |
answer
| what two cellular events can drive the acquisition of drug resistance? |
question
| in second exposure, they are produced much more rapidly and stronger. the first exposure is slow because it's never seen the antigen before and has to start from scratch in its response to it. |
answer
| how does antibody production differ between the first and second exposure to an antigen? |
question
| toxicity, allergy, and suppression of normal flora |
answer
| what three adverse reactions may occur between a drug and a host? |
question
| koch's postulates |
answer
| how do you determine if a particular microorganism is responsible for an observed disease? |
question
| the process of the formation of blood cells. it produces precursor cells which will then either mature in the bone marrow if they are B cells or in the thymus if they are T cells |
answer
| what is hematopoiesis? |
question
| inhibit cell wall synthesis leading to cell lysis |
answer
| how do penicillin antibiotics kill cells? |
question
| agglutination, opsonization, complement fixation, and neutralization |
answer
| what are the four mechanisms through which secreted antibodies mediate immune response? |
question
| it filters and kills the pathogens. it filters the blood. |
answer
| what purpose does the spleen serve in immune function? |
question
| B cells, macrophages, and dendrites |
answer
| what three cell types can act as antigen presenting cells? |
question
| kill microbes without harming host |
answer
| what is the primary goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy? |
question
| mutualism |
answer
| what is the relationship between organisms called when the relationship is necessary and beneficial for both organisms? |
question
| synergism |
answer
| the relationship between organisms when the relationship is not necessary but is beneficial for both organisms |
question
| cofactor |
answer
| what part of a conjugated enzyme may play a role in bringing the substrate closer to the active site of the enzyme and is usually a metal ion? |
question
| holoenzyme |
answer
| what is another term for the completed conjugated enzyme? |
question
| oxidoreductase |
answer
| which type of enzyme is responsible for transferring electrons between substrates? |
question
| ligase |
answer
| which type of enzyme is responsible for forming a covalent bond between substrates? |
question
| antisepsis |
answer
| which term refers to killing most life forms on a living surface? |
question
| disinfection |
answer
| which term refers to killing most life forms on a nonliving surface? |
question
| sterilization |
answer
| which term refers to killing all life forms? |
question
| decontamination |
answer
| refers to the mechanical removal of most life forms |
question
| ionizing radiation |
answer
| kills microbes by causing DNA strands to break |
question
| moist heat |
answer
| which of the following would most likely be used to prepare a scalpel for use during surgery? moist heat, ionizing radiation, hydrogen peroxide, or dry heat? |
question
| aldehydes |
answer
| which of the following can be used to sterilize? detergents, phenols, aldehydes, or alcohols? |
question
| conjugation |
answer
| which of the following involves the transfer of DNA between compatible cells through a pilus? |
question
| transduction |
answer
| which of the following involves the transfer of DNA between cells with the aid of a virus? transduction, transformation, transposition, or conjugation? |
question
| concentration and time |
answer
| what two factors are most important for determining the amount of microbial death caused by a microbicidal agent? |
question
| cytoplasm in prokaryotes and mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes |
answer
| where does the krebs cycle occur in cells? |
question
| it binds to the P site, whereas all other ones after it bind to the A site. its' start codon is AUG. |
answer
| what is unique about the first tRNA used in translation? |
question
| catabolic proteins |
answer
| what types of proteins are typically encoded by an inducible operon? |
question
| spontaneous and induced |
answer
| what are the two major classes of mutations? |
question
| it lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur so that it can happen more quickly |
answer
| how does an enzyme speed up a reaction? |
question
| helicase |
answer
| which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication? |
question
| RNA polymerase does it |
answer
| why does transcription not require a special enzyme for unwinding the DNA? |
question
| hypotonic |
answer
| which solute state is ideal for cells? |
question
| relies on organic nutrients |
answer
| what is a heterotroph? |
question
| where one substrate binds to the active site, blocking the real substrate from binding |
answer
| what is competitive inhibition? |
question
| oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, and substrate-level |
answer
| what are the three major processes through which ATP is transformed? |
question
| ammonia |
answer
| what is an example of an inorganic source of nitrogen? |
question
| proteins |
answer
| what is an example of an organic source of nitrogen? |
question
| facilitated, simple, active |
answer
| what are the three types of diffusion? |
question
nitrogen--> nitric acid fatty acid--> lipids monosaccharide--> carbohydrate amino acid--> protein |
answer
| what kind of macromolecules do each of the macromolecular building blocks build? nitrogen base, fatty acid, monosaccharide, and amino acid |
question
| aerotolerant anaerobe |
answer
| it is not affected in anyway by oxygen |
question
| facultative anaerobe |
answer
| it prefers to grow in oxygen rich environments but is able to grow without oxygen also |
question
| microaerophile |
answer
| it will grow towards the top but not at the surface. it needs O2 but can't grow at atmospheric levels |
question
| obligate anaerobe |
answer
| cannot live and grow in the presence of oxygen |
question
| nucleic acid, capsid, and envelope |
answer
| what are the three major structures of an animal virus? |
question
| helical and isocahedral |
answer
| what are the two major shapes of viral capsids? |
question
| cell membrane, chromosomes, and ribosomes |
answer
| what three structures are present in ALL living cells? |
question
| sterols |
answer
| what is present in the cell membrane of eukaryotes to add strength and stability to the structure? |
question
| lysogeny |
answer
| what is the name of the stage present in some bacteriophage life cycles in which the viral DNA is inserted in the host DNA and the virus remains inactive for a period of time? |
question
| fragmentation and spore-formation |
answer
| what are the two common reproductive methods of molds? |
question
| outer membrane |
answer
| what is present in a gram-negative cell that makes it less susceptible to killing by disinfectants? |
question
| observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion |
answer
| what are the four steps of the scientific method? |
question
| pasteur's theory that states that microorganisms cause disease |
answer
| what is the germ theory of disease? |
question
| decomposition |
answer
| what is the breakdown of dead matter and waste into simpler compounds that may then be used by other organisms? |
question
| counter-clockwise |
answer
| which direction should a flagellum rotate to propel a bacterial cell forward? |
question
| peptidoglycan |
answer
| what is the primary component of bacterial cell walls? |
question
| uncoating |
answer
| which step in viral replication occurs with animal viruses but NOT with bacteriophages? |
question
| composition of the cell membrane |
answer
| which of the following is NOT a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? how DNA is packaged, composition of cell wall, composition of cell membrane, or presence of organelles? |
question
| kingdom, phylum, class, order |
answer
| what is the correct listing of taxa in order from most general to most specific? |
question
| streptococcus |
answer
| which of the following genuses cannot form endospores? sporosacrina, clostridium, streptococcus, or bacillus? |
question
| sphere |
answer
| what kind of cellular shape would you expect for members of the streptococcus genus? |
question
| clusters |
answer
| what kind of cellular arrangement would you expect for members of staphylococcus genus? |
question
| chains |
answer
| what kind of cellular arrangement would you expect for members of the streptococcus genus? |
question
| carbon dioxide |
answer
| which of the following molecules freely passes through a cell membrane? carbon dioxide, carbohydrate, sodium, or protein? |
question
| bacteria |
answer
| which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the Whittaker system of classification? fungi, animals, protists, or bacteria? |
question
| protists |
answer
| which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the Woese-Fox system of classification? fungi, animals, protists, or bacteria? |
question
| adenosine |
answer
| which of the following nitrogen bases is NOT a pyrimidine? thymine, adenosine, cytosine, or uracil? |
question
| Robert Hooke |
answer
| who was the first to describe cells as living units? |
question
| Joseph Lister |
answer
| who has the first to introduce aseptic techniques in the hospital setting to reduce infection? |
question
| Antoine van Leeuwenhoek |
answer
| who invented the first single lens microscope? |
question
| Louis Pasteur |
answer
| who performed an experiment that used long, curved-neck flasks to demonstrate that air was the source of contaminating microbes? |
