Question 1

The term used to describe an infant\'s thought process that relies on senses and motor skills is:

Accepted Answer

sensorimotor intelligence

Question 2

Stage three of sensorimotor intelligence occurs between _____ and eight months of age.

Accepted Answer

four

Question 3

Piaget called the stage-five toddler who experiments without anticipating the results a(n):

Accepted Answer

little scientist

Question 4

The theorist _____ proposed a period of cognitive development that begins at birth and ends around age 2 that is called sensorimotor intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Piaget

Question 5

_____ is characterized by infants\' new adaptation and anticipation.

Accepted Answer

Secondary circular reaction

Question 6

Primary circular reaction

Accepted Answer

This is when the first adaptations occur.

Question 7

Using mental combinations to anticipate and solve simple problems takes place in Piaget\'s sensorimotor:

Accepted Answer

stage six

Question 8

stage four.

Accepted Answer

This is too young to exhibit the use of mental combinations and anticipation

Question 9

Dr. Martinez believes that infants are active learners from birth. His views most closely align with those of _____.

Accepted Answer

piaget

Question 10

Secondary circular reaction is characterized by infants\':

Accepted Answer

new adaptation and anticipation.

Question 11

This is one of the characteristics of primary circular reactions

Accepted Answer

first acquired adaptations.

Question 12

Tertiary circular reactions are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

active exploration and experimentation.

Question 13

Amy tries to suck on the corner of her blanket in the same way that she sucks on her bottle and she seems frustrated when no milk appears. The similarity between how Amy sucks on her bottle and her blanket show assimilation but her failure to adapt her sucking strategy shows a lack of _____.

Accepted Answer

accommodation

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a secondary circular reaction?

Accepted Answer

Realizing that rattles make a noise, a 4-month-old infant laughs with delight when his mother puts a rattle in his hand.

Question 15

Piaget\'s period of sensorimotor intelligence that begins at 12 months is marked by:

Accepted Answer

tertiary circular reactions.

Question 16

Piaget\'s cognitive development period that begins at birth and ends around age 2 is called _____.

Accepted Answer

sensorimotor

Question 17

_____ reaction is characterized by infants\' new adaptation and anticipation.

Accepted Answer

secondary circular

Question 18

The difference between primary and secondary circular reactions is that:

Accepted Answer

secondary circular reactions involve the infant responding to people and objects.

Question 19

At 1 month of age, Chaetae realizes that her hand is too big to fit into her mouth. She reacts by sucking just on her thumb. Piaget would describe Chaetae\'s behavior as the first acquired _____.

Accepted Answer

adaptation

Question 20

Secondary circular reaction is characterized by infants\' new adaptation and _____.

Accepted Answer

anticipation

Question 21

Evidence of habituation is a(n):

Accepted Answer

loss of interest

Question 22

An infant who begins to explore the environment by actively taking independent action is entering the:

Accepted Answer

tertiary circular reactions stage.

Question 23

Teagan\'s mother shows her a picture book. Teagan at first tries to grasp at the center of the book. When that does not allow her to grab the book, she grasps the corner with both hands and pulls the book toward her so she can put it in her mouth. Teagan has demonstrated:

Accepted Answer

accommodation

Question 24

Adaptation first occurs during stage _____ of Piaget\'s stages of sensorimotor development.

Accepted Answer

two

Question 25

Information-processing theory compares human thinking to:

Accepted Answer

computer functioning.

Question 26

When a child is aware of movement and change in an object or a person, this refers to:

Accepted Answer

dynamic perception.

Question 27

_____is an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment.

Accepted Answer

Affordance

Question 28

Assimilation is a

Accepted Answer

Piagetian term for incorporating an experience into an established way of thinking or behaving.

Question 29

Natalia prefers looking at her spinning mobile to her stationary teddy bear because of _____ perception.

Accepted Answer

dynamic

Question 30

Computers have been used as a model for human thinking; the theory describing this model is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

information-processing theory.

Question 31

_____ is associated to a child\'s affordances because babies perceive the object moving as an opportunity to \"catch\" it.

Accepted Answer

Dynamic perception

Question 32

Older infants are more effective and thoughtful than newborns because of more advanced:

Accepted Answer

information processing

Question 33

Research has demonstrated that infants as young as _____ month(s) can remember after two weeks if provided with a brief reminder session.

Accepted Answer

three

Question 34

According to information-processing research, concepts and categories are more likely to be developed in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

6-month-old Carlos

Question 35

When a child is aware of movement and change in an object or a person, this refers to _____ perception.

Accepted Answer

dynamic

Question 36

When explaining cognitive development to his class, Dr. Calderon refers to memory as being stored in networks and compares memory to how computers analyze and store data and how this process changes from day to day in developing infants and toddlers. Dr. Calderon\'s explanation exemplifies:

Accepted Answer

the information processing perspective.

Question 37

Older infants are more effective and thoughtful than newborns because of more advanced _____.

Accepted Answer

information processing

Question 38

Of the two, 4-month-old Joshua or 6-month-old Kailee, the infant that will be more likely to have developed categories and elementary concepts is _____.

Accepted Answer

Kailee

Question 39

Professor Chu frequently uses examples of how computers analyze data to help the class understand how human memory works. Professor Chu evidently is an advocate of _____.

Accepted Answer

information processing

Question 40

The Gibsons stress that _____ is an active cognitive phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

perception

Question 41

According to information-processing research, concepts and categories seem to develop in infants\' brains by about _____ months of age.

Accepted Answer

six

Question 42

The Gibsons stress that perception is a(n) _____ cognitive phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

active

Question 43

Explicit memory refers to:

Accepted Answer

memory that can be recalled on demand

Question 44

implicit memory is

Accepted Answer

memory that remains hidden until a particular stimulus brings it to mind

Question 45

Most of a newborn\'s organs are relatively immature at birth. For example, babies cannot digest solid food, and they have no control over either their bowels or their bladders. The brain, in particular, is quite immature at birth, and this is reflected in a newborn\'s short waking periods, poor eyesight, and limited control of posture and movement.  There is good evidence that, indeed, \"babies are born fetuses\"! Compared to our closest primate species, we have less overall capacity at birth to act voluntarily (e.g., cling to mother); our bones are less developed; and the networks of brain cells (neurons) are still developing rapidly. In this sense, we are all born \"premature.\"  Most scientists believe that as our species developed a larger and more complex brain, childbirth had to occur before our brain could fully form. If the prenatal period was extended, the baby\'s head would have been too large to pass safely out of the mother\'s body at birth.

Accepted Answer

At birth, a baby\'s brain has already attained 25 percent of its adult weight. In contrast, a baby\'s body weight is only 5 percent of its adult weight, so the newborn\'s brain is proportionally five times more developed than its body in terms of weight at birth.  This rapid brain growth continues. The first two years, like the prenatal period, is a time of tremendous brain growth. By age two, the baby\'s brain has achieved 75 percent of its adult weight! The rest of the body also grows quickly, and it achieves 20 percent of its adult weight in the same amount of time.

Question 46

Most of the increase in brain weight over the first two years is due to transient exuberance, a proliferation of dendrites in the cortex. Remember, dendrites receive signals from connecting neurons across tiny gaps called the synapses. Dendrites show a fivefold increase in the first two years with as many as 15,000 new connections for each neuron.  The vast neural networks created by the rapid growth of dendrites allow more flexible processing of information. As a result of maturation and experience, some of these connections will be lost due to synaptic pruning, or remolding, as the brain becomes more finely tuned.

Accepted Answer

Another aspect of brain maturation is the development of myelin, the insulation that forms on the long outgoing axons of neurons. Myelin prevents neighboring cells from short-circuiting each other\'s activity, and it speeds up the transmission of signals.  The process of myelination begins in the prenatal period and is largely completed by age three. However, the prefrontal cortex, the brain region most important for focused attention and goal setting, develops at a slower pace through childhood, adolescence, and even into the late 20s!  Play the animation and watch the sequence in the process of myelination.

Question 47

Brain development continues at a rapid pace in the first two years. The brain reaches nearly 75 percent of its adult weight, and there are far more connections than will be present later onâleaving much room for \"remolding\" of the brain\'s connections in the years to come. While many areas of the cortex have matured through myelination, the areas most important for complex thinking (e.g., focused attention and goal-setting) will not function optimally until adolescence and the mid 20s.

Accepted Answer

View the animation to review brain development in infants and toddlers up to two years old. The animation demonstrates brain growth in step with the head and the process of myelination, which continues up into the early 20s.

Question 48

The newborn\'s brain is quite immature at birth, and this is reflected in a newborn\'s short waking periods, poor eyesight, and limited control of posture and movement.

Accepted Answer

Transient exuberance is the increase of dendrites in the cortex, a process that increases brain weight.

Question 49

Myelin speeds up transmission of neural signals and prevents neighboring cells from short-circuiting each other\'s activity.

Accepted Answer

The brain develops rapidly. By age two, the brain has reached 75 percent of its adult weight, and there are far more neural connections than will be present later onâleaving much room for \"remolding\" of the brain\'s neural pathways in the years to come. During this time, many areas of the brain will have matured through myelination.

Question 50

_____ is an infant\'s first means of communication.

Accepted Answer

crying

Question 51

In almost every language the name of each significant caregiver and sibling is learned between:

Accepted Answer

12-18 months

Question 52

According to B. F. Skinner, infant communication progresses because of:

Accepted Answer

maternal reinforcement.

Question 53

The naming explosion refers to:

Accepted Answer

a sudden increase in an infant\'s vocabulary, especially nouns.

Question 54

All babies go through the same _____ of language development although timing may differ.

Accepted Answer

sequence

Question 55

Which is true of 6- to 15-month-old babies?

Accepted Answer

They understand about ten times as many words as they can say.

Question 56

Professor Yu believes that children acquire language through reinforcement from adults, especially the mother. He believes that child-directed speech is a type of reinforcement. Professor Yu is advocating the _____ theory of language development.

Accepted Answer

behaviorist

Question 57

Which is true of babbling?

Accepted Answer

No reinforcement or teaching is necessary.

Question 58

Six- to 15-month-old babies understand about _____ times as many words as they can say.

Accepted Answer

ten

Question 59

According to _____, infant communication progresses because of maternal reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Skinner   Pavlov studied classical conditioning. Chomsky focuses on the innate nature of language.

Question 60

Infants with bilingual mothers are able to _____ between the two languages.

Accepted Answer

differentiate

Question 61

Sean calls his teddy bear his \"bibi.\" This is an example of a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

holophrase

Question 62

Which theorist coined the term \"language acquisition device\"?

Accepted Answer

Chomsky

Question 63

_____ is one of the earliest forms of communication, emerging at about 10 months.

Accepted Answer

pointing

Question 64

Most babies speak their first recognizable words at _____ months.

Accepted Answer

twelve

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