Test Answers on Lab Practical – Flashcards
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| Enterobius vermicularis ova “route of transmission” |
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| (Pin Worm) Fecal/oral route |
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| Ascaris lumbricoides fertilized ova “route of transmission” |
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| (Giant intestinal round worm) Fecal/Oral route |
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| Necatur americanus ova “route of transmission” |
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| (Hook worm) Penetrate intact skin from soil |
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| Trichinella spiralis larvae “route of transmission” |
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| (Tissue Parasite) Undercooked pork |
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| Clonorchis sinensis ova |
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| Eating raw or undercooked infected fresh water fish |
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| Schistosoma mansoni ova |
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| while swimming in waterthey secrete and enzyme and burrow into unbroken skin |
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| Taenia species proglottid |
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| Body Segments raw or undercooked infected Beef raw or undercooked infected Pork |
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| Taenia species ova |
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| raw or undercooked infected Pork eggs |
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| cysticercosis |
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| disease by ingesting pork tapeworm eggs. Eggs migrate as larvae to brain |
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| ova |
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| Egg |
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| scolex |
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| Head of work |
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| proglottid |
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| Body segments of worm |
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| monoecious |
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| Both sex organs (ovaries and testes) in a single organism |
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| dioecious |
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| Male and Female are seperate organisms |
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| trophozoite stage |
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| capable of locomotion responsible for symptoms in a host |
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| cyst stage |
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| resting, inactive stage that protects them by a thick wall that surrounds the organism |
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| Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and cysts “route of transmission” |
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| ingest fecal/oral route |
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| Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites “route of transmission” |
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| sexual transmition |
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| Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites “route of transmission” |
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| ingest cysts from cat feces eat raw or undercooked meat of infected animal mother/fetus route |
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| Cryptosporidium oocyst “route of transmission” |
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| ingest cyst in water |
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| Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cyst “route of transmission” |
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| fecal/oral route |
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| Balantidium coli trophozoites and cyst “route of transmission” |
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| fecal/oral route |
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| Trypanosoma species trophozoites “route of transmission” |
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| Tsetse Fly Kissing bug |
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| Plasmodium species trophozoites “route of transmission” |
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| Mosquito |
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| “disease” caused by: Entamoeba histolytica |
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| Disentary |
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| “disease” caused by: Trypanosoma brucei |
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| African Sleeping Disease |
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| “disease” caused by: Trypanosoma cruzi |
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| Chagas |
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| “disease” caused by: Plasmodium |
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| Malaria |
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| ubiquitous |
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| orgainsms that are everywhere |
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| pure culture |
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| isolation of a single species of microbe |
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| colony |
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| all decendants of microbes from a single parent that reproduce asexually and are identical to each other |
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| turbidity |
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| cloudiness in a broth culture |
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| media |
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| nutrient material suitable for cultivation of microbes |
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| inoculum |
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| pure culture transfered to a sterile culture |
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| aseptic technique |
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| handling microbes in such a manner so as to prevent contaminating lab media and to prevent infecting ourselves or classmates |
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| State the criteria used to describe a bacterial colony |
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| Shape Margin (edge) Elevation Texture Pigment or optical qualities |
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| List, in order, the reagents used in the traditional gram stain procedure |
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| Crystal Violet Iodine Acetone-Alcohol Safranin |
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| State the function of each reagent |
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| Crystal Violet - primary stain Iodine - combines with crystal violet in the cell Acetone/Alcohol - decolorizer Safranin - secondary stain |
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| Explain the mechanism of the gram stain (why gram negative cells lose the primary dye during decolorization |
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| high lipid contenet will desolve in the ethanol causing the dye to leak out the cell wall |
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| Explain the difference between a “simple” stain and a “differential” stain |
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| Simple stain - stained with one dye to see shape Differential stain - more than one dye to see difference in charicteristics |
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| State two organisms that are identified using the acid-fast stain |
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| Cryptosporidium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia (large amount of lipid called mycolic acid) |
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| Explain why certain organisms are “acid-fast |
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| large amount of lipid called mycolic acid |
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| Differentiate between the decolorizer used in the acid-fast stain and the Gram stain |
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| Acid-fast stain - Acid/Alcohol Gram stain - Acetone/Alcohol |
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| State, in order, the three reagents used in the acid-fast stain |
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| Carbolfuchsin dye Acid/Alcohol Methylene Blue |
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| two medically important genera of bacteria that produce endospores |
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| Bacillus Clostridium |
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| Differentiate the vegetative cell from the spore in a Schaffer-Fulton stain |
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| vegetative cell - Red Spores - Green |
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| Describe the process used to stain the relatively impermeable endospores |
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| 1. Heat the slide in front of bactticinerator for 10 sec. 2. immidiately (while warm) flood the smear with malachite green. Leave for 10 min 3. Rinse with water 4. Flood the smear with Safranin. Leave for 2 min 5. Rinse with water and blot dry. |
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| Differentiate between a negative stain and a positive stain |
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| negative stain - Bachgroung is stained and organism is clear positive stain - Clear backgound organism is stained |
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| Describe the appearance of the bacteria and background of a negative-stained bacterial smear |
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| Bachgroung is stained and organism is clear |
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| State two advantages of a negative stain over a positive stain |
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| Don't have to heat fix so the organisms that distort with heat will not can detect organism that cant be seen with a poositive stain |
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| Capnophile |
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| require 5-15% O2 10% increase of CO2 Candle jar meathod is good for this organism thioglycollate broth growth pattern is a fourth the way down |
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| Facultative Anaerobe |
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| Grow equally well in aerobic and anaerobic atmosphere thioglycollate broth growth pattern is top to bottom |
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| Aerotolerant anaerobes |
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| exist in O2 but doesn't use it for metablism thioglycollate broth growth pattern is top to bottom |
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| Obligate (strict) anaerobes |
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| Die in the presence of O2 Gas pack jar meathod is good for this organism thioglycollate broth growth pattern is on the bottom |
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| Define reducing agent |
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| sodium thioglicollate combines with O2 to produce water |
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| Differentiate macroscopic and microscopic appearance of mold versus yeast |
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| Macroscopic (colony) appearance of mold - fuzzy, colorful variations, stinky Macroscopic (colony) appearance of yeast - smooth, shiny, raised bumps, smells like bread microscopic appearance of mold - aerial hyphae, more complicated srtuctures microscopic appearance of yeast - simple cocci or rod shaped structures |
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| Oxygen requirements |
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| [image] |
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| Microscopic Rhizopus |
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| [image] |
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| Macroscopic Rhizopus |
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| [image] |
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| Microscopic Aspergillus |
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| [image] |
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| Macroscopic Aspergillus |
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| [image] |
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| Microscopic Penicillium |
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| [image] |
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| Macroscopic Penicillium |
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| [image] |
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| Describe the genes located on the pGLO plasmid |
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| Ara-C Gene AMP (Ampicillin) Gene GFP (Green Florecent Protien) Gene |
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| Describe the protein encoded in the pGLO genes |
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| Ara-C Gene - Regulator AMP Gene - Beta-lactamase GFP Gene - Green Florecent Protien |
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| Define “competent” and describe two methods used to make the E. coli competent |
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| Bacteria that are able to take up plasmid Meathod to make E. coli competent: 1. expose them to calcium chloride during growth phase 2. expose them to extreme temperature changes |
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| Explain the regulation mechanism of the Green Fluorescent Protein gene expression |
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| Ara-C can be turned on by adding the sugar arabinose to cells nutrient medium |
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| bacteriophage |
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| Viruses that infect bacteria |
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| lytic cycle |
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| bursting open of the bacterial host once the appropriate number of viruses have been synthesized, killing the bacteria by lysing them |
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| plaque |
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| an area of bacterial clearing caused by the visus killing the bacteria and lysing them |
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| Explain the purpose of making dilutions of the T-4 virus |
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| to obtain a countable number of plaques |
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| Calculate the titer of phage in the original sample given the number of plaques and the dilution of the plate |
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