question

From 1 month to 1 year birth weight of an infant

answer

triples

question

From 1 month to 1 year length of an infant increases by

answer

50%

question

Infant health care visits standard schedule

answer

2-week, 2-month, 4-month, 6-month, and 12-month visits

question

Assessment of the Infant for every visit

answer

Developmental milestones Growth milestones Nutritional adequacy Parent-child relationship Sleep positioning counselling Injury and violence counselling Vision and hearing screening Dental health

question

Assessment of infant from at 9 or 12 month visit

answer

Anemia Lead screening

question

Assessment and Immunizations of infant at 12 month visit

answer

Tuberculosis screening Hepatitis A vaccine Varicella vaccine

question

Immunizations of infant at 2, 4, and 6 month visits

answer

Dipheria vaccine Pertussis vaccine Tetanus vaccine Haemophilus Influenzae type B (HiB) vaccine Inactivated Poliomyelitis vaccine Pneumococcal vaccine Rotovirus vaccine

question

Immunizations of infant at birth, 2 month, and 12 month visits

answer

Hepatitis B vaccine

question

Immunization of infant yearly at 6 month or more visits

answer

Influenza vaccine

question

As a rule, most infants ______ their birth weight by 6 months of age and triple it by 1 year

answer

double

question

During first 6 months infants average a weight gain of ___ lbs per month

answer

2

question

From 6 months to 1 year, weight gain in infant is approximately

answer

1lb per month

question

Height during first year grows from average birth length of ___ inches to ___ inches

answer

20, 30

question

By the end of the ﬁrst year, the brain has already reached ____ its adult size

answer

2/3rds

question

Social smile at __ months; first tooth erupts at __ months

answer

2, 6

question

Respiratory rate slows from __ - __ breaths per min to __ - __ bpm by end of year

answer

30-60 breaths, 20 - 30 breaths

question

Heart rate slows from ___ - ___ bpm at birth, to ___ - ___ bpm by end of first year

answer

120-160 beats, 100 - 120 beats

question

Pincer grasp at

answer

10 months

question

Cervical, thoracic, and ______ verte-bral curves develop as infants hold up their head, sit, andwalk

answer

lumbar

question

Lengthening of the lower extremities during the last __ months of infancy readies the child for walking and oftenchanges the appearance from "baby-like" to "toddler-like

answer

6

question

Sinus Arrhythmia

answer

Pulse rate may begin to slow with inhalation Becomes marked in preschool age

question

That the heart is becoming more efﬁcient is shown by a _________ pulse rate and a slightly ________ blood pressure (from an average of 80/40 to ___/__mm Hg)

answer

decreasing, elevated; 100/60

question

Infants are prone to develop a physiologic _______ at 2 to 3 months of age. Occurs because

answer

anemia; life of RBC is 4 months so cells child had at birth are disintegrating, new cells are not being produced in adequate re-placement numbers

question

Hemoglobin in an infant becomes to-tally converted from fetal to adult hemoglobin at

answer

5 to 6 months of age

question

Infants experience a second decrease in serum iron levels at __ to __ ______ as the last of iron stores established in utero are used

answer

6-9 months

question

Upper respiratory infections occur readily and tend to be more severe than in adults because

answer

the lumen (tubal cavity) of the respiratory tract remains small and mucus production by the tract to clear invading microorganisms is still inefﬁcient

question

Ability to digest protein is present and effective at birth, the amount of amylase, necessary for the digestion of _______ _______________, is deﬁcient until approximately the _____ ______.

answer

complex carbohydrates; third month

question

Extrusion reﬂex (food placed on an infant's tongue is thrust forward and out of the mouth) prevents some infants from eating effectively

answer

3 - 4 months

question

An infant can independently drink from a cup by age

answer

8 or 10 months

question

Infant is more prone to dehydration because

answer

-they are unable to concentrate urine as much as an adult -extracellular ﬂuid 35% of infant's weight, intracellular ﬂuid 40% by end of ﬁrst year -loss of extracellular ﬂuid could result in loss of over a third of infant's body ﬂuid

question

Infant's immune system becomes functional by at least

answer

2 months of age

question

Infant can actively produce both Ig_ and Ig_ antibodies by 1 year.

answer

IgG and IgM

question

Ability to adjust to cold is mature by age __ months

answer

6 months

question

ﬁrst baby tooth (typically a central incisor) usually erupts at age

answer

6 months

question

Natal teeth

answer

Some newborns (about 1 in 2000) may be born with teeth

question

Neonatal teeth

answer

teeth erupt in the ﬁrst 4 weeks of life

question

Permanent teetherupt at age

answer

6 or 7

question

Deciduous teeth

answer

temporary or babyteeth; are essential for protecting the growth of the dental arch

question

Prehensile ability

answer

ability to coordinate hand movements

question

To assess gross motor development, an infant is observed in four positions:

answer

ventral suspension, prone, sitting, and standing

question

Ventral suspension

answer

-infant's appearance when held in midair on a horizontal plane, supported by a hand under the abdomen -1-month-old lifts head and drops it again -Two-month-old holds head in same plane as rest of body -3-month-old lifts and maintains head above plane -Landau reﬂex develops at 3 months; infants head, legs, and spine extends; when head is depressed, hips, knees, and elbows ﬂex until 6-12 months -parachute reaction at 6 - 9 months; lowering of infant and arms extend

question

Children with cerebral palsy or hemiplagia can not demonstrate which reflexes

answer

Landau reflex Parachute reaction

question

In prone position infants lift their heads and turn them easily to the side by

answer

1 month of age

question

In prone position infants can raise their heads and maintain the position, but they cannot raise their chests high enough to look around at

answer

two months of age

question

Can lift their chests off the bed and look around actively, turning their heads from side to side. They can turn from front to back. Neck-righting reflex when an infant turns its head to the side

answer

Four month old. Parent teaching about risk for falls at this age

question

Rest weight on their forearms when prone

answer

5 month old

question

Child can creep from the prone position. Creeping is a new skill, advanced from hitching (in which infants slide along the floor)

answer

By 9 months

question

Child reaches important milestone by no longer demonstrating head lag when pulled to a sitting position

answer

4 month old

question

Children sit momentarily without support

answer

6 month old

question

Child can sit securely without any additional support

answer

8 month old

question

Newborn stepping reﬂex can still be demonstrated at

answer

1 month age

question

Infants support nearly their full weight when in a standing position

answer

6 months

question

Can pull themselves to a standing position by holding onto the side of a playpen or a low table, but they cannot let themselves down again

answer

10 month old

question

Child learns to "cruise" or move about the crib or room by holding onto objects such as the crib rails, chairs, walls, and low tables

answer

11 months

question

Children stand alone at least momentarily

answer

12 month old

question

A child has until about __ ______ of age to walk and still be within the normal limit

answer

22 months

question

Fine motor development for infants at 4 months

answer

-bring their hands together and pull at their clothes -will shake a rattle placed in their hand -Thumb opposition (ability to bring the thumb and ﬁngers together)

question

Fine motor development for infants at 3 months

answer

-infants reach for attractive objects in front of them -grasp is unpracticed, however, so they usually miss them

question

_______ that persists beyond 5 months suggests a delay in motor development.

answer

Fisting; should be able to grasp objects with whole hand, can reach and pick up objects

question

Grasping has advanced to a point where a child can hold objects in both hands

answer

6 months; can hold a spoon and start to feed themselves (with much spilling)

question

Ability to bring thumb and ﬁrst ﬁnger together in a pincer grasp. Enables children to pick up small objects. They offer toys to people but then cannot release them

answer

10 months

question

They can hold a cup and spoon to feed themselves fairly well; can take off socks and push hands into sleeves. They can offer toys and release them.

answer

12 months

question

A __ _____ old child differentiates a cry. Caregivers can distinguish a cry that means "hungry" from one that means "wet" or from one that means "lonely"

answer

2 month

question

Infants learn the art of imitating

answer

6 months

question

By __ _______, an infant usually speaks a ﬁrst word: "da-da" or "ba-ba."

answer

9 months

question

Are sensitive to different textures. Enjoy having toys that have different feels to them

answer

8 month old

question

Regard an object in the midline of their vision as soon as it is brought in as close as about 18 inches (46 cm) away

answer

One month old

question

Focus well (from about age 6 weeks) and follow objects with eyes (although still not past the mid-line)

answer

Two month old

question

Ability to follow and focus is major milestone in development, indicating infant has achieved __________ ______, or the ability to fuse two images into one

answer

binocular vision

question

They typically hold hands in front of face and study ﬁngers for long periods of time

answer

Hand Regard

question

An infant looks under a towel or around a corner for a concealed object (beginning of object permanence).

answer

By 10 months

question

When an interested person nods and smiles at a 6-week-old infant, the infant smiles in return. This is a

answer

Social smile

question

By __ _______, infants are increasingly aware of the difference between people who regularly care for them and strangers. __ ______ old infants begin to show obvious fear of strangers

answer

6 months; 7 month

question

Fear of strangers reaches its height during the eighth month. Overcome this fear by _______ _______.

answer

Eighth-month anxiety, or stranger anxiety; twelve months

question

Are very aware of changes in toneof voice. They will cry when scolded, not because they understand what is being said but because they sense their parent's displeasure

answer

Nine month olds

question

Piaget's Primary Circular Reaction

answer

Third month of life -grasping objects or mouthing them

question

Piaget's Secondary Circular Reaction

answer

At about 6 months -aware of cause and effect -unaware of object permanence

question

Piaget's Co-ordiation of Secondary Schema

answer

10 months -object permanence -drop objects from highchair

question

___________ are a leading cause of death in children from 1month through 24 years of age

answer

Accidents

question

A potential threat to infants throughout the ﬁrst year

answer

Aspiration

question

Teach parents to be prepared for their infant to roll over by __ _______ of age

answer

2 months

question

Nursing care for nutrition

answer

-Encourage mothers to breastfeed -Hold infant no matter what type of feeding method is used; if not possible hold infant before and after -Provide pacifier if NPO five or six times daily -Provide comfort after episode of vomiting

question

Nursing care for dressing change

answer

-Use non-allergenic tape (minimal amounts) -Warm irrigation solutions -Restrain only body parts necessary for security -Talk to infant in soothing voice

question

Nursing care for medicine admin.

answer

-Flavor oral medicine to disguise taste and give flavored fluid after -Never admin medicine in an infants formula to prevent changing taste of formula -Comfort after injection by rocking (check IV sites q30min)

question

Nursing care for hygiene

answer

-check temp of water for comfort -change diapers frequently -avoid caries, begin brushing with first tooth

question

Nursing care for pain

answer

-Do not ask parent to hold child during painful procedure because hard on parents to see child in pain; allow them to comfort afterwards

question

Nursing care for stimulation

answer

-Talk a lot to infants -Infants focus longest on a human face -provide a mobile -encourage crawling during second half of first year

question

Car seats should continue to be used

answer

until the child reaches 40 to 60 lb

question

Infants up to __ lb and __ year old should be placed in rear-facing seats in the back seat because an inﬂating front-seat airbag could suffocate an infant (AAP, 2009).

answer

20, 1

question

When infants begin teething at __ to __ months, they chew on any object within reach to lessen gum-line pain.

answer

5-6 months

question

Frst choice for feeding an infant during the ﬁrst 12 months of life

answer

Breast milk

question

Vitamins not supplied in breast milk

answer

Vitamin K (1mg IM admin at birth) Vitamin D (200 IU of oral vitamin D admin during first 2 months of life if limited sun exposure) Vitamin B12 (if mom is strict vegetarian) Fluoride if not supplied in treated water Iron if mother is low iron

question

Breast feeding and delaying solid food until __ to __ months helps prevent overwhelming an infant's kidneys with heavy solute load that occurs when protein is ingested

answer

4-6 months

question

Chewing movements do not begin until __ to __ months. Therefore, foods that require chewing should not be given until this age

answer

7-9 months

question

Loss of extrusion reflex

answer

3 to 4 months

question

Introduce one food at a time, waiting __ - __ _____ be-tween new items •Introduce the food _______ formula or breast-feeding when an infant is hungry

answer

5-7 days; before

question

A newborn's stomach can hold approximately __ ___ (__ mL). For this reason, when they begin eating solid food, infants rarely take more than __ ___ (__ mL) at a time

answer

2 TBS; 30 mL 2 TBS; 30 mL

question

By __ year, a stomach can hold no more than about 1 cup (___ mL)

answer

1 yr, 240mL

question

Infant cereal is so rich in _____ parents should continue feeding it at least through the ﬁrst year. Ideally, children should eat infant cereal until age 3 - __ years.

answer

iron; 4

question

Meat is usually introduced at __ ______. Parents can grind a portion of the meat they have preparedfor their own meal so it is tender

answer

9 months

question

Infants are capable of approximating their lips to a cup sothey can drink effectively from one at about

answer

9 months

question

Sucking reﬂex begins to diminish in intensity between ages

answer

6-9 months

question

At approximately 6 months of age, infants become interested in handling a spoon and beginning

answer

to feed themselves

question

Seborrhea

answer

scaly scalp condition often called cradle cap

question

The most important time for children to receive ﬂuoride is between

answer

6 months and 12 years of age

question

The initial dental checkup should be made by __ year of age; checkups should continue _________________ until adulthood.

answer

1; every 6 months

question

The sucking reﬂex peaks at 6 to 9 months, whereas thumb-sucking peaks at about __ months.

answer

18

question

Use of a paciﬁer at bedtime may ______ the risk of SIDS as, with a paciﬁer, a baby rouses periodically from sleep to suck and so does not continue for an extended time in deep phases of sleep

answer

reduce

question

Babies who have _____ crave sucking and enjoypaciﬁers because their abdomen hurts, and they interpret this as a hunger sensation

answer

Colic

question

Parents should attempt to wean a child from a paciﬁer anytime after __ ______ of age and certainly during the time the sucking reﬂex is fading at __ to __ months unless used at night for sleeping

answer

3 months; 6-9 months

question

Head banging before bed is considered normal if

answer

During the second half of the first year of life up to preschool period Only occurs before bed Lasts under 15 min

question

Development of sleep problems occur due to

answer

Colic Breast fed babies wake up more throughout night (breast milk easy digested get hungry faster, formula not)

question

Breastfed infants are _______ constipated because their stools tend to be ______. Constipation may occur in _______ fed infants if their diet is deﬁcient in ﬂuid

answer

rarely, loose; formula

question

One of the ﬁrst symptoms of Hirschsprung's disease (aganglionic megacolon,or lack of nerve innervation to a portion of the colon) is

answer

Constipation

question

Other symptoms of Hirschsprung's disease:

answer

ribbon-like stools, bouts of diarrhea, and a distended abdomen

question

May occur in children with congenital hypothyroidism (decreased functioning of the thyroid gland)

answer

Chronic constipation

question

Colic is

answer

paroxysmal abdominal pain that generally occurs in infants under 3 months of age and is marked by loud, intense crying

question

Treating Colic

answer

-changing formula bottles to type with disposable bags that collapse as baby sucks help minimize the amount of air swallowed -taking infants for car rides is often reported as being helpful in soothing colicky babies -some music boxes simulate the sound of a heartbeat, which also may be helpful -Antiﬂatulent agents such as simethicone have not been shown to be helpful but may be tried

question

If an infant isspitting up so forcefully that milk is projected 3 or 4 feetaway, it may be beginning pyloric stenosis

answer

abnormally tight valve between the stomach and duodenum

question

Spitting up is a large amount with each feeding, parents may be describing gas-troesophageal reﬂux

answer

a lax cardiac sphincter fromthe stomach into the esophagus allows regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus

question

________ ____________ generally a problem in the second half of the ﬁrst year of life, when an infant is producing a larger quantity of urine than before

answer

Ammonia Dermatitis

question

Miliaria

answer

-prickly heat rash, occurs most often in warm weather or when babies are overdressed or sleep in over-heated rooms -Clusters of pinpoint, reddened papules with occasional vesicles and pustules surrounded by erythema usually appear on the neck ﬁrst and may spread upward to around the ears and onto the face or down onto the trunk -Treatment: bathing baby twice a day in hot weather

question

Infant Caries (Baby-Bottle Syndrome)

answer

-Putting an infant to bed with a bottle of formula, breast-milk, orange juice, or glucose water can result in aspiration -It also can lead to decay of all upper teeth and lower posterior teeth -carbs in solutions such as formula or glucose water ferments to organic acids that demineralize the tooth enamel until it decays

question

If a child becomes obese because of overingestion of milk, _____-__________ _______ may also be present because of the low iron content of both breast and commercial milk

answer

iron-deficiency anemia

question

Moro Reflex

answer

Normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support, when the infant feels as if it is falling. It involves 3 distinct components: 1. spreading out the arms (abduction) 2. unspreading the arms (adduction) 3. crying (usually) Beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants with severe neurological defects. Not to be confused with startle reflex which is the sudden blinking to loud abrupt noise.

Mat & Peds Milestones & Nutrition – Flashcards

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