Lymphatic System and Immunology – Flashcards
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1. Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the blood. 2. Transport lipids from the villi in the small intestine to the blood. 3. As part of the immune system it destroys microbes and cancerous cells.
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What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
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Lymph is formed when interstitial fluid is collected by lymph capillaries (one way valves)
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How is lymph formed?
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Lymph in the capillaries is transported through the lymph vessels to the lymph nodes before emptying back into the subclavian vein where it mixes with the blood.
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How is lymph returned to the blood supply?
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Lymph nodes work as filters. Blood flows through the nodes and the nodes remove foreign cells, microbes and cancerous cells.
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What do lymph nodes do?
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Lymph nodes contain 1. T cells. 2. B cells. 3. Macrophages.
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What three cells do lymph nodes contain?
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1. Remove damaged blood cells and debris. 2. Store platelets 3. Production of blood cells for foetal life.
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What are the functions of the spleen?
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If the spleen has been removed the patient is lot more susceptible to infections.
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What does it mean for a nurse if the spleen has been removed?
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When the spleen is removed the liver and the red bone marrow take over the immune functions.
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If a spleen is removed which body part takes over immune functions?
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Lymph nodules are much smaller and are not surrounded by a capsule.
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What is the difference between lymph nodes and nodules?
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The number of pathogens multiplying in the lymph node which can cause infection. Cancerous cells multiplying and causing a secondary tumor within the node.
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What was cause lymph nodes to be overwhelmed?
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Metastasis is the spread of disease from one area of the body to another.
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What is metastasis?
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Cancerous lymph nodes are fixed to underlying structures. They are firm, enlarged and not tender. Infected lymph nodes are movable. These are softer, very tender and enlarged.
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How can you tell the difference between cancerous lymph nodes and infected lymph nodes?
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Second line is dealing with damaging agents that have entered the body through phagocytosis, fever, inflammation etc.
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What is the second line of defense?
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Interferon's bind to neighboring cells. Interferon's stimulate these cells to produce intracellular anti-viral proteins. These proteins hinder viral replication.
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What is the function of interferon's?
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Transferrin's bind, transport and store iron to deprive pathogens access to it.
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What do transferrin's do?
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Neutrophils.
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What white blood cells respond to bacteria?
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Monocytes leave the blood stream and turn into macrophages. Macrophages devour bacteria, fungi etc.
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What do monocytes and macrophages do?
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1. Destroy the microbe. 2. Prevent the spread of the microbe by building a wall of fibrin around it. 3. Clear the site of dead microbes and debris. 4. Repair the damaged area.
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What are the four functions of inflammation?
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1. Vasodilation and increase blood vessel permeability. 2. Phagocyte migration to the damaged tissue and phagocytosis of bacteria. 3. Tissue repair.
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What are the three stages of inflammation?
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Basophils become stimulated in damaged areas and release histamines. Histamines diffuse into local capillaries and cause them to dilate and become more permeable.
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What do basophils and histamines do?
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Histamines dilate the capillaries so that there is an increase in blood flow. This blood flow results in increased delivery of WBC, nutrients and removes wastes.
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Why do histamines dilate the capillaries?
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Pyrogens cause the natural thermostat to reset at a higher temperature which induces a fever.
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What are the functions of pyrogens?
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The remp regulating center is in the hypothalamus.
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Where is the temperature regulating center?
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1. Slows rate of bacterial growth. 2. Makes defence mechanisms faster and speeds up tissue repair.
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What are the benefits of having a fever?
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The third line of defence is a specific response to the invader. Specific immunity destroys cancer cells and foreign cells and substances that enter the body.
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What is the third line of defence?
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There are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. (T & B cells)
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What are the two types of lymphocytes?
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Lymphocytes are created in the stem cells within the bone marrow but are finished off in the spleen and thymus gland.
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Where are lymphocytes created?
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The surface of these cells contain thousand of receptor molecules.
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What does the surface of the B and T cells contain?
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The receptor molecules on lymphocytes are all the same. Whichever receptors they are they are specific to a particular foreign substance (antigen). So each cell responds and reacts to one antigen and no others.
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What is the lock and key system with lymphocytes?
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An antigen is any substance that the body recognizes as foreign. Antigens are large and are normally proteins or polysaccharides.
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What is an antigen?
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The body creates antibodies specific to that antigen.
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What happens when the body discovers and antigen?
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The two branches of the specific immune response include 1. antibody mediated immunity and 2. cell mediated immunity
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What are the two branches of the specific immune response?
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An antibody titre is the concentration of an antibody in a persons serum.
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What is an antibody titre?
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Immunoglobulins
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What is another name for antibodies?
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T cells attack invaders inside the cells through bursting the membrane with perforin whereas B cells attack invaders outside the cell.
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What is the difference between T cells and B cells?
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Ig... G,A,M,E,D
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What the the pattern of immunoglobulins from most common to least?
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1. Enhance phagocytosis 2. Activates complement 3. Neutralization 4. Agglutination
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What are the four functions of antibodies?
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Antibodies coat the microbe making it easier for the phagocyte to recognize and ingest the molecule.
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What does enhancing phagocytosis consist of?
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Activating complement means the antibody connects to the antigen and changes shape allowing there to be a section of the antigen for complement proteins to bind.
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What does activating complement consist of?
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Antibodies bind to and block the attachment sites of the microbe to stop it being able to connect to a host cell.
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What does neutralization consist of?
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Agglutination is when they attach antigens together to decrease the total number of infectious units that phagocytes have to deal with.
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What does agglutination consist of?
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Memory cells enable the body to respond faster and more strongly in response to subsequent encounters with a particular pathogen or toxin.
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What do memory cells do?
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MHC proteins protect the immune system from attacking our own cells.
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What do mhc proteins do?
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Cell mediated immunity
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What type of immunity do T cells provide?
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Cells that contain viruses, bacteria, cancer and parasites.
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The types of infection against which T-cytotoxic cells play the most important role include...
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Immunity is the bodies capacity of the immune system to successfully depend against a potentially infectious agent.
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What is immunity?
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Natural 1. Active (encountering the antigen e.g. chicken pox) 2. Passive (antibody transfer through natural means e.g breastmilk) Artificial 3. Active (vaccination) 4. Passive (antibody transfer via artificial means)
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What are the four types of immunity.
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An antigen is any substance that the body recognizes as foreign. Antigens are large and are normally proteins or polysaccharides.
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What is an antigen?
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1. live attenuated microbes 2. killed whole microbes 3. portions of microbes 4. toxoids
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What are the four types of vaccines?
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Live attenuated vaccines stop the virulence of a disease. This means the microbe is still alive and can multiply but not beyond a mild or sub-clinical infection.
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What are live attenuated vaccines?
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Attenuated vaccines often provide lifelong immunity without the need for boosters. They normally provide a strong antibody and cellular response.
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What are some bonuses to attenuated vaccines?
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Killed microbe vaccines contain dead versions of the microbe to provoke an immune response.
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What are killed microbe vaccines?
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Killed microbe vaccines do not provoke an immune response equivalent to if it was a live microbe. Killed microbe vaccines require lots of boosters to be effective.
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What are some negatives about killed microbe vaccines?
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Portion microbe vaccines only contain part of the whole pathogen. Portion microbe vaccines require lots of boosters to be effective.
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What are portion microbe vaccines? What are bad about portion microbe vaccines?
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Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins which stimulate the body to produce antitoxins.
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What are toxoid vaccines?
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Redness. Swelling. Pain. Mild Fever.
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What are common side effects for vaccines?
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Live vaccines should not be given to immuno-compromised people and to pregnant women for risk to the foetus.
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What group of people should live vaccines not be given to?
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Autoimmune disorders are when the body's immune system fails to recognise its own cells so attacks them.
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What is an autoimmune disorder?
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1. Hypersensitivity causes allergies and even anaphalaxys. 2. Autoimmune disorder 3. Chronic inflammation
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What are some undesirable responses of the immune system?
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Antibiotics are compounds produced from a microbe that can kill or inhibit the growth of another organism.
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What are antibiotics?
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Antimicrobials are synthesized compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of a microorganism.
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What are antimicrobials?
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Antibiotics are either bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic.
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What are the two types of antibiotics?
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Bacteriocidal kills the bacteria whereas bacteriostatic inhibits growth of the bacteria.
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Whats the difference between bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic?
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Selective toxicity is the ability to kill the microbe but not harm the patient.
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What is selective toxicity?
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Bacterial cells are prokaryotic where as human cells are eukaryotic.
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What is the difference in bacterial cells and human cells?
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Vaccines
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What is the best method of defence against viruses?
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Antibiotics: 1. Interfere with cell wall synthesis. 2. Interfere with DNA replication 3. Inhibit protein synthesis. 4. Interrupt metabolic reactions inside the cell
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What are the four things antibiotics do to be effective?
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They must cross the cell wall. Then the cell membrane. Then bind to their target.
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How do antibiotics reach their target in the pathogen?
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MRSA. methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.
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What is an example of antibiotic resistant bacteria?
