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What is Motivation

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Process by which a person's efforts are directed & sustained toward attaining a goal.

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Maslow's Hierachy of needs theory

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Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-actulalization

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Physiological needs

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the most basic human needs to be satisfied- water, food, shelter, and clothing

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Safety needs

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A person's needs for security and protection from physical and emotional harm

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Social needs

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A person's needs for affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship

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Esteem Needs

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A person's needs for internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement, and external factors such as status, recognition, and attention.

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Self actualization

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according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

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Goal setting theory

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A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance. Increase perfomance and motivation.

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Equity Theory

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Employees compare what they get from a job (outcomes) in relation to what they put into it (inputs) and then compare their inputs/outcomes ratio with inputs/outcomes ratio of other people.

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Expectancy Theory

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People tend to act a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome.

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First of expectancy theory

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How hard do I have to work to achieve a certain level or performance and can I actually achieve that level

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Second level of expectancy theory

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What reward performing at that level get me?

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Third level of expectancy theory

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How attractive is the reward to one and does it help me achieve my own personal goal.

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Recognition Programs

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recognition (most important), points based, personally congratulate

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What are leaders?

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Someone who can influence others and who has mangerial authority

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What is leadership?

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Is what leaders do. It's a process of leading a group and influencing that group to achieve its goals.

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What behaviors do leaders exhibit ?

answer

Drive, desire to lead, honesty & integrity, self confidence, intelligence, job relevant knowledge, extraversion

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University of Iowa studies?

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Autocratic Style, Democratic Style, Democractic-consultative, democratic-participative & Laissez-Faire

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Autocratic Style

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A leader who typically tends to centralize authority, limits employee participation

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Democratic Style

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Involves employees in decision making, delegates authority, encourages participation, uses feedback as an opportunity to coach.

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Democratic-participative leader

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Let's employees have a say in what's decided

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Laissez-Faire Style

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A leader who lets the group make decisions and complete the work in whatever way it sees fit

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What did the Ohio State study show?

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Initiating structure, High initiating structure, Consideration, High consideration

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Initiating Structure

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The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinates in the search for goal attainment

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High Initiating Structure

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Assigns group members tasks, expects standards of performance & deadlines to be met

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Consideration

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The extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates' ideas, and regard for their feelings

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High Consideration

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Helps employees with personal problems, is friendly, approachable, treats employees as equals shows concern for followers comfort, well-being, status & satisfaction.

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University of Michigan studies

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Employee oriented, production oriented

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Employee oriented

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Emphasizes interpersonal relations takes a personal interest in needs of employees & differences between members

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Production oriented

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Emphasizes the technical or task aspects of the job, mainly concerned with groups accomplishing their tasks and regards group members as a means to an end.

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How do leaders help followers

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Directive leader, Supportive leader, participative leader, achievement oriented leader

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Directive leader

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lets others know what is expected; gives directions, maintains standards

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supportive leader

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Shows concern for the needs of followers and is friendly

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Participative leader

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Consults with group members and uses their suggestions before making a decision

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Achievement oriented leader

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sets challenging goals; expects high performance, shows confidence

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Path Goal Theory

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The belief that effective leaders clarify the path to help followers get from where they are to the achievement of their work goals and make the journey along the path easier by reducing roadblocks and pitfalls

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Transactional leader

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leads primarily by using social exchanges or transactions they motivate by setting goals and exchanging rewards.

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Transformational Leader

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a leader that stimulates, inspires and transforms followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes

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Transactional vs tranformational leaders

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Transformational leaders have been found to be more effective, higher performers and more promotable

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Essence of leadership

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Trust

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Trust

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the belief in the integrity, character and ability of a leader

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Credibility

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A leaders honesty, competence, and ability to inspire

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Five dimensions of leadership

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Integrity, competency, consistency, loyalty, openness

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What is Control

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The management function that involves monitoring activites to ensure that they are being accomplished as planned and correctin any significant deviations

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Why is control important?

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its the only way managers know whether organizational goals are being met & if not they reasons why.

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How do managers measure

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Personal observation (walking around), Statistical reports, Oral reports, written reports

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How do managers compare actual performance to planned goals?

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Range of variation

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How do you correct actual performance?

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immediate corrective action, basic corrective action, revise the standard

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What managerial actions can be taken?

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do nothing, correct the actual performance or revise the standards

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Feed Foward Control

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Anticipates problems, prevents problems because it takes place before the actual activity

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Why is Feedback control so popular?

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Takes place after the activity is done. Has 2 advantages, check planning efforts, show variance between standard and actual performance

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Which element of motivation is a measure of intensity or drive?

answer

Effort

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An individual who wants to buy a home in a neighborhood with a low crime rate is satisfying which need?

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safety

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Maslow argued that once a need is substantially satisfied,

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The next need becomes dominant

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The key to motivation, according to Maslow, is to identify

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A person's level in the needs hierarchy

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Setting goals definitely seems to

answer

increase performance and motivation

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A theory that suggests employees compare their inputs and outputs from a job to the ratio of relevant other is known as

answer

equity theory

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Equity theory is based primarily on ideas about which of the following?

answer

fairness

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The first variable in expectancy theory involves how much effort a person must exert to

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attain a certain level of perfomance

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The second variable in expectancy theory requires the worker to ask him or herself: If I perform at a given level, how likely is that I will

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attain the reward or outcome I am looking for

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The third variable in expectation theory requires that worker to ask him-or herself which question?

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How important is this outcome to me?

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Because leading is one of the four basic managerial functions, _____ leaders

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all managers should be

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The promise of behavioral theories of leadership held that this woudl be possible.

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being able to train a person to be a leader

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The University of Iowa studies discussed all of the following leadership styes EXCEPT ______ leadership.

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benevolent

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Jared's boss encourages employees to participate in the decision-making process but does not give them complete freedom to do as they like. She has this kind of leadership style.

answer

democratic

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Monica's boss allows her employees to make any decisions she thinks is important on the spot without consulting anyone. Monica's boss has this kind of leadership style.

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Laissez-faire style

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In the Ohio State studies, ______ refers to how strict a leader's standards are.

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Initiating structure

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According to the University of Michigan studies, leaders who were ______ were associated with higher group prodcutivity and higher job satisfaction.

answer

Employee oriented

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The path-goal theory sees the job of an effective leader as ____.

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clearing the path between followers and their goals.

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Transactional leaders are leaders who guide by _______.

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offering rewards to followers

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Transformational leaders are leaders who guide by

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inspiring followers

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The control management function ensures that ____ in an organization.

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goals are met

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The value of the controlling function is seen in three specific areas: planning, ___________.

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empowering employees, and protecting the workplace

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Controlling compares _______ to see if goals are being achieved

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actual performance to planned performance

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The first step in he control process is to

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measure actual performance

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MBWA stands for management by

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walking around

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This type of performance measurement format would be most likely to include graphs, tables, and computer outputs.

answer

statistical report

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In the second step of the control process, actual performance can be considered acceptable as long as the performance doesn't fall

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outside an acceptable range of variation

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The third step in the control process is to

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take action

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Immediate corrective action is designed ___________

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to get performance back on track

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Which kind of control takes place before the actual work is carried out?

answer

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