lesson 7 – Flashcard
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This is at the heart of the United States political system.
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human rights
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This guarantees that government cannot abuse the rights of individuals.
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the Bill of Rights
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This process extends the Bill of Rights to protect individuals from all levels of government.
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incorporation
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Gitlow v. New York nationalized the Fourteenth Amendment over this issue.
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freedom of speech
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This allows citizens to take their cases to a higher court.
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nationalization
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Thomas Jefferson believed this builds a wall of separation between church and state.
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First Amendment
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Schools operated by a church or religious group are called
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parochial schools
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This allows student religious groups to meet in high schools receiving federal funds.
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Equal Access Act
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In Board of Education v. Allen, the Court upheld state programs to provide these to parochial schools.
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secular textbooks
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These cases illustrate how the Court can change its interpretation of the Constitution.
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flag salute cases
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The verbal expression of thought and opinion before an audience is
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pure speech
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Expression involving actions and symbols is
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symbolic speech
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This urges resistance to lawful authority or advocates the overthrow of the government.
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seditious speech
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This holds that First Amendment freedoms are more fundamental than other freedoms.
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preferred position doctrine
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The Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier case gives school officials authority to regulate
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student speech
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These give reporters protection against being forced to disclose confidential information.
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shield laws
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These have more First Amendment protection than broadcasters, but less than newspapers.
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cable operators
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The Court ruled that liberty of expression by these means is guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth amendments.
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motion pictures
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This is considered commercial speech and is given less protection under the First Amendment.
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advertising
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Without this basic freedom, there would be no political parties.
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freedom of assembly
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Holocaust survivors in Skokie, Illinois, illustrated a free speech and assembly problem called the
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heckler's veto
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This case stands as a precedent that police may disperse a demonstration to keep the peace.
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the irving feiner case
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This was used by the Court to uphold the conviction of 11 American Communist Party leaders.
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Alien Registration Act
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In Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997), the Court ruled that this was closer to print media than to broadcast media.
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internet
