question

Guilt is the negative consequence of _____ third stage of psychosocial development.

answer

Erikson's

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In the United States it is especially emphasized to teach children to control their _____, according to the text.

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fear

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The part of the brain in which neurological advances significantly affect the ability to regulate emotion is the _____ cortex.

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prefrontal

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According to the text, developmentalists would suggest that Japan tends to regulate _____.

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selfishness

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Emotional regulation is made possible when emotional functions are linked to the _____ cortex in the brain.

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prefrontal

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A drive that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from the outside is called an:

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extrinsic motivation.

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Reese is 4 years old. Over the last few years, she has been excitedly learning new skills and trying new things. Reese feels confident in her ability and has been fairly successful in learning these skills. She can tie her shoes, knows all her colors and the alphabet, and loves playing tag with her siblings. Erik Erikson would MOST likely say that Reese is developing:

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initiative

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Five-year-old Emmy is convinced that she would have no problem climbing to the top of an extremely tall tree at her cousin's house. This unrealistic estimate of her abilities would be called:

answer

protective optimism.

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Children may be _____ likely to paint on their own if they previously were offered a reward for painting.

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less

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All of the following are true about emotional regulation EXCEPT that it:

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A. is one of the most important psychosocial tasks for children ages 2 to 6 to achieve. B. is made possible when emotional functions are linked to the prefrontal cortex in the brain. C. is the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed. D. develops automatically and without effort. Answer: D

question

Imaginary friends are very common in early childhood even though adults rarely encourage children to have them. This illustrates:

answer

intrinsic motivation.

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One of the MOST outstanding _____ accomplishments between ages 2 and 6 is emotional regulation.

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psychosocial

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___ is the negative consequence of Erik Erikson's third developmental stage.

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Guilt

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A student who works hard to achieve good grades for the sole purpose of pleasing his or her parents would be said to have an:

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extrinsic motivation.

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Abby is 5 years old. When she is angry, she can express this appropriately without becoming explosive. When she is sad, she can express this and can be consoled. Abby seems to have mastered:

answer

emotional regulation.

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Karl is 6 years old. He now has the ability to regulate his emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination. This is called _____.

answer

effortful control

question

According to the text, many Asian parents may expect their child to engage in cooperative, social play by age:

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3

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The recommended daily amount of electronic media appropriate for children under the age of two is:

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no electronic media at all.

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Which type of play is first in Mildred Parten's progression of social play?

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solitary Onlooker play is second in Mildred Parten's progression of social play. Associative play is fourth in Mildred Parten's progression of social play.

question

According to the text, _____ social play correlates with peer acceptance and a healthy self-concept.

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active

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Cooperative play appears _____ in Mildred Parten's progression of social play.

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fifth

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The sociodramatic play of boys often revolves around:

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themes of good versus evil.

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Young children who never _____ may have emotional and academic problems at a later time.

answer

play

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Rough-and-tumble play helps children:

answer

develop muscle strength and control.

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Which is an example of cooperative play?

answer

Children play together and take turns.

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Sociodramatic play facilitates all of the following EXCEPT:

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A. practicing the regulation of emotions. B. exploring and rehearsing social roles. C. developing a self-concept in a nonthreatening context. D. developing mathematics skills. Answer: D

question

Which is an example of parallel play?

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Children play with similar toys, but not together.

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Young children who never play:

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may have emotional and academic problems later.

question

Which is an example of solitary play?

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The child plays alone.

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All through her childhood, Ellie never had the opportunity to play with other children. As Ellie gets older she:

answer

may have emotional and academic problems at a later time.

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Seth and Isaac are both playing with blocks close to each other, but they are not interacting. They are MOST likely engaged in _____ play because they are aware of each other.

answer

parallel

question

Rosa and Aisha are playing with blocks. They are working together to see how high they can stack the blocks, taking turns stacking and encouraging each other. They are MOST likely engaging in _____ play.

answer

cooperative

question

What makes a child a boy or a girl? Around 1820, Robert Southey published the following nursery rhyme as part of a larger poem entitled What Folks Are Made Of: What are little boys made of, made of? What are little boys made of? "Snips and snails and puppy dogs' tails; That's what little boys are made of." What are little girls made of, made of? What are little girls made of? "Sugar and spice and all things nice; That's what little girls are made of." What do you think this English poet who lived at the turn of the nineteenth century was saying about gender differences and gender identity? When it comes to the children of today, how would you define gender differences and gender identity?

answer

Identity as a male or a female is a crucial component of self-concept and a major source of self-esteem. Social scientists typically distinguish between sex differences, which are biological, and gender differences, which are cultural. As with every nature-nurture distinction, social scientists recognize that the interaction between sex and gender sometimes makes it difficult to separate these influences from one another. Thus, experts, teachers, and parents may disagree about the various effects that biology and environment have on gender development. The number of theories of gender differences reflects the vast variety of views on gender and gender differences.

question

Let us review a main aspect of each of five major theories about gender differences. • Freudian theorists believe that gender differences are a result of unconscious, incestuous urges. • Behaviorist theorists believe that gender differences are a result of social reinforcement. • Cognitive theorists believe that gender differences may be attributed to immature categorization. • Sociocultural theorists believe that gender differences are related to patterns found throughout the culture. • Epigenetic theorists believe that gender differences are a result of the hereditary aspects of brain and body development.

answer

Over the past 50 years, Erikson's term, sexual identity, has been replaced by the term, gender identity. Gender identity refers to a person's self-definition as male or female and acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with these biological categories. Gender identity often coincides with gender role and sexual orientation but not always. In rare instances, a child is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not seem to fit the typical definitions of either a female or a male. These children are labeled as intersex. Intersex is a socially constructed category that reflects actual biological variation. This biological occurrence often constitutes a social emergency that impacts the future of the family and specifically, the future of the infant. The decision as to which gender to rear a baby born with ambiguous genitalia is based on a number of considerations, including fertility potential, capacity for normal sexual functioning, endocrine function, and testosterone imprinting (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2007). What happens when a child born as a biological male experiences gender reassignment at birth? Will the influence of the child's environment be sufficient to override biology? Will the child's gender identity conform to the reassigned gender? Consider the story of David Reimer and Dr. John Money that is presented in the video clip to see if it might help you to answer some of these questions.

question

Dr. Milton Diamond, a professor of anatomy and reproductive biology, refuted Money's Theory of Gender Neutrality with his findings on gender differences in rat brains. With the cooperation of Reimer's supervising psychiatrist, Dr. Diamond located the adult Reimer and found that Dr. Money's sex reassignment of Reimer had failed. This case, which Diamond named "John/Joan" to protect Reimer's privacy, has become one of the most cited cases in the literature of psychiatry, psychology, women's studies, child development, and biology of gender. Play the video to learn about Brenda Reimer's reaction to her gender identity and about Dr. Money's response to reports on Brenda's progress.

answer

Here are excerpts from David Reimer's obituary as it was published in the Winnipeg Sun of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on Monday, May 10, 2004. A Winnipeg man who was born a boy but raised as a girl in a famous nurture-versus-nature experiment has died at the age of 38. David Reimer, who shared his story in the pages of a book and on the TV show Oprah, took his own life last Tuesday. "He liked music. He liked jokes. He was a very funny guy," said Janet, who spent Mother's Day grieving the loss of her son. "He was so generous. He gave all he had." The funeral is today at 1 p.m. at Klassen Funeral Chapel. Play the video to find out how David Reimer spent the last part of his life. As you watch the clip, think about the most important lessons that can be learned from his story.

question

According to the text, _____ parents are sometimes thought to be too intrusive, and other times too permissive. However, their children seem to be happier then children of European American parents who behave the same way.

answer

Latino

question

In the psychoanalytic perspective, an attempt to _____ one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else is known as identification.

answer

defend

question

Diana Baumrind proposed that parents differ in four important dimensions of rearing children. One of those dimensions was:

answer

expressions of warmth.

question

In the psychoanalytic perspective, an attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else is known as _____.

answer

identification

question

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents tend to have high nurturance and low expectations of maturity, rarely setting limits.

answer

permissive

question

A dynamic-systems approach proposes that attitudes, roles, and even the biology of gender differences change from one _____ period to the next.

answer

developmental

question

Diana Baumrind suggested that parents differ in four important dimensions of rearing children. One of those dimensions was:

answer

communication

question

Culture dictates _____ differences, while biology determines _____ differences.

answer

gender; sex

question

According to Diana Baumrind, the _____ parenting style is MOST likely to use physical punishment compared to other parenting styles.

answer

authoritarian

question

A gender _____ is the term used in cognitive theory to refer to a child's understanding of sex differences.

answer

schema

question

Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influential is:

answer

Diana Baumrind.

question

Behaviorism asserts that gender roles are _____ and that they are a result of nurture rather than nature.

answer

learned

question

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents set loving limits for their children, while authoritarian parents can be harsh and rigid.

answer

authoritative

question

An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else is referred to as:

answer

identification

question

Mexican American families did not fit _____ of Diana Baumrind's categories.

answer

any

question

Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on children's understanding?

answer

cognitive theory

question

Strategies for _____ is one of the dimensions that researcher Diana Baumrind identified in which parents differed in their child-rearing.

answer

discipline

question

Cognitive theory explains gender differences through the concept of gender schema, or children's _____ of gender roles and differences.

answer

understanding

question

Diana Baumrind's dimension in which parents vary in standards for responsibility and self-control in their children is called:

answer

expectations for maturity.

question

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents is the _____.

answer

superego

question

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents set loving limits for their children, while _____ parents can be harsh and rigid.

answer

authoritative; authoritarian

question

_____ theory explains gender differences through the concept of gender schema, or children's understanding of gender roles and differences.

answer

Cognitive

question

Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on the biological need to reproduce to explain gender differences and behaviors?

answer

evolutionary theory

question

Cognitive theory asserts that gender roles develop as a result of a child's understanding of sex differences, not from the biological need to reproduce.

answer

Sociocultural theory asserts that gender roles develop as a result of cultural values, not from the biological need to reproduce.

question

Diana Baumrind identified _____ parenting styles.

answer

three

question

Sigmund Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their _____ exclusive romantic love. He called this the Oedipus complex.

answer

mother's

question

Which did Diana Baumrind describe as the permissive parenting style?

answer

parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children

question

Which term refers to a child's understanding of sex differences?

answer

gender schema

question

According to Diana Baumrind, which is the parenting style in which parents are MOST likely to use physical punishment?

answer

authoritarian The authoritative parenting style involves parents who set limits and listen to their children; it is not the style with the greatest likelihood of physical punishment.

question

Young children are particularly _____ about sex and gender.

answer

confused

question

According to Diana Baumrind, authoritative parents set loving limits for their children, while _____ parents tend to be harsh and rigid.

answer

authoritarian

question

Lexie and Michael listen very patiently to their children. They consistently try to talk out problems as they occur and understand their children's point of view. This aspect of Lexie and Michael's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

answer

communication

question

Keeva believes that she needs to show her children that she is in charge and has many strict rules about their conduct. At times she spanks her children or compels them to do what she wants through force. According to Diana Baumrind, this is the _____ parenting style.

answer

authoritarian

question

The final two needs in _____ theory are respect and self-actualization.

answer

humanism

question

Sean and Maria are very critical of their children, and are not very affectionate with them at all. This aspect of Sean and Maria's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

answer

expressions of warmth strategies for discipline involves how parents vary in how they explain, criticize, and punish; it is not described in this scenario.

question

In _____ theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents is the superego.

answer

psychoanalytic

question

Joe works hard to be respectful and fair towards his children. He tries to consistently enforce pre-set rules and strongly believes in natural and logical consequences for their behavior. According to Diana Baumrind. his parenting style could BEST be described as:

answer

authoritative

question

Jean Piaget believed that moral development began when children learned games with _____.

answer

rules

question

According to the text, the ultimate goal of discipline is to:

answer

teach the child the standards of behavior within his or her culture.

question

Children develop increasingly complex moral values, judgments, and _____ as they mature.

answer

behaviors

question

When thinking about appropriate discipline for children in early childhood, it is important to consider theory of _____.

answer

mind

question

____ aggression is an impulsive retaliation for harm that may be intentional or unintentional.

answer

Reactive

question

According to the text, teaching a child the standards of behavior within his or her culture is the ultimate goal of _____.

answer

discipline

question

Which kind of aggression is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks?

answer

bullying

question

Longitudinal research suggests that, compared to children who are not physically punished, children who ARE physically punished:

answer

are more likely to become bullies and delinquents and grow up to be abusive adults.

question

Shoshanna believes that morality is genetic, an outgrowth of natural bonding, attachment, and cognitive maturation. This is a(n) _____ perspective.

answer

nature

question

According to the text, teaching a child the standards of behavior within his or her culture is the ultimate goal of:

answer

discipline Psychological control is a specific technique that involves threatening to withdraw love to exploit a child's feelings of gratitude; it is more about control than teaching.

question

Luke believes that morality is genetic, an outgrowth of natural bonding, attachment, and cognitive maturation. This is a(n) _____ perspective.

answer

natture

question

According to the text, _____ a child the standards of behavior within his or her culture is the ultimate goal of discipline.

answer

teaching

question

Richard has learned through _____ play not to hurt his playmates.

answer

rough-and-tumble

question

Longitudinal research suggests that children who are _____ punished are MORE likely to become bullies and delinquents and grow up to be abusive adults.

answer

physically

question

Some psychologists believe that _____, which could be defined as behavior that helps others without immediate reward to oneself, may be genetic in nature.

answer

morality

question

The _____ perspective suggests that morality is genetic, an outgrowth of natural bonding, attachment, and cognitive maturation.

answer

nature

question

Terrance says to his daughter, "If you do not tell me that you love me, then I may go away and never come back." This disciplinary technique is called:

answer

psychological control.

question

Doug believes in the _____ perspective. This perspective explains why young children tend to emulate people who follow the rules of the community.

answer

nurture

question

Anne helps and defends her parents, no matter what they do. This seems to provide evidence for the _____ perspective.

answer

nature

question

Johnny, age 6, suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him as hard as he can for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying:

answer

antisocial behavior.

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