Lecture Chapter 22 Study Guide: Respiratory System – Flashcards
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What are the functions of the Respiratory System?
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-Supplies body with oxygen -Disposes of carbon dioxide
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What are the 4 processes in Respiration?
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-Pulmonary ventilation -External respiration -Transport of respiratory gases -Internal respiration
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What is Pulmonary Ventilation?
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the continuous movement of air -Inhale: bring oxygen into the body -Exhale: move carbon dioxide out of the body
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What is External Respiration?
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Gas exchange between blood [capilaries] and air at the lung alveoli
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What is the Transport of Respiratory Gasses
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The cardiovascular system carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide from the tissue to the lungs
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What is Internal Respiration?
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Gas exchange between the blood and tissues at the systemic capillaries
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What is the function of the Nose? (Organs of the Respiratory System)
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Size varies by nasal cartilage and skin is thin, containing many sebaceous glands. It's function is to: -provide an airway for respiration -moisten and warm air -filter inhaled air - a chamber for speech resonating -to house olfactory receptors for smell
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What is the function of the Nasal Cavity? (Organs of the Respiratory System)
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-Contains the *External Nares* [Nostrils], which are divided by the nasal septum. -Continous with the Nasopharnx, which are the posterior nasal aperures called Choanae.
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What are the 2 Mucous Membranes of the Nasal Cavity? (Organs of the Respiratory System)
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-Olfactory Mucosa -Respiratory Mucosa
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What mucosa is only found near the roof of the nasal cavity.
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Olfactory Mucosa
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What is the cellular composition of Olfactory Mucosa
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Consists of Olfactory Epithelium
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What mucosa functions to house olfactory [smell] receptors?
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Olfactory Mucosa
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What is the cellular composition of Respiratory Mucosa
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*Consists of:* -Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium, which lines the nasal cavity --Goblet Cells within the epithelium -An underlying layer of lamina propria -Cilia
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What mucosa contains Pseudostratifed Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells?
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Respiratory Mucosa
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What is the function of the Respiratory Mucosa that contains Psudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium.
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It filters the air using the mucous secreted by the goblet cells to trap contaminants and move the mucous posteriorly over the cilia
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What is the function of Goblet Cells?
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to produce mucous
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What mucosa has Cilia which functions to move contaminated mucus posteriorly.
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Respiratory Mucosa
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Describe the Anatomy of the Nasal Conchae
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*-Superior and middle:* part of the ethmoid bone *-Inferior: is a separate bone* *-Project medially:* from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity *Particulate Matter* is deflected to the mucus-coated surfaces
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What is the function of the Nasal Conchae?
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Increases the surface area creating turbulence for the air coming into nasal cavities providing for filtration, rapid warming/humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.
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What is the function of the Paranasal Sinuses? (Organs of the Respiratory System)
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mucosa-lined hollow cavities within the sphenoid bone, ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal bones. Also serving to lighten the skull, it provides the same function as the nasal cavities [houses the receptors for smell]
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What happens when we are sick?
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the paranasal sinuses are swollen and do not allow sound to resonate.
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What are the 3 divisions of the Pharynx [Throat]?
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-Nasopharynx -Oropharynx -Laryngopharynx
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What is the function of the Pharynx?
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a funnel-shaped passageway [for air and food] that connects the nasal cavity and mouth. The type of mucosal lining varies along its length.
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What is the Nasopharynx?
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Superior to the point where food enters and is *only an air passageway.* It is *closed off during swallowing.* -contains the opening of the pharyngotympanic (auditory tube)
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What kind of Epithelium is in the Nasopharynx?
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Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar
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Where are the Pharyngeal Tonsils [adenoids] located?
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in the posterior wall of the Nasopharynx *-Destroys entering pathogens*
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What is the Oropharynx?
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Arch-like entranceway - fauces that *extends from soft plate to the epiglottis*
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Where are the Palatine and Lingual Tonsils located?
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In the Oropharynx: Palatine: in the lateral walls of the fauces Lingual: covers the posterior surface of the tongue
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What is the Laryngopharynx?
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Continuous with the esophagus and larynx it is a passageway for both food and air.
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What kind of Epithelium is in both the Oropharynx and the Laryngopharynx?
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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What are the 3 Functions of the Larynx?
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-It's the voice box (voice production) -Provides an open airway -Routes air and food into the proper channels
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What structure prevents food from entering the respiratory tract?
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the larynx
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What is the function of the Trachea?
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it is an air passageway that filters, warms and moistens incoming air.
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What structure descends into the mediastinum and divides into two main bronchi?
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Trachea
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What are the tissue types found in the Trachea?
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-Trachea Cartilage -Hyaline Cartilage [C-Shaped Rings] -Fibroelastic Connective Tissue
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What tissue type lines the lumen in the Trachea
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-Ciliated Pseudostratified Collumnar Epithelium lines the lumen
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What prevents the Trachea from collapsing?
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The C-Shaped Hyaline [Tracheal] Cartilage rings keeps the airway open.
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What is the function of the Bronchi and Brochiole?
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system of respiratory passages that branch extensively within the lungs.
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What is the function of the lungs?
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Houses passageways and is smaller than the main bronchi.
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What is the function of the Alveoli?
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the main sites of gas exchange.
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What is the conducting zone?
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passageway that carries over to the site of gas exchange
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What are the organs that fall within the conducting zone?
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-Nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses -Pharynx, Larynx, and trachea -Bronchi and smaller branches
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What is the respiratory zone?
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the actual site of gas exchange in the lungs
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What are the organs that fall within the respiratory zone?
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Lungs and the alveoli
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Does the alveoli and lung take place in external or internal respiration?
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External
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What are the structures of the Larynx?
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-Thyroid Cartilage -Laryngeal Prominence -Vocal Fold [True Vocal Cord] -Vestibular Fold [False Vocal Cord] -Epiglottis -Arytenoid Cartilage
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What is the function of the Thyroid Cartilage?
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Largest cartilage [housing the Adams Apple] and is Shield Shaped. It holds the vocal folds [cords]
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What is the structure of the Laryngeal Prominence?
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posterior part of the larynx that anchors the vocal folds [cords]
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What is the function of the Vocal Fold?
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Air exhaled from the lungs causes these to vibrate in a wave like motion and clap together producing the basic sound of speech.
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What is the function of the Vestibular Fold?
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play no part in sound production. They define a slit-like cavity between themselves and the true vocal cords that enhances the high frequency sounds - functioning like tweeter speakers
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What is the function of the Epiglottis?
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The entire larynx is pulled superiorly when swallowing, tipping the epiglottis inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet keeping food out of the respiratory tube.
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What is the function of the Laryngeal Prominence?
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also known as the Adam's Apple and is longer in males, shorter in females. It determines the length of the vocal cords ultimately determining how deep or high pitched a persons voice is.
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What is the function of the Arytenoids cartilage?
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are pyramid shaped and is the most important cartilage, directly anchoring the vocal cords
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Why does the voice in males change during puberty?
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stimulated in puberty, testosterone the sex hormone found in males causes the thyroid cartilage to grow longer thus deeping the voice.
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How does Voice Production change?
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-Length of the vocal folds changes with pitch. -Loudness depends on the force of air across the vocal folds.
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What is the Alveoli?
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structure that contains air exchange chambers and looks like a single grape.
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What is the Alveolar Sac?
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terminal clusters of alveoli that resembles a grape cluster.
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Describe the Bronchial Tree beginning with the trachea and ending with the terminal bronchiles.
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1) *Trachea* splits at the Tracheal Bifurcation to left and right *Main [Primary] Bronchus* 2) Main Bronchus narrows to a portion without supportive cartilage called *Secondary [Lobar] Bronchi* (3 on the right and 2 on left) 3) Secondary Bronchi then splits into *Tertiary [Segmental] Bronchi* (branch into each lung segment) 4) Tertiary Bronchi branch into *Bronchioles* (little bronchi) 5) Bronchioles branch into *Terminal Broncioles* (smallest bronchi) 6) Terminal Bronchioles branch into *Respiratory Bronchioles*, which contain the *Aveolar Sac, Duct and ultimately Alveoli* [the air exchange chamber]
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What is meant by Ventilation?
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*Breathing*: inhaling Oxygen or exhaling Carbon Dioxide.
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What is meant by Respiration?
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The *exchange of gases between the lung and the alveoli capillaries* or between the *blood and the capillaries of tissues.*
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What is meant by gas exchange and where does it occur?
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Occurring in the capillaries, Oxygen enters the blood stream or tissues while carbon dioxide exits the tissues or blood stream.
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What type of tissue lines the Alveoli?
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Simple Squamous Epithelium, otherwise known as Type I cells
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Why is it important for both the Alveoli and the Capillaries of the Lungs to have Simple Squamous Epithelium?
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For the speedy exchange of gasses.
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Alveoli's compress as we exhale, sticking together due to a minimal amount of water being present. What prevents the Alveoli from permanently sticking together?
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Type II Simple Cubodial Epithelium which secrete a substance called surfactant, which prevents the surfaces of the alveoli from sticking together.
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What are the 3 types of Pleurae found in each Lung?
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1)Parietal Pleura 2)Pleural Cavity - a space between that is present when the lung gets shoved upward as we inhale 3)Visceral Pleura
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How do the Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity?
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By dividing the two lateral pleura comparents housing the lungs and the central mediastum.
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How many Lobes make up the Left and Right Lungs?
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*The Right has 3:* the superior, inferior and middle lobes *The Left has 2:* the superior and inferior lobes
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Describe the Cardiac Notch
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a space in the medial inferior section of the lung that allows room for the heart to reside.
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Why is the Right lung larger than the left?
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The Left Lung has the cardiac notch in it whereas the Right Lung does not
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Describe the Hilus
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located on the medial side of each lung where blood vessels enter and exit.
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What are the 2 phases of Pulmonary Ventilation?
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*Inspiration:* Inhalation *Expiration:* Exhalation
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The movement of air is a function of what?
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air pressure
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How does air follow a similar movement as diffusion?
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Air moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
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When we inhale, what must be true about the pressure in our lungs versus the outside pressure?
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the pressure in our lungs must be *lower* relative to the outside air pressure.
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When we exhale, what must be true about the pressure in our lungs versus the outside pressure?
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the pressure in our lungs must be *higher* relative to the outside air pressure
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How do we control the pressure changes in our thoracic cavity?
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We change the pressure in the thoracic cage by *adjusting the Diaphram.* Inhale: our thoracic cage becomes larger, reducing the pressure in our lungs, allowing the outside air (higher pressure) to move inward. Exhale: our thoracic cage becomes smaller, increasing the pressure in our lungs, which forces the air out.
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What is Quiet Expiration?
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a passive process with the Diaphragm moving superiorly with the inspiratory muscles relaxing. The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
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What do the pulmonary arteries do?
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move *oxygen poor* blood away from the heart from the right ventricle to the lungs.
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What do pulmonary veins do?
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move *oxygen rich* blood from the lungs back to the left atria of the heart.
