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Lymphatic System Function

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1) Collecting all that excess fluid that is not collected by capillaries is one important function. 2) Acting as sort of a white cell superhighway is another. 3) To perform these functions the lymphatic system needs vessels of its own.

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Lymphatic capillaries

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1) The lymphatic system has its own set of? 2) Lymphatic capillaries are the smallest lymphatic vessels, and are intertwined amongst the capillaries of the vasculature. 3) While they are similar to the capillaries in the vasculature, lymphatic capillaries are different in important ways. 4) The endothelial cells that form lymphatic capillaries overlap, creating flap-like structures that can open to allow interstitial fluid to enter. 5) The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid increases as more fluid leaves the blood; that pressure pushes fluid into the lymphatic capillaries.

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anchoring filaments

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The lymphatic capillaries are held in place by long strands of protein called

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lymph

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1) Once inside the capillary, the interstitial fluid is called 2) Lymph is a clear, colorless fluid that carries dissolved solutes, a small amount of protein and sometimes cell debris. 3) That is unless the lymph is collected from the gastrointestinal tract.... 4) ...this lymph will have a lot of lipid soluble stuff (i.e. fat) in it, and so will look pretty nasty.

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lacteals

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The lymphatic capillaries that serve the GI tract are called

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chyle

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the milky lymph they collect is called

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Cells traveling in lymphatic capillaries

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1) Leukocytes can also enter the lymphatic capillaries, and travel along their length. 2) Unfortunately, bacteria and other bad cells can also use the lymphatic system to travel. 3) Cancer cells that are able to move around will usually find their way into lymphatic or blood vessels, and move through the body. 4) These wandering cancer cells then take up residence within tissues that are sometimes far away from their tissue of origin.

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metastasis

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1) This process of these cancers cells moving from their origin to another tissue is called 2) nothing but bad

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lymphatic vessels

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1) Lymphatic capillaries then fuse into larger 2) The superficial lymphatic vessels are paired with superficial veins, that is, they tend to run side-by-side. 3) Like veins, lymphatic vessels have one-way valves that keep the lymph moving forward. 4) The resemblance to veins does not stop with valves; lymphatic vessels also have all three tunics like veins.

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So the lymphatic system does not have a pump, so how does all this collected fluid get back to the blood?

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1) In the same way venous blood gets back to the heart! 2) The skeletal muscle and respiratory pump provide force to help move lymph along. 3) Turns out that the movement of blood in companion arteries and veins can also help move lymph through the lymphatic system. 4) And of course, larger lymphatic vessels have smooth muscle in their tunica media, and rhythmic contraction of this muscle can move lymph forward as well.

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lymph nodes

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1) Most of the lymph vessels are connected to structures called 2) Lymph nodes serve as biological filtering stations, attended by immune cells whose job it is to detect foreign objects like bacteria, viruses and parasites... 3) This kidney-bean shaped structure is a

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afferent lymphatic vessels

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Vessels bringing lymph into the lymph node are called

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lymphatic sinuses in the cortex

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As it enters the lymph node, lymph passes through open channels called

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The cortex

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contains lymphatic nodules, structures which are organized around the germinal center, where B-lymphocytes and macrophages are continually growing

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germinal center

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1) where B-lymphocytes and macrophages are continually growing 2) is surrounded by the mantle zone, which contains T-lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells.

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mantle zone

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which contains T-lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

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B-lymphocytes

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produce antibodies

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T-cells and macrophages

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recognize foreign material and get rid of it

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Dendritic cells are also called antigen presenting cells

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because they hold pieces of foreign material out to other immune cells and say "see this stuff? It is bad, do something about it"!

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medullary sinuses

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1) Once it has passed through the cortex, lymph then passes through, 2)which of course are in the medulla of the lymph node 3)

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The medulla

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also has B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and macrophages, but they are arranged in cords and not in nodules.

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Path of lymph

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1) So, the lymph must pass through the sinuses of the lymph nodes, which are lined with immune cells whose job it is to detect and destroy material in the lymph that shouldn't be there. 2) The lymph passes though several lymph nodes before making it back to the blood, so this is a pretty efficient filtering system!

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Hunting process of lymphatic system

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1) If the lymph contains foreign substances, let's say bacteria, then the cells in the lymph nodes will come into contact with them. 2) Those lymphocytes that recognize the foreign invader will begin to divide, producing more of the cells that recognize the invader..... 3) ...some of these new cells will travel through the lymphatic system and enter the blood, hunting down the invaders in other parts of the body.... 4) ...while many of the new cells will stay in the lymph node and serve as a reserve. Sometimes cell division is so great that the lymph nodes become swollen, and really sore! 5) Swollen lymph nodes are a good indication that a person has an infection.

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efferent lymphatic vessels.

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1) Once the lymph has passed through a lymph node, it exits through 2) Again, lymph may pass through several lymph nodes sequentially.... 3) ...but eventually the filtered lymph makes its way into larger lymphatic vessels.

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lymphatic trunks

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lymph is eventually collected by large lymphatic vessels called

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cisterna chyli

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1) The chyle is collected in a bulbous structure called the 2) where it is mixed with lymph from the rest of the lower body

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lymphatic ducts

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1) Lymph moves from lymphatic trunks back into the blood through two large 2) the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct 3) These ducts connect directly with the cardiovascular system at the junction of the jugular and subclavian veins... 4) ...on both the right and left sides of the body. 5) The drainage pattern for the lymphatic system is asymmetric, however. 6) The upper right quadrant of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct.... 7) ....while the rest of the body is drained by the thoracic duct. 8) There are other organs and tissues associated with the lymphatic system that do not filter lymph, but other fluids instead...

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spleen

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1) is the largest lymphatic organ in the body, and one of its functions is to filter blood 2) The spleen has structures that resemble lymphatic nodules.

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white pulp

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1) Blood flows into the 2) of the spleen through a central artery 3) The white pulp contains T- and B-lymphocytes, and macrophages which help detect foreign material and get rid of it. 4) The white pulp is surrounded by red pulp.

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red pulp

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of the spleen contains B-lymphocytes and macrophages and continues the filtering process, but also stores lots of erythrocytes, which can be released when the blood needs to deliver more oxygen

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tonsils

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1) ...but these structures filter neither blood or lymph. 2) They filter stuff in the fluid that lines the oral and nasal passages.... 3) Pharyngeal 4) Palatine 5) lingual 6) ...helping to protect us against stuff we may have inhaled or ingested. 7) So like the lymph nodes, the tonsils have germinal centers, concentrations of lymphocytes and macrophages that can identify and destroy foreign substances.

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tonsillar crypts

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Instead of sinuses, fluid flows around, but also through the tonsils through structures called

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diffuse lymphatic tissue

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1) Lastly, lymphatic nodules that are not associated with the lymphatic nodes or with tonsils are dispersed throughout the body as 2) Other, larger structures, such as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) can be found as well. For example, Peyer's patches are found in the gut lumen and help protect us from bacteria and other foreign stuff that might be in our food.

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OK, to review, the lymphatic system has several functions:

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1) It collects lymph and delivers it back to the blood through a system of lymphatic vessels. 2) The lymphatic system also helps to remove foreign material from the lymph, blood and other fluids, through the actions of immune cells like lymphocytes and macrophages.

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secondary lymphatic structures

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1) Filtration is accomplished through what are called 2) which include lymph nodes, the spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT.

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primary lymphatic structures

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1) which are involved with the other function of the lymphatic system. 2) Primary lymphatic structures include the red bone marrow and the thymus, as they are involved in the formation and maturation of lymphocytes. 3) So, the primary lymphatic structures produce and select lymphocytes and secondary lymphatic structures give them a home.

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In order to maintain homeostasis, our cells have to be protected from foreign threats, including....

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1) ...bacteria... 2) ...fungi... 3) ...protozoa... 4) ...viruses... 5) ...and multicellular parasites, like worms.

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cells that are part of the immune system

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macrophages and dendritic cells

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Macrophages

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1) phagocytize foreign material; that is they pull stuff into them and digest it

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fixed macrophages

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Macrophages can be found in nearly all tissues; some never move from where they are, and so we call them

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microglia

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Sometimes we give them special names, like the macrophages in the brain are called

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wandering macrophages.

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Some macrophages can move around from place to place, so we call them

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Remember the dendritic cells that are found in lymph nodes?

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1) The lymph node is really their retirement home. 2) Like macrophages, they develop from monocytes, and make a home somewhere in the skin or a mucous membrane, where they devour pathogens when they encounter them. 3) Once they have eaten something, however, they move to the lymph nodes to live the rest of their lives. 4) There, they present little bits and pieces of the objects they have eaten (i.e. antigens) to other immune cells in the lymph node. 5) Most immune cells will just ignore these presented antigens, but the ones that recognize them will start dividing and producing specific weapons to combat that particular invader.

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lymphocytes

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Some of the cell types that recognize these presented antigens are

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antibodies

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1) Remember that B-lymphocytes make weapons called 2) proteins that bind specific parts of foreign invaders, clumping them up for other immune cells to eat

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T-lymphocytes

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The roles of T-lymphocytes are complex, but in general they are the effectors of the T-cell system, they recognize specific invaders and work to remove them.

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Natural killer cells

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are also in the lymphoid cell lineage, and are important because they identify our OWN cells that might be infected with bacteria or viruses, or our cells that are just acting weird (like cancer cells).

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granulocytes

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the neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils that are also part of the immune system

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mast cells

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1) There are also cells in connective tissue that resemble basophils called 2) They are especially abundant in the skin, and in the mucosa of the respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts. 3) Mast cells resemble basophils because they have a ton of granules

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granules

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These granules are composed of heparin and histamine (just like basophils), and are therefore involved in the inflammatory response (just like basophils).

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cytokines

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1) Of course to mount an effective response, all these different cell types have to talk to each other. 2) The do so by producing a set of chemical messengers called 3) ...control the development and behavior of immune cells... 4) ...regulate the inflammatory response... 5) ...and some can even serve as weapons to destroy invaders!

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Interleukins

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1) are protein that are released by T-cells, macrophages and some other immune cells to signal that there is something that the immune system needs to attend to 2) There are over fifteen different interleukins, and we keep them straight by giving them a designation; IL-1, IL-2, IL-3......

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Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs)

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1) are an important group of proteins with evil sounding names 2) But are very important, as they help destroy our own cells that have gone bad, like tumor cells. 3) There are about nineteen different TNFs, and they get the designations; TNF- (i.e. TNF-alpha), TNF- (i.e. TNF-beta), TNF- (i.e. TNF-gamma).....

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colony stimulating factors (CSFs

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1) They stimulate and guide the development of leukocytes in bone marrow (leukopoiesis)... 2) ...and we designate these messengers by the cell type they govern (e.g. granulocyte-colony stimulating factor = G-CSF).

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interferons

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1) are involved in the war against viruses. 2) These proteins are produced by white cells, but also by other cell types like fibroblasts. 3) There are only four interferons, given the designations IFN-, IFN-, IFN- and IFN-ω.

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