question

Divorce is LEAST common among people with which of the following levels of education?

answer

college or advanced degrees

question

When discussing trends in divorce, sociologists focus primarily on heterosexual, formally married individuals because:

answer

there is limited systematic research on other forms of family

question

Separation is a legal process that involves:

answer

married spouses separating into different households

question

The legal term that indicates a marriage is no longer binding is:

answer

divorce

question

Which of the following groups did NOT permit divorce?

answer

Christians

question

The legal term that indicates a marriage was NEVER legally binding is:

answer

annulment

question

Legal annulment is ________ in the United States.

answer

very rare

question

Controversies over who controls marriage —the state or church—have arisen based on all of the following topics EXCEPT

answer

marriage after death of a spouse

question

Which of the following measures tells how many divorces there are in the United States, relative to the total size of the population?

answer

crude divorce rate

question

A better "divorce rate" measure that compares how many divorces occurred in a given year relative to the number of married people in that year is:

answer

divorce rate.

question

The most commonly used divorce rate statistic, which compares the number of divorces to the number of new marriages in a given year, is ________.

answer

divorce-marriage ratio

question

According to the text, people who marry today have a ________ percent chance of getting divorced.

answer

41-50

question

Prior to the 1970s and "no fault" divorce laws, the divorce rate was:

answer

increasing.

question

After "no fault" divorce laws, there was a spike in divorces, and then the rate ________.

answer

increased sharply

question

Since the 1980s, divorce rates have ________.

answer

decreased slightly

question

The change in divorce laws, which allowed either spouse to file for divorce, effectively increased the power of:

answer

women.

question

This generation has the highest divorce rate on record:

answer

Baby Boomers

question

Approximately ________ percent of Baby Boomers had divorced by the age of 40.

answer

33

question

Christina's parents divorced when she was 12. According to statistics, how does this affect the likelihood that she will divorce?

answer

She is more likely than average to divorce.

question

Which of the following couples is most likely to experience divorce?

answer

Bill and Sandra, who are Black

question

Couples who cohabit are characterized by:

answer

more moves and relocations.

question

Engaged couples who live together prior to marriage are ________ likely to divorce, compared to nonengaged couples who cohabit

answer

less

question

Those who marry at 20 are ________ times more likely to divorce than those who wait until 25.

answer

two

question

On average, postponing marriage means couples are:

answer

more financially secure.

question

Which of the following characteristics DECREASES a couple's chance of divorce?

answer

spending time alone together

question

Which of the following characteristics does NOT increase a couple's chance of divorce?

answer

having young children

question

With regard to initiating divorce proceedings:

answer

women are more likely to file.

question

The independence effect has been noted to:

answer

decrease divorce as income increases.

question

The income effect has been noted to:

answer

decrease divorce as income increases.

question

When one partner loses a job, the marriage:

answer

is often weakened, regardless of who lost their job.

question

One British study suggests that divorce outcomes for adults:

answer

show lower levels of stress after the divorce is final.

question

After a divorce, women's income, on average:

answer

decreases

question

After a divorce, men's income, on average:

answer

increases

question

Compared to men, after divorce, a woman and her children are ________ as likely to live in poverty.

answer

twice

question

The increased likelihood of women and children to live in poverty is known as:

answer

the feminization of poverty.

question

Which of these is NOT a potential factor affecting children's reaction to divorce, as discussed in the text?

answer

the legal proceedings

question

Father involvement generally:

answer

improves children's happiness and well-being

question

A family in which at least one member is not related to everyone else is defined as:

answer

a blended family.

question

________ of Americans are likely to remarry.

answer

two-thirds

question

________ women are most likely to remarry after divorce.

answer

Hispanic

question

________ women are LEAST likely to remarry after divorce

answer

Black

question

One out of ________ children live in a blended family.

answer

six

question

The three institutional arenas in which we feed and care for children include

answer

the family, the market, and the state.

question

In recent decades, the most important sociological change to families has been

answer

the movement of women's work from their families to the paid labor market.

question

The sociological perspective on work and family is different from common notions in that it

answer

pays attention to both the content and social context of work

question

Care work is defined as

answer

work that is performed face-to-face for the purpose of enhancing the capabilities of another person.

question

The quintessential care work, which is usually hands-on, intimate work to provide children with the material, intellectual, and emotional support they need, is

answer

chid care

question

The work to maintain a household's function is

answer

housework

question

When Shawna picks up her kids from soccer practice, sociologists would say she is engaging in what?

answer

care work

question

Care work and housework are increasingly performed as what?

answer

market work

question

The term "system of care" is used to describe what?

answer

how a society accomplishes the necessary care work and housework

question

One decision that modern families must face is how to divide the housework and care work within the family. This is often a contentious issue for couples, showing that

answer

it is not really "families" that make decisions, but individuals within them.

question

Which of the following examples illustrates how the state redistributes much of the product of our labor?

answer

income taxes used to pay for Social Security plans

question

In the last half-century or so, the main story in the realm of work and family has been

answer

the growth of market work in the system of care.

question

The most rapid period of change in the gender composition of the workforce occurred in the three decades after 1960 as the proportion of women in the labor force

answer

increased from about one-third to three-quarters

question

In what order did women historically enter the workplace?

answer

first single women, then married women without children, and eventually most married women with young children

question

In historical terms, women's employment patterns have evolved extremely quickly—so quickly that

answer

the expectations people have for work and family are unclear.

question

In the 25- to 54-year-old age range, employment for men has remained at or above

answer

90 percent

question

Kyle and Lorena are married with two children. What is one reason that sociologists might not expect Kyle to stay home with their children?

answer

Kyle, like most other men his age, is employed.

question

Women's employment rapidly became acceptable within the cultural mainstream, in part because of the kinds of paid work women did. Sociologists call this

answer

occupational gender segregation

question

The gender division of labor means that

answer

women do the lion's share of housework and care work, and they are concentrated in certain paid occupational areas

question

In the late 1970s, only one-third of Americans thought that mothers' employment was not harmful for their preschool-aged children; 30 years later, that proportion rose to two-thirds, illustrating

answer

that popular attitudes toward the appropriate divisions between men and women have gradually shifted.

question

The phenomenon in which women have seemingly endless housework and child care on top of hours of paid work is referred to by sociologist Arlie Hochschild as

answer

second shift

question

One of the advantages of time-use studies, in which researchers investigate how people fill their days with activities, is that they

answer

take account of care work that often seems invisible.

question

According to data collected from the American Time Use Survey in 2010, men and women spend an average of how much time working per day?

answer

6 hours and 40 minutes for men; 6 hours and 51 minutes for women

question

The greater number of hours of paid work for men are, on average, balanced out by

answer

the greater hours of unpaid work for women.

question

Mr. Johnson works a paid job and Mrs. Johnson primarily performs unpaid labor, such as taking care of the home and the children. What is one consequence of this situation?

answer

Mrs. Johnson's work is not recognized because it has no direct dollar value.

question

The 1970s Wages for Housework campaign attempted to

answer

demand housewives be paid wages for their labor.

question

Time-use data show that married women have cut their housework time roughly in half over the last half-century, while men have

answer

doubled theirs

question

One reason that gender difference in housework has eroded over the last half-century is because

answer

the total amount of time spent on housework has declined

question

What trend in child care does the American Time Use Survey find in the last half-century?

answer

Men and women have both increased their time with children.

question

There are three main factors within couples' relationships that seem to account for the fact that women perform so much more unpaid work in the home

answer

time, resources, and gender

question

In most couples, the partner with greater obligations away from home tends to do less housework and child care because that person

answer

has less time available

question

Although some people enjoy housework and child care, most prefer to avoid at least the more onerous aspects of those responsibilities. Therefore, when couples negotiate over who does what work, the partner who has a higher-paying job

answer

has more decision-making power.

question

Wives significantly outearn their husbands in how many marriages?

answer

1 in 5

question

Socialization means that the lessons learned in childhood are applied to the situations in which people find themselves as adults. This means that boys who grow up with an employed mother

answer

do more housework when they grow up.

question

Which group has been identified by sociologists as having more traditional gendered divisions of labor?

answer

christian

question

When asked why 25-year-old Joy does more housework than her 28-year-old husband Jim, Joy said that Jim works longer hours and she therefore doesn't mind doing some extra work around the house. Joy's explanation is an example of what phenomenon?

answer

Spouses commonly rationalize unequal divisions of labor.

question

Although much of the gendered division of labor takes place within the home, there are also a number of institutional settings surrounding families that are crucial as well, including

answer

a pattern of gender socialization—primarily through families, schools, and the media.

question

What percentage of American parents report that they would like to have more time with their families?

answer

90 percent

question

When the time demands, strains, or obligations of work or family roles make it difficult for people to fulfill their obligations in either role, they experience

answer

work-family conflict

question

In the last half-century, the growth of women's employment contributed to conflicts between family and paid work obligations for various reasons, including the fact that

answer

the system did not work for single parents, who could not combine the paid and unpaid work of two spouses.

question

Women lead what percentage of poor, single-parent households?

answer

67

question

When the welfare system was reformed in 1996, policy makers abandoned the assumption that

answer

men, not the state, should care for single women

question

In 2012, what percentage of single mothers were employed?

answer

62

question

The "motherhood penalty" is

answer

he loss of earnings women experience after they have children.

question

American workers have long aspired to balance which three things?

answer

work, rest, and leisure

question

Which of the following is one of the work-based reforms that could help reduce work-family conflict?

answer

Work hours could be reduced.

question

As sociologist Judith Lorber puts it, "Workplace pressures are thought to be unchangeable, so the burden of innovation falls on the _____________."

answer

family

question

The Family and Medical Leave Act made workers entitled to unpaid leave if they become too sick to perform on the job or if they need to care for family members in the event of birth, adoption, or illness. However, only which group of workers is covered by this policy?

answer

government workers

question

In the United States, care work is much more _____________ than it is in many other countries, which tend to have more _____________ solutions.

answer

market-based; state-based

question

Which country offers the most total annual unpaid parental leave for two-parent families?

answer

France

question

What percentage of women with a high school education quit their jobs when they have their first child compared with those who have a college degree?

answer

1 in 2; 1 in 8

question

Which factor tends to play a large role in the options available for balancing work and family?

answer

one's level of education

question

What has been one of the consequences of wealthier families reducing their work-family conflict by employing service workers?

answer

exacerbating work-family conflict for low-wage workers

question

What concept does sociologist Judith Lorber propose as a way to gradually erase gender differences in the responsibilities of men and women?

answer

degendering families

question

Families that practice what Francine Deutsch calls "equally shared parenting" have succeeded best by

answer

focusing on the early childbearing years, when the division of labor tends to be the most strongly marked by gender.

question

What is one of the consequences of current trends in time use among men and women?

answer

Because men get out of the house more, they are more likely to have a fulfilling social life.

question

The most common reason for families to adopt an at-home father arrangement is because

answer

the father has lost his job or is unable to work.

question

When Pravit decided to stay at home to take care of his children while his wife Sumaya worked full time, it might have been likely for the couple to

answer

become even more committed to traditional gender roles.

question

One solution to work-family conflict that people choose reluctantly is

answer

reducing the role of family in their lives.

question

According to a survey by the Pew Research Center, a large and growing majority of mothers would prefer not to work a full-time job. What percentage of those mothers without jobs think that no job is the ideal work situation?

answer

48%

question

While parents with professional careers often have to work extra-long workweeks, working-class parents often

answer

string together a series of overlapping part-time or temporary jobs.

question

The theory that the state can jump-start change in both the workplace and the family arises from the belief that government can create incentives for reform that are more universal, and more equalizing, than either _____________ or _____________ can achieve on their own.

answer

families; the market

question

Employers are reluctant to embrace a reduction in work hours by shortening the workweek, increasing the number of part-time workers, or offering more time off from work because

answer

they have to train and provide benefits for more workers

question

People who support state-provided early child care argue that

answer

the cost of child care and the time required to manage it are major impediments to parents' careers

question

A sociological study of family violence should include a consideration of all of the following EXCEPT

answer

individual traits of abusers

question

Feminists are concerned about power differentials built into the family system, including

answer

...

question

The state is becoming increasingly involved in the role of the family, as illustrated by all of the following EXCEPT

answer

decreasing family reliance on religious authorities.

question

Jack and Jill live together and have a romantic relationship. Occasionally they get into screaming matches that escalate into pushing. This is considered

answer

intimate partner violence

question

According to the text, family violence is usually characterized by

answer

intimacy where the individuals interact in private.

question

If George's parents fail to take him to school on a consistent basis, they

answer

may be guilty of neglect.

question

Parents who cannot afford to provide adequate food and shelter for their children

answer

may be guilty of neglect

question

More cases of child abuse are perpetrated by _____________ than any other group

answer

mothers

question

Contrary to stereotypes, children are least likely to be abused _____________.

answer

by friend or neighbor

question

Of the reported child abuse cases, approximately _____________ percent happen at the hands of the child's parents.

answer

80

question

Risk factors for children being abused include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

single parents

question

The physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of a parent or older family member is defined as

answer

child abuse

question

Elder abuse is reported by approximately _____________ percent of the population over 60.

answer

20

question

The most common form of elder abuse is

answer

emotional

question

Most of the elderly who report abuse are abused by

answer

other family members

question

The current term used by the federal government for violence between partners who are in, or were in, a romantic relationship is

answer

intimate parter violence

question

According to national surveys, _____________ of men and _____________ of women report being victims of rape, physical violence, or stalking in their lifetime.

answer

29, 36

question

In one year, women are _____________ times as likely as men to be victims of intimate partner violence.

answer

Five

question

Most people who do not report intimate partner violence to the police fail to do so because

answer

they are afraid of the consequences

question

Erica is experiencing psychological abuse and fears her husband's violent outbursts are becoming more dangerous. Erica is most likely experiencing

answer

intimate terrorism

question

Dante and Nina have a tumultuous relationship, and occasionally there is some pushing or shoving between them during arguments. These interactions are best described as

answer

common couple violence

question

Lorena shot her husband after years of physical abuse at his hands. Her behavior is best classified as

answer

violent resistance

question

Sue and Larry are both hotheads and often physically battle for control in their relationship. They are likely engaged in

answer

mutual violent control

question

_____________ percent of female homicide victims were murdered by an intimate partner.

answer

42

question

_____________ percent of male homicide victims were murdered by an intimate partner.

answer

5

question

The most likely victim of family violence is a woman of _____________ race/ethnicity.

answer

American Idian

question

The LEAST likely victim of family violence is a woman of _____________ race/ethnicity.

answer

Asian

question

Jan was fondled by a stranger on her way to the bathroom when she was out with her friends. This meets the legal definition of

answer

sexual assult

question

Kay's boyfriend had sex with her after she drank too much and passed out. This meets the legal definition of

answer

rape

question

John and Martha are in love and have a sexual relationship. Martha is also John's aunt. In most states, this meets the legal definition of:

answer

incest

question

For most of American history, rape could not legally occur in a marriage because wives did not have the right to say no to sex. This law began to change starting in

answer

1970

question

According to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey, _____________ percent of women and _____________ percent of men have been raped during their life time.

answer

18, 1

question

According to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey, _____________ percent of women are raped or experience an attempted rape while in college.

answer

20-25

question

According to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey, more women have been raped than

answer

are on the pill

question

Statistics on violence in same-sex partnerships are limited but indicate that

answer

lesbian and straight women are equally likely to be victims.

question

The homicide rate among children has decreased by _____________ percent.

answer

25

question

The decrease in family violence has been attributed to

answer

an increase in working women.

question

The effects of child abuse are often first noted

answer

in their behavior

question

Women who suffered sexual abuse in their past were most likely to

answer

cohabit but not marry

question

In countries were men have greater educational and occupational advantages

answer

violence against women is more common

question

Rape occurs primarily

answer

mong acquaintances, with mild or threatened violence

question

In the Catholic church child abuse scandal, _____________ percent of the victims were boys.

answer

80

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