ISM 3011 Mid-Term – Flashcards
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Moore's Law
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Computing power doubles every 18 months. Because of "this" law, the cost of data communications and data storage is essentially zero
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Future business professionals need to...
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Assess, evaluate, and apply emerging information technology to business
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Abstract Reasoning
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The ability to make and manipulate models
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Systems thinking
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The ability to model the components of the system, to connect the inputs and outputs among those components into a sensible whole that reflects the structure and dynamics of the phenomenon observed
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Collaboration
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The activity of two or more people working together to achieve a common goal, result, or work product
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Experimentation
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Making a reasoned analysis of an opportunity, envisioning potential solutions, evaluating those possibilities, and developing the most promising ones, consistent with the resources you have.
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Management Information Systems (MIS)
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The development and use of information systems that help businesses achieve their goals and objectives
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System
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a group of components that interact to achieve some purpose
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Information system
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A group of components that interact to produce information
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Five-component framework
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A model of the components of an information system: computer hardware, software, data procedures and people. Present in every information system
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Hardware
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the computer, storage disk, keyboard and monitor
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Software
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programs that run on a computer
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Data
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the words, sentences and paragraphs in your report
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Procedures
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The methods you use to start the program, enter your report, print it and save and back up your file
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People
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The most important component
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Computer-based information system
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Information systems that include computers
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Automation
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Taking the work that people are doing y following procedures and moving it so that computers will do that work, following instructions in the software
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Information
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Knowledge derived from data.
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Data
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Recorded facts or figures
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Characteristics of Good Information
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Accurate, Timely, Relevent, Just sufficient, Worth its cost
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Accurate Information
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Information based on correct and complete data, and it has been processed correctly as expected
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Timely information
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Produced in time for its intended use
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Information should be __________ both to the context and to the subject
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Relevant
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Information needs to be _______ for the purpose for which it is generated, but ________
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Sufficient; Just barely so
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For information to be ______, an appropriate relationship must exist between the cost of information and its value
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Worth its cost
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Information technology
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Refers to the products, methods, inventions, and standards that are used for the purpose of producing information. Pertains to the hardware, software, and data components
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hardware
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consists of electronic components and related gadgetry that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs and software
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Input hardware
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devices such as the keyboard, mouse, and or document scanner
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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Processing device that selects instructions, processes them, performs arithmetic and logical comparisons and stores results of operations in memory
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Dual-processor
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A computer with two CPUs
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Quad-processor
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A computer with four CPUs
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Main memory or Random Access Memory (RAM)
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memory that is volatile, only used for instruction in active use
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Output hardware
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Consists of video displays, printers, audio speakers, overhead projectors, and other special-purpose devices
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Storage hardware
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saves data and programs, Magnetic or optical disks and magnetic tape
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Universal Serial Bus (USB)
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Universal Connector
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Binary Digits (Bits)
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Either a 0 or 1, how computers represent data. 8 Bits to a Byte
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Byte
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A combination of eight bits arranged in sequence
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Kilobyte (K)
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1024 bytes
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Megabyte (MB)
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1024 Kilobytes
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Gigabyte (GB)
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1024 megabytes
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Terabyte (TB)
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1024 Gigabytes
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data channel/bus
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path where instruction from main memory is moved into the CPU
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Operating System (OS)
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a program that controls the computers resources
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memory swapping
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the process of removing memory and placing the just-requested program or data into the vacated space
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32-bit
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type of addressing used by PCs, as of 2011. Allows for addressing of up to 4 gigabytes of main memory (4.100)
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64 bit
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Processor that can utilize more than 4GB of memory
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Volatile
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Contents are lost when power is off. Main memory
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Nonvolatile
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Contents survive when power is off. Magnetic and optical disks
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Client
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Computers used for word processing, spreadsheets, database access etc.
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Servers
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computers on a network that manage resources
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Server Farm
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Servers organized into a collection of servers
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Grid
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A network of computers that operates as an integrated whole, and appears to be a single computer
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Cloud computing
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A form of hardware, software leasing in which organizations obtain server resources from vendors that specialize in server processing
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Instruction Set
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the commands that a CPU can process
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Windows
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The primary personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft Corp.
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Mac OS
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Apple computers operating system for the Macintosh used primarily by graphic artists and workers in the arts community
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Unix
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An operating system that was developed at bell labs in the 1970s. Used by scientific and engineering communities
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Linux
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Version of Unix that was developed by the open source community
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Open source community
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This community is a loosely coupled group of programmers who mostly volunteer their time to contribute code to develop and maintain Linux
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License
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Buying your right to use a computer program
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Site license
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Flat fee payment for the right to install the product on all that company's computers or on all of the computers at a specific rate
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Virtualization
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The process by which one computer hosts the appearance of many computers
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Host operating system
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one operating system runs one or more operating systems as applications
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Virtual Machines (VM)
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hosted operating systems
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PC Virtualization
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When a personal computer, such as a desktop or portable computer, hosts several different operating systems
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Server virtualization
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A server computer hosts one or more other server computers
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Desktop virtualization
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A server hosts many versions of desktop operating systems
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Application software
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Performs a service or function
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Horizontal-market Application
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Software provides capabilities common across all organizations and industries
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Virtual-Market application
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Software serves the needs of a specific industry
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One-of-a-kind application
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Software developed for a specific, unique need
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Off the shelf software
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software that is available on store shelves
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off-the-shelf with alterations software
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allows some changes in the code to fit a business's needs. it's used for vertical aplications
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custom-developed software
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created for a particular business or set of users. It's used for one-of-a-kind applications
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Firmware
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computer software installed into special, read-only memory, on devices such as printers, print servers and communication devices. Can be changed and upgraded
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Client-Server Applications
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Applications that require code on both the client and the server
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Thin Client
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A client-server application that requires nothing more than a browser
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Thick client
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An application such as Microsoft outlook that requires programs other than a browser on the user's computer
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GNU
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A set of tools developed by Richard Stallman for creating a free Unix-like operating system
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GNU general public license (GPL) agreement
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One of the standard license agreements for open source software
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Source Code
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Computer Code as written by humans and that is understandable by humans
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Machine code
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Compiled source code that is not understandable by humans and cannot be modified
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Closed source
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Highly protected source code only available to trusted employees and carefully vetted contractors
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PC mules
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Business professionals who carry one or more personal computers wherever they go
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Synch
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The process of synchronizing data on two or more computers
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Collaboration
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Occurs when two or more people work together to achieve a common goal, result, or work product
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Critical Collaboration Drivers
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Communication, Content Management, Workflow control
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Communication (two key elements)
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1. Communication skills and abilities of the group members 2.The Availability of effective communication systems
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Content management
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Driver of collaboration effectiveness, which enables multiple users to contribute to and change documents, schedules, task lists, assignments, without one user's work interfering with another's
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Workflow control
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controlling processes or procedures by which content is created, edited, used, and disposed
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Hardware, software, data, procedures, and people
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Five components of collaboration information system
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Client hardware
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Consists of the computers and other communication devices that users employ to participate in collaboration activities (iPhones, Blackberries)
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Server Hardware
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consists of computers that are installed and operated by IT professionals that support the collaboration activities
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Synchronous Communication
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Occurs when all team members meet at the same time, such as with conference calls or face-to-face meeting
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Asynchronous Communication
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Occurs when team members do not meet at the same time
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Virtual Meetings
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Meetings in which participants do not met in the same place and possibly not at the same time
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Conference Call
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call in which several parties at different locations are on the telephone line simultaneously
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Webinars
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A virtul meeting in which attendees view one of the attendees' computer screens
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WebEx
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A commercial webinar product used in virtual sales presentations
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Multiparty text chat
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Synchronous communication via text messages
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SharedView
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Synchronous: Microsoft product for sharing a computer screen that is free
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Videoconferencing
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An extension of teleconferencing that includes picture and sound
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Email
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Asynchronous form of electronic communication
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Discussion Forum
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Form of asynchronous communication in which one group member posts an entry and other group members respond
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Team Surveys
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A form of asynchronous communication in which one team member creates a list of questions and other team members respond
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File server
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A computer used to store files
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FTP
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File Transfer Protocol
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Version management
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Tracking of changes to documents and providing features and functions to accommodate concurrent work
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Google Docs
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A Free thin-client application for sharing documents, spreadsheets, presentations, drawings, and other types of data.
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Windows Live SkyDrive
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Microsoft's answer to Google Docs. Provides the ability to store and share Office documents and other files and offers free storage
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Office Web Apps
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license-free Web application versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote available on SkyDrive
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Version Control
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Limits the actions that can be taken by any particular user and gives control over the changes to documents to particular users
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Libraries
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In version-control collaboration systems, a shared directory that allows access to various documents by means of permissions
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Microsoft SharePoint
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A version control application that includes many collaboration features and functions. Integrated suite of capabilities that provides content management
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SharePoint Site
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A collection of resources that are created and managed via SharePoint and accessed using HTTP. HTML, and related protocols
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Quick launch
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a partial list of resources contained within the site
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Problem
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A perceived difference between what is and what ought to be
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Operational decisions
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Ensure that day-to-day operations are running correctly and efficiently
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Transaction processing systems (TPS)
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information systems that support operational decision making
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Managerial Decisions
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concern the allocation and utilization of resources
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Strategic Decisions
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concern broader-scope, organizational issues. Ex: Should we start a new product line?
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Structured decision
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a decision that is one for which there is an understood and accepted method for making this decision
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Unstructured decision
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A decision process for which there is no agreed-on decision making method
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Face-to-Face (F2F) meetings
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Meeting that require everyone to be in the same place at the same time
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Viruses
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Computer programs that replicate themselves
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Competitive Strategy
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An organization's response to the structure of its industry
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Value
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The amount of money that a customer is willing to pay for a resource, product, or service
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Margin
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The Difference between the value that an activity generates and the cost of the activity
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Value Chain
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A network of value-creating activities that consists of five primary activities and four support activities
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Primary activities
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Inbound logistics, operations/manufacturing, outbound logistics, sales & marketing, and customer service
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Inbound logistics
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Receiving, storing and disseminating inputs to the product
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operations/manufacturing
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Transforming inputs into the final product
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Outbound logistics
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Collecting, storing and physically distributing the product to buyers
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Sales & marketing
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inducing buyers to purchase the product and providing a means for them to do so
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customer service
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assisting customer's use of the product and thus maintaining and enhancing the product's value
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Support activities
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Activities in the generic value chain that contribute indirectly to the production, sale, and service of the product
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Linkages
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Interactions across value activities
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Business Process
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A network of activities that generate value by transforming inputs into outputs
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Cost of business process
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The cost of the inputs plus the cost of activities
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Activity
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A business function that receives inputs and produces outputs
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Repository
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A collection of something
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Switching Costs
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Strategy by which organizations can lock in customers by making it difficult or expensive for customers to switch to another product
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Digital Divide
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the gap between those who have internet access and those who do not. This divide continues to deepen as those who are connected pull farther ahead of those who are not
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Database
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A self-describing collection of integrated records
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Fields (columns)
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Bytes that are grouped together
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Records (Rows)
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Columns or fields that are grouped together
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File (Table)
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A group of similar records (rows)
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Key
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A Column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table
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Foreign keys
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Columns that fulfill a role
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Relational Databases
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Databases that carry their data in the form of tables and that represent relationships using foreign keys.
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Metadata
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Data that describes data
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Database Application system
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Applications that make database data more accessible and useful and that consists of forms, formatted reports, queries, and applications programs.
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Database management system (DBMS)
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A program used to create, process and administer a database
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DB2
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A popular, enterprise class DBMS product from IBM
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Access
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A popular DBMS product from microsoft
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SQL Server
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A popular DBMS product from microsoft
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Oracle
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A popular DBMS product from Oracle Corporation
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MySQL
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An open source DBMS product that is license-free for most applications
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Structured Query Language (SQL)
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An international standard language for processing a database
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Database Administration
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Function responsible for the more technical and operational aspects of managing organizational information
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Database application
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A collection of forms, reports, queries, and application programs that process a database
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Form
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Used to read, insert, modify, and delete database data
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Report
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Show data in a structured context
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Multi-User processing
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when two or more people use the same database, problems occur like lost-update
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Lost-update problem
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A problem that exists in a database app in which two users update the same item and only one change is recorded
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Enterprise DBMS
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Products that process large organizational and workgroup databases
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Personal DBMS
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Products that are designed for smaller, simpler database applications
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Data model
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A logical representation of database data
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Entity-relationship data model (E-R model)
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A detailed logical representation of the entities, associations, and data elements for an organization or business area
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Unified modeling Language (UML)
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Less popular tool for data modeling
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Attributes
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Characteristics that describe entities
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Identifier
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An attribute or group of attributes whose value is associated with one and only one entity instance
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relationships
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entities have this to each other
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entity relationship diagrams
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Data models that uses basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data
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Crow's Feet
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multiple lines between two entities
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1:N = one-to-many relationships
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One department can have many advisers, but an adviser has at most one department
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N:M or many-to-many
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One student can have advisors and 1 advisor can have many studnets
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Crows-foot diagram
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A version of an entity-relationship diagram using crows feet
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Maximum cardinality
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The maximum number of instances that an entity can be linked to the other entity in the relationship
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Minimum cardinalities are _________
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minimum requirements on the number of entities
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Normalization
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The process of converting a poorly structured table into two or more well-structured tables
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What is the data integrity problem
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This is when we have a repeat/duplicate in data
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Normal forms
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a classification of tables according to their characteristics and the kinds of problems they have
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Data Aggregators
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Companies that obtain data from public and private sources and store and it in sophisticated ways
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Information system
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A group of components that interact to produce information
