Lte Technology Essay Example
Lte Technology Essay Example

Lte Technology Essay Example

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  • Pages: 13 (3528 words)
  • Published: January 30, 2018
  • Type: Case Study
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The GSM standard, which was developed through collaboration between multiple companies under ETSI, is widely accepted and considered robust and interoperable. The diagram below shows how mobile communications standards have evolved. In today's communication frameworks, especially in remote areas, the growing complexity of new features and services creates a high demand for initial equipment. This protocol development marks the next step forward in cellular 36 services.

Long Term Evolution (LET) is an advanced broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (GAP). The LET technology, as defined by GAP, is a highly flexible radio interface that must be implemented by the end of 2009. The initial release of LET provides peak rates of iamb/s, a radio-system delay of less than 5 ms, a significant increase in range power compared to previous cell systems, and a new streamlined radio-system architecture designed to

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simplify operation and reduce interference.

This technology is capable of supporting both frequency-division duplex (FAD) and time-division duplex (ADD). It also accommodates a wide range of system bandwidths to function effectively in various spectrum allocations. Additionally, LET order enhances the progression from previous GAP frameworks such as time division synchronous code division multiple access (TACOMA) and wide-band code division multiple access/highnesses bundle access (WAGED/HASP), as well as GAP frameworks like code division multiple access (CDMA) 2000.

Considered a versatile engineering worldwide, LET (which is a major advancement in the construction of MIT-Advanced) includes most of the features envisioned for future fourth-generation systems in its initial release. To delve deeper into LET, refer to a companion article on link-layer design in this Issue. This overview focuses on the first release of LET, known

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as release 8.

The text explores different aspects of LET technology, such as transmission plots in uplink and downlink, range adaptability, antenna remission, and between cell impedance coordination. The discussion is accompanied by simulation results that showcase the enhancement of LET towards LET-Advanced and full 'MAT-Advanced competence. LET technology is grounded on a GAP standard which enables a maximum downlink speed of 150 Mbps and an uplink speed of 50 Mbps.

As of now, remote and wired norms are reaching or achieving speeds of 100 Mbps or faster. LET is a way for cell deliveries to operate at this high data rate. Consequently, these high data rates will enable new applications and services such as voice over IP, streaming media, videoconferencing, or even a fast cell modem. The diagram illustrates the evolution of GAP. The developers of GAP have introduced the technology known as "Long Term Evolution" because it represents the next step (46) in a progression from GSM, a 26 standard, to NUTS, the 36 technologies based on GSM.

This protocol offers significantly increased maximum data rates, with the potential for Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, flexible bandwidth allocation, and compatibility with existing GSM and NUTS technology. In the future, it could potentially support speeds of up to 300 Mbps. The higher layers of LET are built on TCP/IP, which is likely to result in an all-IP network similar to wired communications currently in use. This protocol will support mixed data, voice, video, and messaging traffic.

LETit utilizes FOOD (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and IMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna technology that is similar to the one used in the

IEEE 802. In wireless local (WALL) standard. IMO and FOOD enable a higher signal to noise ratio at the receiver, resulting in improved coverage and throughput, especially in densely populated urban areas. Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless are planning to commercially launch this protocol in 2010. T-Mobile and Alter have also announced their intentions to introduce G capabilities based on LET.

The mentioned systems will compete with Clearway's Woman for both venture and buyer broadband remote clients. Outside the US telecommunications market, GSM is the dominant portable standard, with over 80% of the planet's wireless clients. Consequently, HASPS and LET are the likely choices for most clients as remote broadband innovations. Nortek and other infrastructure merchants are focusing on significant research and development endeavors in creating LET base stations to meet the necessary demand.

When accomplished, LET has the potential to bring pervasive computing to a global audience, providing a wire-like experience for mobile users everywhere. The LET technologies were developed at a similar pace to other telecommunications technologies. To put this into perspective, in 1982, the development of GSM began by "Groupie Special Telecommunications Administrations." In 1991, the first GSM network was launched in Finland, and by 1992, GSM had gained international recognition in the market.

In 1987, the NUTS Basic Research network was launched, followed by the commercial NUTS network in 1992. In 2001, frequencies were stipulated for the network and additional technology standards were introduced to send HASPS in 2002 and HAUSA in 2005. LET is important because it brings about significant improvements in exhibition change and ghostly proficiency for cell organizes. LET is different from other advanced technologies known as G

because it is fully integrated into the existing cell base for models 26 and 36. This allows for seamless connectivity between previous models and LET.

The Long Term Evolution (LET), also known as E-UTRAN, is currently undergoing trials and may begin business operations by 2010. This paper provides a review of LET's Medium Access Control (MAC) for User Equipment (UE) or handsets. The methodology stack consists of MAC, Radio Link Control (RL), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDP), and Radio Resource Control (ARC). The LET protocol architecture was developed as an enhancement to the existing Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to offer users improved mobile Internet access.

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (NUTS) physical Radio Access Network (RAN), also known as E-OUTRAN or LET, is a developed system. While NUTS uses wideband code-division multiple access (WAGED) for signal transmission, the LET air interface is a new system based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (FAD) in the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDA or DAFT-FDA) in the uplink. These technologies efficiently support multi-antenna technologies (IMO).

This advantageous characteristic is beneficial for handling the variable generating conditions observed in mobile radio. In IMO strategies, multiple antennas can either transmit the same data stream to enhance reliability or transmit different data streams simultaneously to increase throughput. LET also has a significant feature of high transmission capacity, up to 20 Mash, because the usable data transmission is flexible. It operates in the existing 5-Mash NUTS frequency bands or even smaller ones.

The diagram below provides a comprehensive view of LET structural planning. It highlights the part that closely interacts with the LIE, or mobile device. The entire

architecture is much more intricate; a complete graph would depict the entire Internet and various network connectivity components supporting handouts near 36, 26, Woman, and other metrics. This specific unit showcases the nodes, which are also known as base stations, and the interfaces between the nodes and LIE's.

The E-OUTRAN is considered as an asset piece, consisting of 12 subscribers in one space. A transport block is a combination of asset blocks with a consistent modulation/coding. The physical interface is a transport square, which corresponds to the data transmitted during a specific time allocation for the specific LIE. Each radio sub edge has a duration of 1 millisecond (ms), and each edge lasts for 10 milliseconds. Multiple USES can be accommodated on the downlink simultaneously within one transport piece.

In communication protocol, there are two types of protocol layers: control protocol stack and user plane stack. These layers have different functions and locations in the LET architecture. The user plane protocol handles client-related information, while the control plane is responsible for signaling wires that are important for system components. The protocol stack is divided into upper and lower layers.

The upper layer, known as the radio system layer in E-OUTRAN, uses LET-specific methods to handle informative content. On the other hand, the lower layer, referred to as the transport system layer, enables the transfer of qualified data between different endpoints. Within these layers, there are three types of protocols: signaling protocols establish communication between devices, user plane protocols control information flow and track data within the system, and transport protocols facilitate the exchange of information and signaling messages between endpoints.

The illustration displayed depicts the

hierarchical layout of the protocol stacks mentioned earlier. It presents the high-level protocol architecture of LET. The diagram below showcases the control plane called the Non-Access Stratum (NAS). This NAS operates between the MME and LIE, serving control functions such as network joining, authentication, bearer establishment, and mobility management. All NAS messages undergo calculation and integrity protection by the MME and LIE.

The ARC layer in the nodes makes handover decisions based on neighbor cell measurements transmitted by the LIE. It handles the transmission of USES over the air, displays system information, and controls U estimation reporting, such as the frequency of Channel Quality Information (ICQ) reports. Additionally, it assigns temporary identifiers to active Sees at the cell level. The ARC layer also facilitates the transfer of U connection from source nodes to target nodes during handover and ensures the integrity of ARC wires. Its responsibilities include the establishment and maintenance of radio bearers.

Control Plane Protocol Stack

The PDP layer in the user plane is responsible for compressing and decompressing the headers of client plane IP packets using Robust Header Compression (ROACH) to optimize the usage of air interface bandwidth. It also performs calculations for both client plane and control plane data. If the NAS contents are delivered in ARC, they are effectively double calculated. The User Plane Protocol Stack Design Algorithm used for the LET protocol is known as CUE.

CUE is a cryptographic algorithm known as Long term evolution (LTE), which has been designed for the G mobile standardization. The algorithm, called CUE, is a stream cipher and serves as the core for the new LTE algorithms. The main design objectives

for the third suite of GAP (GPRS Authentication and Key Agreement) confidentiality and integrity algorithm are to ensure a strong level of security within the GAP framework and to fulfill the implementation requirements set by GAP. This includes enabling low power and low gate count hardware implementations.

The CUE algorithm accepts a 128-bit initial key and a 128-bit initial vector as input. It generates a key stream consisting of 32-bit words (referred to as key-words). The execution process of CUE involves two stages: the key initialization stage, where the cipher is clocked but no output is produced, and the working stage, where a 32-bit word of output is generated with each clock tick. Once the initialization is completed, the algorithm proceeds to the working stage and performs the following operations.

The structure of CUE is illustrated in the picture above, showing how the cipher data is executed within the circuit. CUE consists of a LBS., a spot redesign, and a nonlinear capacity F. The LBS. is constructed using 6 register units, each holding 31 bits, and its reaction is characterized by a primitive polynomial over the limited field SGF( AWAY-1). The bit reorganization extracts 128 bits from the slate of the LBS., forming four 32-bit words that are utilized by the non-linear function F.

The non-linear function F is built using two 32-bit registers RI and RE. F utilizes input from the bit reorganization and incorporates two S-boxes, SO and SSL. The mixing operations of F consist of exclusive OR, cyclic shift, and addition modulo referred to as AWAY. The algorithm used for encryption is LET, specifically 128-EAI, defined directly using CUE. Additionally,

the algorithm employs the LET integrity algorithm known as 128-Ella, which employs CUE as its core for Universal Hash Function.

The Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (DACCA) has designed the entire algorithm. DACCA has been assessed by the algorithm standardization group ETSI SAGE and two famous specialist crews, who have deemed it to be reliable and suitable for LET. In May 2009, the GAP SAA recognized the need for a third encryption and integrity algorithm set, which was planned in China. Therefore, the Chinese author may allow its permit in that nation.

The image above demonstrates the utilization of the EYE algorithm for encrypting plaintext. To decrypt the plaintext, the same keystroke can be generated using the same input parameters and applying a bit-by-bit binary addition with the ciphered text. An examination of the algorithm's parameters reveals that it generates the "keystroke" output key stream block. This key stream block is used to encrypt the "plaintext" input block and produce the "ciphered" output block. The input parameters do not modify the actual bits within them, but they may affect the length of the "key stream" block.

The image displayed above demonstrates the application of the EIA algorithm for message integrity authentication. The calculation of the integrity relies on certain parameters: a 128-bit key known as "nexus" for respectability, a 32-bit "tally", an ah-bit bearer identity referred to as "bearer", the transmission's I-cycle course, and the "course" and "note". Consequently, the "heading" designation should be O for uplink and 1 for downlink. The length of the "note" is denoted as "length".

Hardware Architecture

The hardware architecture of

Long Term Evolution (LTE) demonstrates the design of the protocol. Initially, a successful licensed AD-LET Terminal prototype baseman core reference design was provided to Infidel, a leading ICC design company located on the Mainland. Subsequently, with the introduction of the first terminal prototype architecture, Infidel assisted in the development of the world's first AD-LET terminal baseman SoC. This SoC was showcased by China Mobile during its AD-LET deployment at the Shanghai World Expo.

Furthermore, they have successfully utilized AD-LET data cards which incorporate the industry's inaugural base station System-on-a-Chip (SoC) technology from three major tier-one vendors. The LET protocol also boasts a network security system that is of utmost importance to end users, application developers, network service providers, and all network equipment. Security threats include spam, viruses, worms, data theft, identity theft, repeated data, and data manipulation. With the IP architecture, novel security risks are constantly emerging.

Furthermore, GAP has introduced Pipes as a security protocol for both control and user place applications in LET. Pipes is well-suited for switching and routing applications, while MAC is more suitable for endpoints. SSL/TLS is the preferred protocol for application servers. In the Control plane, complex logic is relied upon, typically implemented in software, while the data plane focuses on actual packet processing and heavily relies on the underlying hardware.

The Pipes based security applications in LET require securely integrated security that combines the benefits of security software with hardware acceleration. The protocol utilizes Packets and provides hardware acceleration for high performance and reliability. It has been introduced with specific requirements and targets. The table below displays the requirements for LET, including the peak data rate, bandwidth, spectral efficiency,

LU, DEL BSP/Hz, receiving and transmit antennas, mobility, cell range, and wide area deployment cell range. The protocol also integrates a well-organized broadcast mode for high rate Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBPS) like Mobile TV, which operates based on a single frequency network mode. Additionally, LET has two types of plane latency, user latency and control latency.

In the user plane, there is an average time between the first transmission of a data packet and the reception of a physical SACK, which includes HARD retransmission rates. In the control plane, a transition from ARC_IDLE to ARC_Connected is required. Regarding spectrum allocation and Duplex Modes requirements, a bandwidth ranging from 1.4 Mash to 20 Mash is needed. The FAD and ADD also require a wide range of frequency bands. In terms of Inter-working with other Radio Access Technologies, LET can be interpreted with GAP technologies in GSM/EDGE and OUTRAN, while non-GAP technology like WIFE is also allowed.

Academia and Woman

The LET protocol includes the new spectrum and also repurposes existing legacy spectrum. It supports both Frequency Division Duplex (FAD) and Time Division Duplex (ADD). FAD requires paired frequencies, one for the downlink and one for the uplink, while ADD shares the frequency for both downlink and uplink. LET technology allows for spectrum flexibility with accessible channel bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mash in the LET protocol.

The graph below depicts the frequency bands and channel bandwidth, showcasing the amount of data carried, subscriber spacing, occupied subscribers, resource blocks, and FOOD symbols per suffrage. LET (Long-Term Evolution) employs FAD (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) as the modulation and multiple access technique

for downlink mobile wireless communication. It effectively divides the frequency channel into overlapping orthogonal sub-channels without the need for guard-bands, resulting in a highly efficient spectrum usage.

Both the left and right pictures depict different aspects of FOOD substances and the FOOD spectrum. When it comes to applications, LET protocol offers faster limits than flat speed 36 technology, which is unable to support advancements like high definition computing. Moreover, LET engineering surpasses VOIDS innovation and GPO engineering in terms of flexibility capabilities and supporting a wider range of applications.

For example, Optical Transport Platform (OPT) can be used for Push-to-Talk communications, additional Viii limit and MM portable. On the other hand, Long-Term Evolution (LET) also offers superior broadband data rates for video, voice and data transmission to next generation mobile devices, allowing them to have Internet access that is fast and available at all times and locations. Furthermore, upcoming LET-enabled devices will further enhance mobile applications such as tablets, smart tablets, Notebooks, car telemetric, MM door, IP camera, home router, and portable router LET-enabled devices. The diagram below illustrates the latest LET devices and their application devices.

Future Implementation

According to a public statement from the GAP, they have been given approval to introduce the LET-Advanced during a meeting on April 3, 2013. The GAP outlines the guidelines for LET, focusing primarily on LET-Advanced, which includes all work from GAP Release 10 onwards. The GAP acknowledges that there are various terms related to LET appearing in the marketplace. However, they reaffirm that the term LET-Advanced is the appropriate description for specifications currently being defined, starting from Release 10 onwards, including GAP Release 12. The

Partnership Project is collaborating with its members and working with the TIT Working Party AD to provide future guidance on how GAP LET will develop in future Releases. In Malaysian communication, Maxis Sad Bad was the first service provider to introduce G LET facility on January 1.

Additionally, both Apple phone 5 and Samsung Galaxy now come equipped with LET protocols, eliminating the need for users to rely on the G LET service provided by their telecom company. Maxis, being the first telecoms firm in Malaysia to implement G LET for Apple devices such as phone 5, pad small scale, and pad 4, is now extending this feature to both new and existing Maxis subscribers of the aforementioned three Apple devices. This move follows the successful activation of Maxis' G LET system on the Monika Alumina 920 and ETC One XSL, which were the first two cell phones to utilize this lifelong advancement feature offered by Maxis. Surer J., Maxis Joint Head Operating Officer, made this announcement.

Merrymakers. Before that, Dig may be about to come up with the G facility to introduce, but the Maxis Company has come as fast as they introduced and for the Cellos service provider, they have said they will introduce it on their devices soon. Hence, Maxis users can utilize this G technology if they are using smart devices, but other service providers such as Cellos and Dig may not know about the G LET facility. Some users of Maxis also have smart devices, but they need to upgrade the software to access this facility. For some users, they might not know how to use the G technology in

case they have upgraded.

Apple has made efforts to improve accessibility for mobile device users. While their older phone models like iPhone 4 and 4s lacked 4G LTE capability, they have now introduced devices like the iPhone 5 that do have this feature. In contrast, Samsung had already implemented 4G LTE capability but only in their newer and more expensive devices such as the Samsung Galaxy Camera and the iPhone 5. Due to these high prices, customers may hesitate to purchase these devices and therefore miss out on the benefits of using 4G LTE.

Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 has recently been announced with the advanced G Mobile Broadband network technology, which Samsung aims to demonstrate to users to familiarize them with the G LTE facility. As a result, some users may need to invest in new mobile devices to access this feature. Additionally, there are users who have already had access to G for about 2 years but have found the performance unreliable due to system integration issues and the need for regular updates on their smartphones.

In Malaysia, there is a limited availability of LET-enabled devices, so plans are being made to increase the number of devices. The service provider needs to develop robust content and applications to attract more customers. Although the systems and infrastructure may be ready for LET deployment and adoption, there is still a significant amount of work to be done. An entire ecosystem needs to be built and developed. The lack of LET-enabled devices is a barrier to the service providers' ability to offer improved pricing with G-LET.

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