question

ablation*

answer

the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function

question

acute renal failure (ARF)*

answer

has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia

question

anuria*

answer

the absence of urine formation by the kidneys

question

benign prostatis hypertrophy*

answer

an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over age 50

question

bladder retraining*

answer

a program of urinating on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals

question

bladder ultrasound*

answer

the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination

question

urinary catheterization*

answer

performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to control incontinence, or to place fluid into the bladder

question

computed tomography*

answer

used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system

question

cystalgia*

answer

pain in the urinary bladder

question

cystectomy*

answer

the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

question

cystitis*

answer

an inflammation of the bladder

question

cystocele*

answer

a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall; also called a fallen bladder

question

cystography*

answer

a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter

question

cystolith*

answer

a stone located in the urinary bladder

question

cystopexy*

answer

the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

question

cystorrhaphy*

answer

the surgical suturing of the bladder

question

cystoscopy*

answer

the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope

question

dialysis*

answer

a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function

question

diuresis*

answer

the increased output of urine

question

digital rectal examination*

answer

performed on men to screen for prostate enlargement, infection, and indications of prostate cancer

question

diuretics*

answer

medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt

question

dysuria*

answer

difficult or painful urination

question

edema*

answer

excessive fluid in the body tissues

question

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)*

answer

refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure in which there is irreversible loss of the function of both kidneys

question

enuresis*

answer

the involuntary discharge of urine

question

epispadias*

answer

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where in the male, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis, and in the female the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris

question

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)*

answer

the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel

question

female urethra*

answer

approximately 1.5 inches long; urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina; conveys only urine

question

glomerulonephritis*

answer

a form of nephritis that involves primarily the glomeruli; also known as Bright's disease

question

glomerulus*

answer

a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule

question

hemodialysis*

answer

the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys

question

hydronephrosis*

answer

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys

question

hydroureter*

answer

the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

question

hyperproteinuria*

answer

the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

question

hypoproteinemia*

answer

the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

question

hypospadias*

answer

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where in the male the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis, and in the female the urethral opening is into the vagina

question

incontinence*

answer

the inability to control excretory functions

question

indwelling catheter*

answer

one that remains inside the body for a prolonged time

question

interstitial cystitis*

answer

a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

question

intravenous pyelogram*

answer

a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters used to diagnose changed in the urinary tract

question

Kegel exercises*

answer

a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women

question

KUB (Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder)*

answer

a radiographic study of these structures without the use of a contract medium

question

lithotomy*

answer

a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder

question

male urethra*

answer

approximately 8 inches long; urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis; transports both urine and semen

question

meatotomy*

answer

a surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening

question

medulla*

answer

the inner region of the kidney

question

nephritis*

answer

an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys

question

nephrolith*

answer

a stone located in the kidney; also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone

question

nephrolithiasis*

answer

a disorder characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney

question

nephrolithotomy*

answer

the surgical removal of a nephrolith (kidney stone) through an incision in the kidney

question

nephrologist*

answer

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

question

nephrolysis*

answer

the freeing of a kidney from adhesions

question

nephrons*

answer

a functional unit of the kidney. THESE UNITS FORM URINE, by the process of FILTRATION, REABSORPTION, and SECRETION.

question

nephropathy*

answer

any disease of the kidney including degenerative and inflammatory conditions

question

nephropexy*

answer

the surgical fixation of a floating kidney

question

nephroptosis*

answer

the prolapse of a kidney

question

nephropyosis*

answer

suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of the kidney

question

nephrostomy*

answer

the establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body

question

nephrotic syndrome*

answer

a condition in which very high levels of protein are lost in the urine and abnormally low levels of protein are present in the blood

question

neurogenic bladder*

answer

a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

question

nocturia*

answer

excessive urination during the night

question

nocturnal enuresis*

answer

urinary incontinence during sleep

question

oliguria*

answer

scanty urination

question

overactive bladder (OAB)*

answer

occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active

question

percutaneous nephrolithotomy*

answer

treatment of a kidney stone that is performed with a nephroscope inserted through a small incision in the back

question

peritoneal dialysis*

answer

dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

question

polycystic kidney disease*

answer

a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

question

polyuria*

answer

excessive urination

question

prostate cancer*

answer

one of the most common cancers among men

question

prostate gland*

answer

part of the male reproductive system and surrounds the urethra

question

prostatectomy*

answer

the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland

question

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)*

answer

blood test used to screen for prostate cancer

question

prostatism*

answer

the condition of having symptoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatis hypertrophy

question

prostatitis*

answer

an inflammation of the prostate gland

question

pyelitis*

answer

an inflammation of the renal pelvis

question

pyelonephritis*

answer

an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and of the kidney

question

pyeloplasty*

answer

the surgical repair of the renal pelvis

question

pyelotomy*

answer

a surgical incision into the renal pelvis

question

renal*

answer

pertaining to the kidneys

question

renal colic*

answer

an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passing of a kidney stone

question

renal cortex*

answer

the outer region of the kidney

question

renal failure*

answer

the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions

question

renal pelvis*

answer

the funnel-shaped area within each kidney that is surrounded by renal cortex and medulla

question

renal transplantation*

answer

the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys; a kidney transplant

question

retrograde urography*

answer

a radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward (backward) through the urinary tract

question

stone*

answer

an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body; also known as a calculus

question

stress incontinence*

answer

the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing

question

suprapubic catheterization*

answer

the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

question

transurethral prostatectomy*

answer

the removal of an overgrowth of tissue from the prostate gland through a resectoscope

question

urea*

answer

the major waste product of protein metabolism

question

uremia*

answer

a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea is retained in the blood

question

ureterectasis*

answer

the distention of a ureter

question

ureterectomy*

answer

the surgical removal of a ureter

question

ureterolith*

answer

a stone located in a ureter

question

ureteroplasty*

answer

the surgical repair of a ureter

question

ureterorrhagia*

answer

the discharge of blood from the ureter

question

ureterorrhaphy*

answer

the surgical suturing of a ureter

question

ureters*

answer

two narrow tubes which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

question

urethra*

answer

the tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body

question

urethral catheterization*

answer

peformed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder

question

urethral meatus*

answer

the external opening of the urethra

question

urethritis*

answer

an inflammation of the urethra

question

urethropexy*

answer

the surgical fixation of the urethra, usually for the correction of urinary stress incontinence

question

urethrorrhagia*

answer

bleeding from the urethra

question

urethrorrhea*

answer

an abnormal discharge from the urethra

question

urethrostenosis*

answer

abnormal narrowing of the urethra

question

urethrostomy*

answer

the surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin

question

urethrotomy*

answer

a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

question

urinalysis*

answer

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

question

urinary bladder*

answer

a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body

question

urinary hesitancy*

answer

difficulty in starting a urinary stream

question

urinary incontinence*

answer

the inability to control the voiding of urine

question

urinary tract infection (UTI)*

answer

an infection that usually begins in the bladder but that can affect all or parts of the urinary system

question

urination*

answer

the normal process of excreting urine

question

urochrome

answer

the pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color

question

urologist*

answer

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females, and the genitourinary system of males

question

vesicovaginal fistula*

answer

an abnormal opening between the bladder and vaginan that allows the constant flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina

question

voiding cystourethrography*

answer

a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

question

Wilms tumor*

answer

a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children

question

urine*

answer

a fluid produced by the kidneys that contains water, urea and other waste materials

question

Filtration

answer

process by which fluid from the blood filters into Bowman's capsule in the kidneys

question

Absorption

answer

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system into your blood

question

Secretion

answer

occurs in the kidneys, it the discharge of wastes from the blood into the filtrate from the nephron tubules.

question

Bowman's capsule

answer

cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.

question

Ascending loop of Henle

answer

Portion of the nephron not permeable to water. A filtrate flows up the ascending limp through decreasing concentration of the interstitial fluid, Na+ is actively pumped out of the filtrate, decreasing filtrate concentration.

question

Descending loop of Henle

answer

Portion of the nephron permeable only to water. The filtrate becomes more concentrated as water is reabsorbed while traveling through the descending limb due to the increasing concentration of the interstitial fluid, drawing water out.

question

Proximal convoluted tubule

answer

first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients

question

Distal convoluted tubule

answer

Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium

question

ADH

answer

Antidiuretic hormone, is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland - and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus

question

ANH

answer

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone, is secreted by the atria of the heart, this hormone lowers blood pressure by increasing the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys

question

aldosterone

answer

a corticosteroid hormone that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland, "salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure

question

Renal filtrate

answer

the fluid formed from blood plasma by the process of filtration in the renal corpuscles; flows from bowmans capsuled through the renal tubules where most is reabsorbed; the filtrate that enters the renal pervis is called urine

question

Tubular reabsorption

answer

moves useful substances back into the blood while keeping waste products in the nephron to be eliminated in the urine.

question

kidney

answer

either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine, they are located behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region.

question

urinary system

answer

consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance

question

lithiasis

answer

presence or formation of stones

question

renal tubule*

answer

cup shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule

question

renal artery*

answer

where blood enters the kidney through and flows into the nephrons

question

renal vein*

answer

where the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leave the kidney and return into the bloodstream through

question

ureteral orifices *

answer

where urine drains through from the ureters into the bladder

question

urinate *

answer

urge when bladder fills up with urine and pressure is placed on the base of the urethra

question

Chronic Kidney Disease*

answer

progressive loss of renal function over months or years (also known as kidney failure)

question

urinary retention *

answer

inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate

question

overflow incontinence *

answer

continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or did not empty completely

question

ureteroscopy*

answer

treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter

question

neobladder*

answer

replacement for the missing bladder created by using 20 in of the small intestine

question

ileal conduit*

answer

the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and the stoma in the abdomen

question

foley catheter*

answer

most common type of indwelling catheter

question

intermittent catheter*

answer

inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from bladder

question

retrograde ejaculation *

answer

when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out through the penis

Medical Terminology – chapt 9 – Urinary system – Flashcards

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