Medieval History – Flashcards
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1861
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Italy United; before was a collection of regional principalities
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Re Vittorio Emanuele II
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First King of Italy
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Risorgimento
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Movement led by Garibaldi to unify Italy
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Campanilismo
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civic pride, the italian having a stronger commitment to cities rather than country
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1871
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Rome made capital of italy
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1946
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Italy becomes a democratic republic
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1994
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Mani pulite, cleansing of the government and destruction of parties such as demorazia cristiana
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Giulio Andreotti
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main leader of Democrazia Cristiana; many terms as prime minister, helped to write the constitution
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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unified italy; george washington
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Aldo Moro
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prime ministers in 1970s; kidnapped held hostage and kill in 1978 by red brigades
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Giovanni Falcone
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Italian Judge or prosecutor killed in tremendous fashion by the mafia; caused national uproar
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Mani Pulite
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represented an end to the political parties through intensive investigations seeking to cleanse the government from corruption
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Miracolo Italiano
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Period of tremendous Italian economic growth after World War II when Italy truly became a developed country thriving off of small businesss
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Medio Evo
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476-1500
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Lega Nord
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separatist political party
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Umberto Bossi
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leader of Lega Nord
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1943 - 1994
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period of time during which Democrazia Cristiana was the main political party in Italy
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il rinascimento
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the renaissance or rebirth of classical (roman and greek) ideas and philosophies following the middle ages
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476-1400s
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period of time generally referred to as medio evo - period in between classical civ. and the rebirth / looking back to classic
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Alto Medio Evo
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476-1000 A.D.
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Baso Medio Evo
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1000-1492 A.D.
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Lombard Age
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7th and 8th century
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Hercules
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Colle del Duomo is believed to have been dedicated to this god during ancient times
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Saint Lorenzo
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saint that the cathedral of viterbo is dedicated to
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Pope that permannently moved to Viterbo in 1261
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Pope Urbano IV
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Conclave
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when cardinals are locked into a room and not allowed out until they elect a new pope
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Gregory X
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When Clement IV died in 1268 it took 33 months to elect the next pope...
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French Gothic
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Artistic style of the duomo's loggia
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Basilica
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artistic style that the cathedral was first built in
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Cardinal Gambara
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named engraved on the Cathedral's facade; made relevant changes in BAROQUE style of his time
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1944
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cathedral bombed
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Cosmatesque
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artistic style of the cathedral's floor
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Giovanni XXI
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only portuguese pope in history is buried in Viterbo's cathedral
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773-774
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Charlemagne invades the kingdom of Italy/Lombardy and he crowns himself King of Italy
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800
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Pope Leo II crowns Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor
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846
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Arabs sack rome
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962
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Otto I recieves political power from the pope in exchange for political protection
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1024
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citizens of Pavia sack royal palace
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1072
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Normans capture Palermo and drive Arabs and Byzantines out of the south
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Donation of Constantine
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created in the 8th century AD claims that Constantine gave the area of Rome to the pope before he died
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9th century
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Arabs conquered Sicily
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Ottonians
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events in northern italy in the second half nineteenth century were dominated by this family
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The South and Sicily
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the area occupied by the Normans in XI century
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Arab Kingdom
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other kingdom that the Arabs defeated and replaced
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Virgil and Plini
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roman sources that mention the city of Surmo
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Etymology of Moneta
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comes from Juno Moneta wife of Jupiter - at her temple was where money was coined and from there comes the word moneta for coin
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Caetani
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family that pope bonifacio VIII gave sermonetum to
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1265-1321
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Dante's life span
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Guelfs and Ghibellines
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two factions that vied for control for florence;
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Guelfs
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supported the Pope
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Ghibellines
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those supporting the emperor.
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Black Guelfs
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more extreme guelfs; sided more with pope; faction in florence
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White Guelfs
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Dante; more moderate valued economics, politics etc.
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Giovanni Boccaccio
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titled la comedia di dante "divina"
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1250
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death of holy roman emperor Frederick II - decisive moment in papal imperial confrontation.
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Manfred
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Kingdom of Sicily left to this illegitamite son of Frederick II, gradually succumbed to rebellion
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Angevin House
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papal invitation of this family was the key to the destruction of Hohenstaufen power in southern italy
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Who ruled sicily after the sicilian vespers
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Peter of Aragon and the Arogonese were invited by the Sicilian barons, time of Franco hispanic conflict
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476 A.D.
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Odoacre deposes Romulus Agustus, sacks Rome and bring to an end the W.R.E.
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1167 A.D.
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northern communi create Lombard League to protect themselves against Barbarossa
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1250 A.D.
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Frederick II dies, ending the gold age of sicily and leading to intense turmoil over the area involving the Angevins and Aragonese
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Frederick I
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barbarossa, 1167, recognized Viterbo as an independent city
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Frederick II
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in 1250, attacked Viterbo cursed by Santa Rosa and then died because of it
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Cardinal Albornoz
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in 14th century, constructed la Rocca Albornoz by Porta Fiorentina so that the popes could stay there on their way back to rome
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1300
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dante imagines that he starts his journey in the afterworld
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Jerusalem
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where Dante enters the afterworld
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la lonza
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lust
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il leone
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pride
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la lupa
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greed
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Virgil
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chosen as his guide because Virgil was a very much his literary inspiration
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how the hohenstaufen ousted the Normans
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The Hohenstaufen had been ruling the north under Barbarossa until Henry Iv, Frederick I's son married Roger II daughter Castanza di ville thus linking the two dynasties together in 1197 their son Frederick II assume control of the whole peninsula at age 3. Following his death in 1250, the hohenstaufen started to decline.
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Donatello and Brunelleschi
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the two key figures that Alberti Inspired in teh visual arts at the beginning of the XV century in Florence
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Bruneleschi
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-important florentine architect and sculptor - designed many buildings around florence like the duomo, santa croce, and santo spirito -initiated the use of re- use of the ancient roman arches (rounded) instead of pointed gothic arches
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Donatello
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- important florentine sculptor who create the bronze davide..considered one of the best artist of the time
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Lorenzo dei Medici
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died in 1492 - florentine ruler patron or Maecanas of the arts - used arts for political power and protected and fostered many famous italian artists
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Marsilio Ficino
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famous florentine thinker who translated all of platos works into latin, worked a lot in neoplatonism through lorenzo's funding and protection
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Poliziano
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-italian scholar and writer -wrote le stanze -revived the use of italian vernacular language
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Boticelli
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-famous florentine painter -painted Birth of Venus - pagan painting but supported the idea of female beauty which he did a lot of work with through his time
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1302 - 1321
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Dante writes the inferno after being expelled from Florence
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1348
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black death wipes out 1/4 of europes population; stunts the growth of the renaissance
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1450
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Francesco Sforza takes over Milan from the Visconti family; 1447 - last Visconti dies, Milanese try to install a republic; proved unable to protect the city so in 1450 Francesco Sforza, a soldier, took over the city.
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1453
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Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman empire. Effect: new threat = turks; Also, "Roman" thinkers that have studied the continuation of rome under the Eastern Roman Empire come back to Italy where they influence the renaissance
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1454
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Peace of Lodi
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Peace of Lodi
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1454, agreement of Northern city states to stop fighting/ trying to take over eachother - decide that no one is stronger than the others; but leave the Italian peninsula weaker and less united thus prone to foreign occupation
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Veneto Turkish War
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-seen by other states as useful distraction for venitian aggression on other italian states -
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1492
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Lorenzo dei Medici dies
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1494
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Piero di Lorenzo dei Medici forced to flee from florence - under increased influence of franciscan friar Savonarola - decided the Medici had gained too much elitist power
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Treaty of Granada
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1500 - splits the south into two, kingdom of two sicilies between France and Spain
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League of Cambrai
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1508; joined by Ferrara, Mantua and Pope Julius II - pope that plotted to and almost accomplished the destruction of venice
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Council of Seventy
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- group of political elite in the north
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1512
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Medici restored in Florence by Spanish troops - ends the florence republic; Spanish and French played off the elites to gain support
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1527
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Spanish sack of Rome
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1530
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Charles V coronated by pope Clement VII in Bologna; Holy Roman emperor that spoke italian and to whom italy was important; conquest of Milan and ownership of Naples and Sicily; recognized integrity of small city state; tensions between city states gradually start to slow period of relative tranquility
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1556
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Charles V retires and power taken by Philip II - king of spain; focused more on apsin didnt have imperial authority - still remained relatively peaceful however
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1559
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Treaty Cateuo Cambresis - temporary ending of Franco-Habsburg conflict; ends threat of foreign intervention on the spanish peninsula
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1571
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Battle of Lepento - lead by venetian fleet in Greece - beat Turks removes ottoman threat
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Dante
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1265-1321 • 1302-1321 : after exiled from Florence wrote the inferno • middle figure between middle ages and renaissance: work centered around god yet also focuses on the important human qualities such as love and passion • made Florentine dialect the main Italian language
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Giotto
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florentine painter; also a middle man; chapel of Pantova, painted the story of St. Francis at Assissi
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Marsilo Ficino
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renaissance thinker under Lorenzo dei medici; translated all of plato to latin; neoplatonism - focus on earth at center of universe and on the study of human values and morals such as freedom of expression; translated into art
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Poliziano
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Italian poet under lorenzo; wrote le stanze; revived the italian vernacular language; wrote plays that inspired the beginning of the opera
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Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
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Renaissance painter who tried to blend christianity with paganism; pope disaproved but protected by Lorenzo
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Savonarolo
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Franciscan Friar whose preachings effect florentine politics after lorenzo's death in 1492; dominated florence scene
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Donatello
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-renaissance sculptor under Lorenzo -one of the best of his time -sculpted bronze david and mastered dramatic expression
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Filipo Bruneleschi
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-Florentine sculptor and architect under Lorenzo; changed from goth pointed archs to old roman rounded archs -
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Leonardo DaVinci
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epitome of a "Renaissance Man"; did everything painter and scientist - autodidact; interest in science and math and inventions; painted Mona lisa and the Last Supper ; skill like no other in facial expression and composition 1481 - 1499 worked in Milan; outshone his contemporaries
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Michelangelo
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rival of Da Vinci; sculptor and painter; Doni Tondo to rival leonardo's drawing of holy family; sculpted Pieta; Invited by Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine chapel and to build Julius tomb- "Slaves" in which men are shown breaking out of their shackles - inspired by Ficino and neoplatonism
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Raphael
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less serious painter; also hired by Julius II; range in power of expression; painted papal apartments; painted the virgin mary in all styels
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Botticelli
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One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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Italian renaissance man who wrote il principe - discusses his idea that a ruler must be ruthless to be successful; end product of cultivation of new italian political though during the end of the 15th century;
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Francesco Guicciardini
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wrote history of florence and history of italy; machiavelli's contemporary; rational portrayal of events related to causes
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Ludovico Ariosto
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wrote Orlando Furioso; long poem and new romance epic; concerned history of love, pains, disasters; combination of the epic with fuller representation of character and emotion
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Baldassare
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wrote the Courtier; modern taste; more lifelike conversations between characters; idealization of lov e - ficino
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Boccaccio
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1313-1375 Contemp. with Petrarch & also a Florentine. Best known for his Decameron - collection of witty & often bawdy tales told over period of ten days by a group of ten young people fleeing Florence because of plague. Was encouraged by Petrarch, studied ancient manuscripts & learned Greek for this. Considered an early humanist also.
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Petrarch
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Italian poet; known for petrarchan sonnet- one of the three "fathers" of italian language...with dante and boccaccio
