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Working memory is also considered:

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Short-term memory

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Rehearsal helps in keeping short-term memory and _____?

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transferring data to long-term memory

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Retroactive Interference occurs when the presentation of _____ material interferences with the memory of something that was learned _______.

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old;later

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Proactive Interefences occur when ____ learned material impairs the learning of _____ material.

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Previously & New

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Alcohol interferes with the ability to form _______ ?

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new long-term memories

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Research suggests that physical punishment is:

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Temporarily effective and causes an array of consequences later in the child's life, including antisocial behavior, poorer academic achievement, and decreased self-esteem.

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Physical punishment is associated with (Choose the best possible answer)

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Psychiatric symptoms, cognitive symptoms, problems in parent child relationships, and problems in social behavior.

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One of the major criticisms in regards to studies with video games and aggression is

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Laboratory settings are different than environments gamers would normally play in

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Albert Bandura Social learning theory focused on the learning that occurs within a social context it considers that people learn from one another via:

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Observational learning, imitation and modeling

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Observing the media violence may foster aggressive behavior with observational learning, imitation and modeling

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Aggressive scripts, Desensitization & Cognitive priming

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Aristotle, and other philosophers believed that __________ was an accurate way to interpret personality where ones physical appearance was compared to animal features.

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Physiognomy

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The theory of ________ helps us understand how a child may become feral.

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Theory of imitation

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In the eyeblink discrimination conditioning, the airpuff to the eye was which one of the following?

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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What role does aggression play in child development?

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The development of problem behaviors

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Brain development in infants and growing children is based upon:

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Medical Conditions & Intellectual Support from their Families

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Learning is influenced by:

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Nature, Nurture & Motivation

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Piaget supported the _______ theory while Chomsky supported the _______ theory of Learning and Language acquisition.

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Constructivism, Nativism

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Most of the research on Language for Autistic children studies the ______ of Language Acquisition

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Product

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_______ techniques tend to be the most widely used in therapy with Autistic children.

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Operant Conditioning

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A man may always use the same pen to take exams, because he feels the pen is lucky. The first time he used the lucky pen, he got a B on the exam. The second time he got an A. This is an example of:

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Associative learning, Noncontingent reinforcement & Superstitious conditioning

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Superstitious behavior arises when the delivery of a______________ occurs close together in time with an independent behavior. Therefore, the behavior is accidentally_______________ increasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

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positive reinforcement-------reinforced

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According to the uncertainty hypothesis, superstitious people believe that:

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The outcome of certain events is determined partly by controllable forces and partly by uncontrollable forces

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Which of the following is NOT one of Aristotle's Three Principles of Association?

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Consistency

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What is the second step in forming memories?

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Storage of encoded information.

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What is neurogenesis?

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The growth of new neurons during new learning experiences.

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Dissociation can occur when there are difficulties integrating information from multiple sources. These sources may includes

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Experiences, Emotions & Memories

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The instinctual human ability to acquire speech is supported by:

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Pinker

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Social Learning Theory is a combination of classical and operant conditioning with an added component of ___________.

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Observational Learning

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Spanking is a form of positive punishment. Positive punishments ________something to __________ a behavior.

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add, decrease

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One factor theory

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avoidance that states tat avoidance of aversive stimulus, such as a shock, can in itself serve as a reinforcer, and that the classical conditioning component of the factor theory is not necessary

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Two factory theory

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Both classical conditioning learning to fear a stimulus an operant conditioning are required for avoidance responding

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Shuttle Box

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An experimental box chamber with rectangular compartments. An animal may be required to move from one compartment to the other to escape or avoid an aversive stimulus, such as a shock

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Cognitive theory of avoidance

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the theory that avoidance responses will occur when the individual has expectations that 1 an aversive event will occur if no response is made and 2 aversive even will be avoided if response is made. Avoidance responding will continue one or both of these expectations are violated

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Response cost

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A behavior reduction procedure in which the individual penalized by the loss of reinforcers if an undesired behavior occurs.

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Response blocking

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A behavior reduction procedure in which the individual is physically prevented from making an unwanted response.

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In extinction of avoidance __________ can teach the individual that the avoidance response is no longer necessary

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Response blocking

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Flooding

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A treatment for phobias in which a patient is presented with a highly feared object or situation, which is not removed until the patient's fear diminishes

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Learned Helplessness

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Seligman's term for the impaired ability to learn an avoidance response that occurs after a subject has been exposed to inescapable aversive stimuli

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Premack Principle of Reinforcement

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an opportunity to engage in more probable responses will reinforce a less probable response

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Premack Principle of Reinforcement

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A child that likes watching television (more probable response) will wash dishes (less probable response) if told by their parents that they can watch television after washing dishes is an example of

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Removing a pleasant stimulus after a behavior occurs is called

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negative punishment

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According to two factor theory, in a shuttle box shock avoidance procedure, an avoidance response is reinforced by

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the termination of the shock

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Suppose an animal first receives tone shock pairings in one chamber, and then learns to jump over a barrier to escape a shock in a shuttle box. If the the tone is now presented n the shuttle box the likely result is

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An increase in the rate which the dog jumps over the barrier

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As animals become experience in an avoidance task

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visible signs of fear decrease

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According to the one factor theory of avoidance

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avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer

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According to the cognitive theory of avoidance, a subject learns to expect

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that no shock will occur if no response is made & that shock will occur if no response is made

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According to two factor theory, the procedure of response blocking and flooding

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works because the fear eliciting properties of the CS are extinguished

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When flooding is used as behavior therapy it is important

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Make sure that a session continues until the patient's fear decreases

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According to Bolles's theory of species specific defense reactions, shock avoidance learning in a rat would probably be slowest it the required response

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Shock is not usually encountered in the natural environment

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According to Bolles's theory of species specific defense reactions, shock avoidance learning in a rat would probably be slowest it the required response

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Avoidance in the natural environment does not require many learning trials

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According to Bolles's theory of species specific defense reactions, shock avoidance learning in a rat would probably be slowest it the required response

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There are manny more discriminative stimuli to examine in the natural environment

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Learned helplessness is likely to develop if

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Uncontrollable shocks are preceded by controllable shocks

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The effects of punishment are

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dependent on the immediacy of the punishment

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To obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior, the most effective schedule of punishment is

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continuous punishment

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It may be difficult to reduce a behavior with punishment it

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the punishment is delayed

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It may be difficult to reduce a behavior with punishment it

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the behavior is highly motivated

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It may be difficult to reduce a behavior with punishment it

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the intensity of the punishment is gradually increased

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A disadvantage of using punishments is

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One must continually monitor the subject behavior

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A disadvantage of using punishments is

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the subject may exhibit aggressive behavior in response to the punishment

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A disadvantage of using punishments is

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the subject may try to escape from the situation

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To treat a women in psychiatric hospital who hoarded, the nurses gave the woman a large number of towels. This is an example of

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stimulus satiation

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Reinforcing normal speech while ignoring psychotic speech is an example of

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Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

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A young boy disobeys his parents by coming home late. An example of the use of negative punishment would be to

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give the child no allowance for that week

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ABAB Design

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for behavioral treatment where each "A" phase is a baseline phase in which the patient behavior is recorded, but no treatment is give and each "B" phase is a treatment phase

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Weber's Law

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a principle of perception that states that the just noticeable difference (the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected) is proportional to the sizes of the stimuli

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knowledge of performance

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In motor skill learning, detailed feedback given to the learner, such as information about which parts of the movement were performed well and how other parts of the movement could be improved.

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knowledge of results

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In motor-skill learning, feedback given to the learner about how close his or her movement came to the goal.

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Transfer of training

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In motor skills learning, how experience on one task affects performance of another task

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Positive transfer

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In motor skills learning, when practice of one tasks improves learning or performance of a similar tasks

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Negative transfer

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In motor-skill learning, when practice of one task interferes with learning or performance on another task.

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Ironic error

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In motor-skill learning, a false movement that a person is trying hard to avoid but has a tendency to make, especially if attention is distracted by some competing task.

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Social Facilitation

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a type of imitation in which the behavior of one individual prompts a similar behavior from another individual, but that behavior was already in the repertoire of the imitator.

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Stimulus enhancement

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A type of imitation in which a model directs the learner's attention to a particular objects or place in the environment, so that the learner acquires a new behavior more quickly than through trial and error

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Graduated modeling

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a type of modeling in which the model's behavior steadily progress from simple to more difficult behavior

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Assertiveness Training

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A form of therapy for people who are overly submissive in certain situations and want to develop the ability to stand up for their rights. It frequently consists of a combination of modeling, role playing, and behavioral rehearsal.

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Participant modeling

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this is where the learner imitates the behavior of the model in each step of the treatments.

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Maintenance rehearsal

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information is retained in short-term memory but does not necessarily strengthen information in long term memory

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associative rehearsal

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strengthened the information in long-term memory.

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behavior decelerator

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Any procedure leads to a slowing reduction or elimination of unwanted behavior

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animal/comparative cognition

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a field of psychology that compares the cognitive process and abilities of different species, including humans.

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An advantage of applying Premack's Principle in behavior modification is that

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One does not always have to use physical items as reinforcers

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One type of empirical finding that poses a problem for Premack's principle is that

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less probable behaviors can sometimes reinforce more probable behaviors

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Performance on a delayed matching to sample task can be affected by

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the duration of the delay between sample and comparison stimuli

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